Inte rnational Journal of Engineering Technology, Manage ment and Applied Sciences

www.ijetmas.com August 2014, Volume 2 Issue 3, ISSN 2349-4476

Applications of Artificial Neural Network in

Construction Engineering and Management-A Review
Megha Jaina KK Pathak b
a. Research Scholar, Department of Civil and Environmental Engg., NITTTR,Bhopal
b. Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engg., NITTTR,Bhopal

ABSTRACT
In the competitive nature of construction, industry and its heuristic problem-solving needs, among
other reasons, have contributed to the development of some advanced decision- making tools.
Research in artificial intelligence (AI), a branch of computer science, has provided more suitable
tools to the construction industry. Since its initial development, the Artificial Intelligence has
found large applicability in the field of engineering. In particular, the so-called soft computing
methods have been shown to be very effective in the analysis and solution of construction
engineering problems. However, the performance of these systems during the last decade is far from
ideal. Neural networks research in AI has recently provided powerful systems that work as a
supplement or a complement to such conventional expert systems. In this paper, neural networks are
introduced as a promising management tool that can enhance current automation efforts in the
construction industry, including its applications in construction engineering. Basic neural network
architectures are described and its application in construction industry is discussed. Future
possibilities of integrating neural networks and expert systems as a basis for developing efficient
intelligent systems are described.
Keywords : Artificial Intelligence, Neural Network, Construction Industry, Construction
management, Construction Engineering
1. Introduction about topic:
This article reviews applications of neural
network in construction engineering articles
published in various journals since then. The
emphasis of the review is on the fields of
construction engineering and management. The
great majority of civil engineering applications
of neural net-works are based on the simple
back propagation algorithm. Section 2 provides
an overview of ANNs, including the definition
of ANNs, areas of application and advantages
of ANNs over traditional mathematical
methods. Section 3 reviews the application of

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Megha Jail, K.K Pathak

ANNs in the area of construction management

and economics. At last the conclusion find from
the review papers is discussed.
2. An ove r vie w of artificial neural networks:
Garrett(1994)
has given an interesting
engineering definition of the ANN as: a
computational mechanism able to acquire,
represent, and compute mapping from one
multivariate space of information to another,
given a set of data representing that mapping.
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are a
functional abstraction of the biologic neural
structures of the central nervous system

Inte rnational Journal of Engineering Technology, Manage ment and Applied Sciences

www.ijetmas.com August 2014, Volume 2 Issue 3, ISSN 2349-4476

(Aleksander and Morton, 1993; Rudomin et al.,
1993; Arbib, 1995; Anderson, 1995). They are
powerful pattern recognizers and classifiers.
They operate as black-box, model- free, and
adaptive tools to capture and learn significant
structures in data. Their computing abilities
have been proven in the fields of prediction and
estimation,
pattern
recognition,
and
optimization (Adeli and Hung, 1995; Golden,
1996; Mehrotra et al., 1997; Adeli and Park,
1998; Haykin, 1999). They are suitable
particularly for problems too complex to be
modeled and solved by classical mathematics
and traditional procedures. A typical
architecture of the Feed forward Neural
Network Structure is shown in fig 1.

completely consistent and different authors tend

to use one of a small set of terms for a
particular concept. Neuron consists of a set of
weighted input connections, a bias input, a state
function, a nonlinear transfer function, an
output. The following figure shows the
structure of a neuron.

Figure 2: Structure of a Neuron

ANN in Civil Engineering:

Figure 1: Feed- Forward Neural Network

Structure
In feed forward network, an input layer with
five neurons, two hidden layers with three
neurons each, and an output layer with two
neurons are connected. The state function used
is summation function and the transfer
functions used is sigmoid squashing function.
Here training algorithm is back-propagation
algorithm. Neurons are the processing elements
of network. The vocabulary in this area is not

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Megha Jail, K.K Pathak

The first journal article on civil/structural

engineering applications of neural networks
was published by Adeli and Yeh (1989). Since
then, a large number of articles have been
published on civil engineering applications of
neural networks. Most of these articles deal
with some type of pattern-recognition or
learning problem. A neural network can be
trained to learn to perform a particular task. The
approach is particularly attractive for hard-tolearn problems and when there is no formal
underlying theory for the solution of the
problem. Engineering design and image
recognition are two such problems (Adeli and
Hung, 1995).
The great majority of civil engineering
applications of neural net-works are based on
the simple back propagation algorithm. One of
the reasons for popularity of the neural network
is the development of the simple error back

Inte rnational Journal of Engineering Technology, Manage ment and Applied Sciences

www.ijetmas.com August 2014, Volume 2 Issue 3, ISSN 2349-4476

propagation (BP) training algorithm (Rumelhart
et al., 1986), which is based on a gradientdescent optimization technique. The BP
algorithm is now described in many textbooks
(Adeli and Hung, 1995); Mehrotra et al., 1997;
Topping and Bahreininejad, 1997; Haykin,
1999, and unfamiliar readers can refer to any
one of them. A review of the BP algorithm with
suggestions on how to develop practical neural
network applications is presented by Hegazy et
al. (1994) . The great majority of the civil
engineering application of neural net-works is
based on use of the BP algorithm primarily
because of its simplicity. Training of a neural
network with a supervised learning algorithm
such as BP means finding the weights of the
links connecting the nodes using a set of
training examples. An error function in the
form of the sum of the squares of the errors
between the actual out-puts from the training
set and the computed outputs are minimized
iteratively. The learning or training rule
specifies how the weights are modified in each
iteration.
3. Reviews the application of ANNs in the
area of construction engineering:
Construction engineering is a professional
discipline that deals with the designing,
planning, construction, and management of
infrastructures such as highways, bridges,
airports, railroads, buildings, dams, and
utilities. Moselhi et al. (1991) have discussed
the potential applications of ANNs in
construction industry in the early of 1990s and,
in 1996, Boussabaine (1996) reviewed the use
of ANNs in construction management. So far,
ANNs have been used in construction
engineering and management is for prediction,
risk analysis, decision- making, resources
optimization, classification, and selection. This
review article is classified the applications of
ANN in the prediction and estimation field of
construction engineering.

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Megha Jail, K.K Pathak

3.1 Application of ANN in construction

manage ment in pre diction and estimation:
The most common application of ANNs in the
construction management area is prediction.
ANNs have been applied to predict tender bids
( McKim, 1993; Li and Love, 1999) ,
construction cost (Williams, 1994, 2002;
Hegazy and Ayed, 1998; Emsley, 2002),
construction budget performance (Chua et al. ,
1997), project cash flow (Boussabaine and
Kaka, 1998), construction demand (Goh 1996;
2000), labour productivity (Chao and
Skibniewski, 1994; Portas and AbouRizk,
1997; Savin and Fazio, 1998), earthmoving
operation (Shi, 1999), the acceptability of a
new technology (Chao and Skibniewski, 1995)
and organizational effectiveness (Sinha and
Mckim, 2001).
Margaret W. Emsley et al. (2002) developed
Neural network cost models using data
collected from nearly 300 building projects.
The models based on linear regression
techniques can be used as a benchmark for
evaluation of the neural network models. The
results showed that the major benefit of the
neural network approach was the ability of
neural networks to model the nonlinearity in the
data.
Murat Gunaydn et al. (2003) developed and
test a model of cost estimating for the structural
systems of reinforced concrete skeleton
buildings in the early design phase via the
application of articial neural networks (ANN).
An ANN model can help the designers to make
informed decisions at the early phases of the
design process. Cost and design data from
thirty projects were used for training and testing
neural network methodology with eight design
parameters utilized in estimating the square
meter cost of reinforced concrete structural
systems of 48 storey residential buildings in
Turkey, an average cost estimation accuracy of
93% was achieved.

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Assaf, et al. (2001), investigated the overhead
cost practices of construction companies in
Saudi Arabia. They show how the unstable
construction market makes it difficult for
construction companies to decide on the
optimum level of overhead costs that enables
them to win and efficiently administer large
projects .Ismaail ElSawy et al. (2011) uses
Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach to
develop a parametric cost-estimating model for
site overhead cost in Egypt by taking fifty- two
actual real- life cases of building projects
constructed in Egypt.
Seyed Hossein et al.(2008) presented
application of Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
to forecast actual cost of a project based on the
earned value management system (EVMS) by
selecting some projects randomly based on the
standard data set. They compared between real
and forecasted data and showed the better
performance which was based on the Mean
Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) criterion.
Their approach could be applicable to better
forecasting the project cost and result in
decreasing the risk of project cost overrun, and
therefore it is beneficial for planning preventive
actions.
Yu-Ren Wang et al. (2009) build two credible
models linking preproject planning and project
success by employing neural networks. To
enhance the performance of the neural
networks model, bootstrap aggregation and
boosting algorithms are incorporated in the
model development process. Then they
examined the results from these two neural
network models. Jamshid Sodikov (2005)
developed more accurate estimation technique
for highway projects in developing countries at
the conceptual phase using artificial neural
networks and showed ANN to be an
appropriate tool to help solve problems which
come from a number of uncertainties such as
cost estimation at the conceptual phase.

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Megha Jail, K.K Pathak

Alireza Hashemi Golpayegani et al. (2007)

introduced and employed a framework which
employs neural networks to plan the work
breakdown structure of projects. Using the
proposed framework, a modular neural network
had developed to plan the structures of a
limited project domain. The main concepts of
the Andishevaran Methodology of Project
Management (AMPM), including project
control work breakdown structure (PCWBS),
functional work breakdown structure (FWBS)
and relational work breakdown structure
(RWBS), have used to form the outputs of the
model and its modules. The framework had
been tested on a sample domain, and results
showed that the planned work breakdown
structures and activities have satisfied the
expectations with different levels of validity.
Therefore the model outputs could be
considered as the primary plan of project
structures which could be improved by some
modifications.
Tarek Hegazy et al.(1994) developed neural
network application for optimum markup
estimation and discussed potential applications
in construction engineering and management.
Kima Gwang-Hee et al.(2004) applied the
back-propagation network (BPN) model
incorporating genetic algorithms (GAs) to cost
estimation. GAs were adopted in the BPN to
determine the BPNs parameters and to
improve the accuracy of construction cost
estimation. The construction cost data for 530
residential buildings constructed in Korea
between 1997 and 2000 were used for training
and evaluating the performance of the model.
This study showed that a BPN model
incorporating a GA was more effective and
accurate in estimating construction costs than
the BPN model using trial and error.
G Chester et al.(2005) developed an articial
neural network model which related overall
highway construction costs, described in terms

Inte rnational Journal of Engineering Technology, Manage ment and Applied Sciences

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of a highway construction cost index, to the
cost of construction material, labor, and
equipment. Results demonstrate that the model
was able to replicate past highway construction
cost trends in Louisiana with reasonable
accuracy. Future construction input costs were
estimated
from commercially
available
forecasts of indicator variables closely
associated with the price of construction labor,
construction equipment, and a representative
set of highway construction materials. The
predictions produced by the model estimate that
highway construction costs in Louisiana will
double between 1998 and 2015.
Chua et al. (1997) proposed a neural network
approach to identify the key management
factors that affect budget performance in a
project. Field data of project performance had
been used to build the budget performance
model. This approach allowed the model to be
built even if the functional interrelationships
between input factors and output performance
could not be clearly defined. Altogether eight
key determining factors were identified
covering areas related to the project manager,
project team, and planning and control efforts,
namely: number of organizational levels
between project manager and craftsmen, project
manager experience on similar technical scope,
detailed design complete at start of
construction, constructability program, project
team turnover rate, frequency of control
meetings during construction, frequency of
budget updates, and control system budget. The
model was able to give good predictions even
with previously unseen data and incomplete
information on the key factors. The model can
be used to evaluate various management
strategies and thus resources can be effectively
deployed to strengthen these aspects of project
management.
3.2 Application of ANN in optimization of
construction projects :

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Megha Jail, K.K Pathak

So far, two types of optimisation algorithm

have been used to find a global minimum in
order to avoid a local minimum, which NNs are
prone to. One is Genetic algorithms(GA)(Goh,
2000) and another is the simulated annealing
(SA). Yeh (1995) employed the SA and
Hopfield
neural network to optimise
construction site layout. SA is a probabilistic
hill-climbing search algorithm which can find a
global minimum of the performance function
by combining gradient descent with a random
process. Hegazy and Ayed (1998) applied GAs
to optimise the network weights when
developing a parametric cost-estimating model
for highway projects. Goh (2000) used GAs to
seek the optimum architecture of NNs.
Sawhney and Mund (2001) used GAs to select
optimum smoothing factors in APNNs to
develop an integrated crane type and model
selection system. Some of the resent
applications are described below.
Adeli et al.(1997) presented a general
mathematical formulation for the scheduling of
construction projects and
applied to the
problem of highway construction scheduling.
An optimization formulation was presented for
the construction project scheduling problem,
with the goal of minimizing the direct
construction cost. They solved nonlinear
optimization by the neural dynamics model. For
any given construction duration, the model
yields the optimum construction schedule for
minimum construction cost automatically. By
using this one could solve the cost-duration
trade-off problem and obtain the global
optimum schedule and the corresponding
minimum construction cost. The new
construction scheduling model provides the
capabilities of both the critical path method
(CPM) and linear scheduling method (LSM)
approaches. The research provides the
mathematical foundation for development of a
new generation of more general, flexible, and
accurate construction scheduling systems.

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Sai On Cheung et al. (2006) presented a Neural
Network based prediction model for the
prediction of a bidders performance based on
information available at the tender stage. They
found that the networks for the prediction of
performance scores for Works gave the highest
hit rate.
3.3 Application of ANN in decision making
in construction projects:
Murtaza et al.(1994) presented an approach for
decision
making
about
construction
modularization using neural networks. The
model helps to make a decision whether use a
conventional "stick-built" method or to use
some degree of modularization when building
an industrial process plant. The decision would
base on several decision attributes which are
divided into five categories: plant location,
environmental and organizational, laborrelated, plant characteristics, and project risks.
The neural network is trained using cases
collected from several engineering and
construction firms and owner firms of industrial
process pIants. Masri S. F. et al. (1996)
presented a neural network-based approach for
the detection of changes in the characteristics of
structure-unknown systems. The approach
relies on the use of vibration measurements
from a "healthy" system to train a neural
network
for
identification
purposes.
Subsequently, the trained network is fed
comparable vibration measurements from the
same structure under different episodes of
response in order to monitor the health of the
structure. It was shown, through simulation
studies with linear as well as nonlinear models
typically encountered in the applied mechanics
field that the proposed damage detection
methodology is capable of detecting relatively
small changes in the structural parameters, even
when the vibration measurements are noise
polluted.

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Megha Jail, K.K Pathak

3.4 Application of ANN for classification or,

selection:
For classification or, selection multilayer neural
network was used by Cheung et al. (2000) to
conduct
project
dispute
satisfaction
classification. Sawhney and Mund (2001) used
APNNs based on the Bayesian classifier
method to conduct crane type and model
selection. APNNs can model any non- linear
function using a single hidden layer with as
many PEs as there are training cases.
Yeh.I.C,(1998) demonstrated the possibilities
of adapting articial neural networks (ANN) to
predict the compressive strength of highperformance concrete. A set of trial batches of
HPC was produced in the laboratory and
demonstrated satisfactory experimental results.
They concluded: 1) A strength model based on
ANN is more accurate than a model based on
regression analysis; and 2) It is convenient and
easy to use ANN models for numerical
experiments to review the effects of the
proportions of each variable on the concrete
mix
Sarhan Faiq Mohammed et al (2012) used
back-propagation
multi- layer
perceptron
trainings. Using the algorithm neural network is
formulated and presented for estimation of the
productivity of construction projects. Data used
was collected for residential, commercial, and
educational projects from different part from
Iraq. These were used in training the model and
evaluating its performance. Ten influencing
factors were utilized for productivity
forecasting by ANN model. They included age,
experience, number of the assist labor, and
height of the floor, size of the marbles tiles,
security conditions, and health status for the
work team, weather conditions, site condition,
and availability of construction materials. One
model was built for the prediction the
productivity of marble finishing works for
floors. It was found that ANNs have the ability

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to predict the productivity for finishing works
with a very good degree of accuracy of the
coefficient of correlation (R) was 89.55%, and
average accuracy percentage of 90.9%.
4. Conclusion:
It is evident from this review that ANNs have
been successfully applied to many construction
engineering areas like prediction, risk analysis,
decision- making,
resources
optimization,
classification, and selection etc. Based on the
results of case studies, it is evident that ANNs
perform better than, or at par to the
conventional methods. In many situations in
civil engineering, many problems are
encountered that are very complex and not well
understood. Most of the mathematical models
fail to simulate the complex behavior of these
problems. In contrast, ANNs are based on the
input-output data alone in which the model can
be trained. Moreover, ANNs can always be
updated to obtain better results by presenting
new training examples as new data become
available. Thus ANN have a number of
significant benefits that make them a powerful
and practical tool for solving many problems in
the field of construction engineering and are
expected to be applicable in future.
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