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YOU ARE HERE: HOME / ARTICLES / ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS / A NEW THEORY FOR THE GREAT PYRAMID:

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HOW SCIENCE IS CHANGING OUR VIEW OF THE PAST

A New Theory for the Great Pyramid: How Science is

Changing Our View of the Past
September 19, 2010 By davidjones

By EDWARD F. MALKOWSKI
Print | Digital | Renew

Of all the chambers in the Great Pyramid, the

subterranean chamber is the largest, as well as
the most mysterious. It is 46 feet long, 27 feet
wide, hewn into the limestone bedrock, and
difficult to describe. The descending passageways
entrance to the subterranean chamber is near the
floor at the northeast corner. A six-foot-wide
square pit shaped like a funnel has been tunnelled
in the middle of the floor, near the east wall. This square-shaped pit is actually the mouth of a
shaft that is eleven feet deep, although in 1816 the Italian explorer Count Caviglia drilled into the
pit another thirty feet.
The western half of the chamber has been carved nearly six feet higher than the eastern half and sculpted
into several large finlike protrusions. All these finlike protrusions are situated east to west and are nearly as
tall as the ceiling. Between the large protrusions, a stepped channel starts at the floor and flows toward the
back of the chamber. In its centre there is a channel leading to the western wall. In the southeastern corner,
a tunnel known as the dead end shaft, thirty inches in height and width, runs south fifty-seven feet, then
ends at a wall. There are two other features in the design of the Great Pyramid that appear to be part of the
work performed in the bedrock, the well shaft and the grotto (see figures 1 & 2)
If the subterranean chamber was
nothing more than a mistake, and
was originally designed to be a

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burial vault, an enormous amount

of resources was wasted. On the

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other hand, if the chamber was

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an integral part of the overall

Figure 1. Edward Malkowski

design of the Great Pyramid and

performed a function, then what

could that function possibly be?

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Everything from a tomb to temple of initiation to a device of some kind, theres never been a lack of theories
over the years describing what the Great Pyramid of Giza and the other pyramids was originally designed

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for. What has been lacking, though, is a theory describing why all the ancient Egypt pyramids were built.
More importantly, whats been lacking in any theory is scientific experimentation.
To the best of my knowledge no one has built a scale model of the Great Pyramid. However, without any
idea of what the Great Pyramid was, assuming it was a device, there would be no theory to test. Marine
engineer, John Cadman, saw something that had been passed over for decades. In 1962, in a book entitled
The Pharaohs Pump, a man named Edward Kunkel put forth the theory that the Great Pyramid was in its
entirety a water pump. Cadman ran across the book one day browsing titles in a used bookstore. Intrigued,

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he purchased Kunkels book and after reading it realised that Kunkel was not far off the mark with his water

pump theory. Being familiar with hydraulics and machines that rely on hydraulics, Cadman noticed that the

design of the Great Pyramids subterranean chamber and its associated tunnels looked familiar.

Cadmans Experiment

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Before the invention of the electric water pump the ram pump was used to move water from a reservoir to

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another location through a simple

system that had only two moving

parts, a weight loaded waste

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valve and check valve. Under the

force of gravity, water in a
reservoir flows down the input

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pipe and forces the waste value

closed (see figure 3). With the
waste valve closed, water
continues to flow down the input

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inside the pump. The increased

pressure opens the delivery valve
forcing water into the output pipe.
Since the water is being forced to
a higher elevation faster than the
water flowing down the input pipe
Figure 2. Edward Malkowski

the flow of water reverses which

closes the check valve and the
process begins again.
Inspired by Kunkels work, Cadman learned
as much as he could about the Great
Pyramids subterranean chamber and

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associated tunnels, and in June of 1999 he

made his first model. It leaked then cracked,
neither would it function. Several months later
he began work on a second model and
connected a new line to the bottom of the pit
Figure 3. Edward Malkowski

shaft, believing this new line had to be the

pressurised output. But the pump still didnt

operate the way he thought it should so he began building a third model which he completed on April 3,
2000, and it worked flawlessly.
What Cadman discovered was that the subterranean chamber absorbed much of the reverse pulse. He
also observed that without the subterranean chamber, the reverse pulse was large and the output flow was
more erratic, confirming for him that the output in the Great Pyramids subterranean chamber travelled
through what is called the dead end shaft. It also confirmed his suspicion that the ancient oral tradition that
a tunnel exists connecting the subterranean chambers pit to the Nile River.
A few weeks later Cadman moved the model to a seasonal creek with a pond serving as a reservoir, and
experimented further. To simulate the effect of being underground he encased the pump assembly in
concrete (see figures 4 and 5). Interestingly, the action of the pump, which was now embedded in concrete,
created a vertical compression wave. This, according to Cadman, meant that the Great Pyramids
subterranean ram pump also had an acoustical element. So, he built two more models to study the
acoustics and fluid dynamics.
The acoustic model, which was made of fibreglass and epoxy and encased in concrete, weighed five
hundred pounds. When operating, the characteristic heartbeat-like thump of the pump could be felt through
the ground twenty feet away and heard nearly a hundred feet away. Because of the powerful pulses it
generated, Cadman named it the pulse generator.
Cadman constructed a fourth model to study
how water moved through the subterranean
chamber and could operate in two different
modes. This model was fitted with twenty-five
individual ink injection locations and a glass
top (see figure 6). It had a glass wall on its
east side to view water flow, although
Cadman discovered that the glass top quickly
shattered when the model was operating in
Figure 4. Edward Malkowski

pump/pulse mode. Nevertheless, when not in

pump/pulse mode, it was clear by studying the

movement of water within the modelled subterranean chamber that the flow was complex and precise.
What he discovered was that the sound wave striking the perpendicular surface reflects the majority of the
pulse back toward the source. He also discovered that when the fluid jet strikes a perpendicular surface, it
spreads in a 360 pattern perpendicular to the jet. Thus, he concluded that the design of the subterranean
chamber incorporated fluid dynamics as well as acoustical dynamics. In his own words, The dynamics are
on par with that of computerised storm analysis: somewhere between hurricane dynamics and tornado
dynamics.
Cadmans model also revealed some performance issues that were built into the Great Pyramids

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subterranean pump. An additional assist

line, from the compression chamber to a
secondary location, speeds the movement of
water through the output pipe. It also focuses
the shock wave in the line leading to the
compression chamber. The result is that a
pulse is transmitted through the ceiling of the
compression chamber. Thus, the line that
connects the waste valve to the compression
chamber acts as a waveguide, forcing the
shock wave into a pulse. Therefore, the pulse
Figure 5. Edward Malkowski

is transmitted vertically (through the ceiling)

as well as down the waste-valve line.
Cadmans modelling of the subterranean
chamber and its tunnels provides a better
understanding of the Great Pyramid, as well
as the Giza Plateau. In its completed state the
Great Pyramid required a moat, which was
fed by a system of aqueducts from the
Western Nile (the Ur Nile); an ideal source for
a gravity-fed water system, since the Western
Nile was at a higher elevation than the
plateau. It also explains the remains of a
retaining wall that once surrounded the

Figure 6. Edward Malkowski

pyramid. The wall served as an embankment

for an onsite reservoir, which in appearance

was a moat. Tunnels, such as the well at the pyramids entrance, connected the Great Pyramid complex
to an ancient lake, Lake Moeris, and the Western Nile.
Lake Moeris (Egyptian Mer-Wer, meaning Great Lake) was an ancient lake fifty miles southwest of Cairo.
At one time it was very large and occupied the entire Faiyum depression. It was also called the Pure Lake
and the Lake of Osiris by the ancient Egyptians. During prehistoric times the waters of Lake Moeris stood
nearly 120 feet above sea level, but by 10,000 BCE they had dropped to nearly twenty-five feet below sea
level, possibly as a result of the Nile channel being naturally diverted. With increases from rain, between
9000 BCE and 4000 BCE the lake rose again, but gradually subsided. And as the climate became
increasingly more arid, a canal connected Lake Moeris to the Nile; over the years it slowly silted. During the
Middle Kingdom, 2000 BCE to 1600 BCE, dynastic Egyptians widened and deepened the channel, thereby
restoring its flow. At that time the lake was believed to be fifty-five feet above sea level.
There is little doubt that the lake served as a means of flood control as well as a reservoir for irrigation.
Egypts Ptolemaic kings of the third century BCE partially drained Lake Moeris to make available 450
square miles of rich alluvial soil, which was irrigated by canals and extensive cultivation. Since then the
water level of Lake Moeris has continually declined, and it is now the small, shallow saltwater Lake Qrn.
When the Great Pyramid pulse pump was functioning, the descending passage, subterranean chamber,
dead end shaft, pit, well shaft, and grotto made up the components (see figure 7). According to Cadman, it
could be operational today if all the tunnels associated with the pyramid could be cleared. Besides the well
shaft that connects the descending passage to the middle chamber of the pyramid, there are two other
tunnels that would need to be cleared. Clearing the pit associated with the dead end shaft (where the
check-valve exists) would expose the horizontal shaft. If these shafts were cleared, the moat reservoir was
in place, and the well in front of the pyramid connected to a Lake Moeris substitute, the pump could be
operational.
One of the most important results from
Cadmans experiments was discovering the
significance of the well shaft and its effect on
the pumps pulse rate. This specific design
issue leads to the intent of the Great
Pyramids designer. The well shaft begins
Figure 7. Edward Malkowski

near the bottom of the descending

passageway and extends upward 170 feet. In

the water-pump assembly, the well shaft functions as a standpipe, providing a shortcut for the reverse
shock wave to reach air. In essence, it maximises the pulse rate of the pump.
Although standpipes are typically twice the diameter of the input (drive) pipe, in the Giza assembly the
standpipe (well shaft) is actually 25 percent smaller than the input pipe (descending passageway), which
has a peculiar effect on the system. It lowers the elevation of the pulsing water below the water level of the
moat reservoir. Interestingly, this specific elevation correlates to the height of the grotto, which serves as a
reservoir, allowing for stabilisation and regulation of the reverse pulse. A block of granite, existing within the
grotto that fits within the pipe, is believed to function as some type of choke or regulator.
According to Cadman, the well shaft was part of the original design of the pyramid, and as a standpipe in

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the pump assembly, it served to maximise the pulse rate of the pump. The standpipe also reduced the
reverse surge out of the descending passage, as well as reduced pumping efficiency and pulse intensity.

The Importance of Pump Eciency

Cadman tested four different pump configurations, two circulating and two elevating, to gauge the well
shafts affect efficiency. When in a circulating-pump mode, the well shaft reduced the efficiency by 29
percent. And, in an elevating-pump mode, the well shaft reduced the efficiency by 68 percent. The increase
in efficiency of the well shaft provided an extra twenty pulses per minute, from sixty to eighty. Since the
Giza configuration of the subterranean chamber included a well shaft, for the builders of the pyramid,
pumping efficiency did not appear to be of primary importance. So if pumping efficiency was not of primary
importance then what was?
One way to approach this question is to review the general layout of the subterranean chamber. The
subterranean chamber pit is offset by 45 in relation to the general configuration of the chamber and is
aligned northwest to southeast. According to Cadman, this is so because a plane placed at a 45 angle will
maintain the unidirectionality and consistency of the compression wave. In other words, this reflective
elbow ensures the consistency of the compression wave. Any other type of elbow at the pits bottom would
diffract (scatter) the compression wave. So the pits alignment is strictly for acoustical dynamics and for
creating a standing wave in the waste line and subterranean chamber.
To create the standing wave in the waste gate
line and subterranean chamber, it would be
imperative to have the reflective elbow. The
pits offset is exactly aligned with the tunnel
(see figure 8, right; the red arrow is aligned
with the exit tunnel). Not only does the

Figure 8. Edward Malkowski

reflective elbow completely explain the pits

diagonal offset, but it also confirms that the compression wave is a major design consideration. The
designers thoroughly understood complex fluid dynamics as well as complex acoustics (see figure 8, right;
the red arrow shows the direction of the tunnel at the bottom of the pit; the ink injection photo shows some
of the flows in the step area).
Another way to approach the question is to review the engineering significance of the dead end shaft. It
allows for a pressure change, which in turn changes the frequency of the compression wave. A gate valve
at the end of the dead end shaft provides a means for accomplishing this. Adjusting the back pressure by
adjusting the gate valve allows for changes in timing. In essence, this is a simple method to compensate for
different water temperatures and atmospheric pressure, which are factors that affect the velocity of the
compression wave.
Cadmans testing demonstrated that the pulse rate can be altered by at least 30 percent, between sixty and
eighty pulses per minute. He also discovered that adjusting the back pressure changed the waters density
and, as a consequence, altered the compression waves velocity and frequency. In essence, such an
assembly allows for easy fine tuning of the lower portion of the Great Pyramid to create the standing wave
in the subterranean chamber and waste gate shaft.
These experimental results confirm that the compression wave was a major design consideration. Also,
according to Cadman, the square pit carved into the subterranean chamber created a whirlpool as water
moved through the system of tunnels apparently another design feature to efficiently move water to the
chamber and out the waste line.
If pump efficiency in other words, pumping water was not of prime importance to the ancient Egyptians,
then what was? According to the experimental evidence, the answer is a compression wave, which, of
course, creates another question. Why was a compression wave of primary interest to the Great Pyramids
builders?

A New Theory
The question I have always had in the back of my mind concerning the pyramids is one of economics.
Resources are resources whether a construction project occurs today or thousands of years ago.
Man-hours and tools are required, so is pay for the management team, supervisors, and workers. If it cost
35 billion dollars to build a large structure today it would also cost that much in resources to build the same
structure many thousands of years ago, the only difference being the nominal value of money used. In the
case of the Great Pyramid thats 380 billion dollars, according to engineer Markus Schulte of the global
design and business consulting firm Arup.1 The limestone blocks for the Great Pyramid, alone, would cost
today 18 billion dollars. With such a high dollar amount for a single pyramid, and more than ten were built
comparable in size, then there had to be a very good reason why the Great Pyramid and the other
pyramids were built, a reason that would benefit the whole of society.
If the Great Pyramid was exclusively a water pump as John Cadman demonstrated in his experiments, then
there wouldnt be a need for another chamber located in the middle of the pyramid and a third chamber
located in its upper regions. These chambers as well as the shafts in these two chambers need to be
explained.
Assuming Cadman is correct that the compression wave was what the pump was designed for, then the
middle and upper chamber would likely have been designed to somehow react with the vibrations

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emanating from the pump. The upper chamber, known as the Kings Chamber, in its entirety was built from
slabs of granite the floor, walls, and ceiling and located just above the chamber the builders of the Great
Pyramid placed five rows of granite beams. So, it is obvious that granite was of primary importance in the
uppermost chamber. The question is why.
The high-fidelity stereo industry uses granite not only to provide a stable base for equipment but also
because of its resonance qualities. All materials have a natural resonance frequency meaning that all
materials will vibrate at certain frequencies. In the world of high-fidelity, the resonance of other materials in
a room distorts the stereos sound, including the rack where the components of the sound system are
housed. However, with granite as a base for stereo components not only are extraneous sounds
dampened, but full sound is produced through the granites resonance. And by further isolating the granite
base from the stereo rack with rubber washers or other polymer fixtures, the granites resonance properties
can be further controlled. With this in mind, it might be the case that the purpose of building a granite
chamber in the Great Pyramid was to create resonance.
According to Tom Danley, the sound engineer featured in the documentary film The Mystery of the Sphinx,
the Great Pyramid makes strange sounds because the granite chamber resonates from the rigidity of the
stone. What he also discovered was that a number of low-frequency components existed even without a
test signal present in the pyramid implying that the chamber was constructed for its resonance, and that it
naturally creates a frequency. Most likely, he added, the low frequencies were a result of Helmholtz
resonances caused by the wind blowing across the entry tunnel.2
However, a compression wave emanating from the subterranean chamber would likely have a marginal
effect on the granite in the upper chamber. What would be needed to localise the granite is a way to
transform the compression wave into sound. This would create enough vibration to activate the granite
beams and create a standing wave of resonance. With devices such as Helmholtz resonators built into the
Grand Gallery those vibrations would become sound and cause the granite to resonate or sing. The
question is why, to what effect? With shafts leading to the Great Pyramids exterior, the singing granite
would project its sound into the atmosphere. This, in turn, would create an electrical field in the atmosphere
according to physics research.
Again, we are left with the question why? The subtle electrical field created by the Great Pyramid would be
of little use for means of powering equipment. However, such a field would deflect very low frequencies
(VLF) and extremely low frequencies (ELF), frequencies that exist at all times in the atmosphere as a result
of thunderstorms around the world. In agricultural experiments, VLF and ELF have been shown to promote
plant growth. With the Great Pyramid operating as the engine, all of the pyramids could be connected by a
subtle electrical field to create a canopy of sorts thereby deflecting VLF and ELF into the surrounding fields.
In might sound mundane that the pyramids were agricultural devices, but it provides the best of reasoning
for a civilisation to spend an immense amount of resources on any given project. Without food society
would gradually fall into anarchy and civilisation would cease to exist.
Illustrations courtesy of Edward Malkowski.
If you appreciate this article, please consider a digital subscription to New Dawn.

Footnotes
1. Where Did It Come From? Ancient Egypt: Iconic Structures, Popular Arts Entertainment, The History
Channel, September 21, 2006.
2. ProSoundWeb Live Chat with Tom Danley, March 12, 2002, transcript, at
www.prosoundweb.com/chat_psw/transcripts/danley3.shtml (Accessed September 29, 2009).
Further information on the above theory and a whole lot more can be found in Edward Malkowskis
new book Ancient Egypt 39,000 BCE: The History, Technology, and Philosophy of Civilization X (Bear
& Company, 2010), available from all good bookstores and via www.newdawnbooks.info.

.
EDWARD F. MALKOWSKI has a lifelong interest in history, particularly ancient history with a
special interest in philosophy and the development of religious beliefs from ancient to modern
times. His interest in the origin of civilisation, particularly the Sphinx and the large monuments
of Egypts Old Kingdom, as well as the influence Egyptian philosophy and culture exerted in
the ancient world, led to his two books Before the Pharaohs and The Spiritual Technology of
Ancient Egypt. Edward takes a fresh look at the physical and textual evidence for a technical,
prehistoric civilisation in his new book Ancient Egypt 39,000 BCE: The History, Technology &
Philosophy of Civilization X. He is also a contributing author to The Search for Lost
Knowledge: A Graham Hancock Alternative Science and History Reader edited by Glenn
Kreisberg. For further information, please visit his websites www.sonsofgoddaughtersofmen.com and www.civilizationx.com.

The above article appeared in New Dawn Special Issue 13.

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