Energy:

Forms and
Changes

N t
Nature
off Energy
E
{ Energy

is all around you!

You can hear energy as sound.

z You can see energy as light.
z And y
you can feel it as wind.
z

N t
Nature
off Energy
E
{

You use energy

when you:
z
z

hit a softball.
ftb ll
lift your book
bag.
bag
compress a
spring.

N t
Nature
off Energy
E

Living organisms need

energy for growth and
movement.
movement

N t
Nature
off Energy
E
{

Energy iis iinvolved

E
l d
when:
z
z
z

a bird flies.
a bomb explodes.
rain falls from the
sky.
sky
electricity flows in
a wire.

N t
Nature
off Energy
E
{

What is energy that it can be

involved in so many different
activities?
z Energy can be defined as the
ability to do work.
work
z If an object or organism does
work (exerts a force over a
distance to move an object) the
object or organism uses energy.
energy

Nature of Energy
{ Because

of the direct
connection between energy and
work,, energy
gy is measured in
the same unit as work: joules
(J).
{ In addition to using energy to
do work,
work objects gain energy
because work is being done on
them.
them

F
Forms
off Energy
E
{

The five
Th
fi
main
i fforms
of energy are:

Heat
z Chemical
z Electromagnetic
El t
ti
z Nuclear
z Mechanical
z

H tE
Heat
Energy
{

The internal motion off the atoms is

called heat energy, because moving
particles produce heat.
heat
Heat energy can be produced by
friction.
friction
Heat energy causes changes in
temperature and phase of any form
of matter.

Ch i l E
Chemical
Energy
{ Chemical

Energy is required to
bond atoms together.
{ And when bonds are broken,
gy is released.
energy

Ch i l E
Chemical
Energy
{ Fuel

and food
are forms
f
off
stored
chemical
h
i l
energy.

El t
Electromagnetic
ti Energy
E
{

Power li
P
lines carry electromagnetic
l
i
energy into your home in the form of
electricity.

El t
Electromagnetic
ti Energy
E
{

Light
Li
h is
i a form
f
off
electromagnetic energy.
Each color of light
represents a different
amount of electromagnetic energy.
Electromagnetic Energy is
also carried by X-rays,
X-rays
radio waves, and laser
light.

N l
Nuclear
E
Energy
{ The

nucleus
of an atom is
the source of
nuclear
energy.

N l
Nuclear
E
Energy
{

When the nucleus splits (fission),

f
nuclear energy is released in the
form of heat energy and light
energy.
Nuclear energy is also released
when nuclei collide at high speeds
and join (fuse).
(fuse)

N l
Nuclear
E
Energy
The suns energy
is produced from
a nuclear fusion
reaction in which
hydrogen nuclei
fuse to form
helium nuclei.

M h i lE
Mechanical
Energy
{ When
Wh

work
k is
i done
d
to
t an
object, it acquires energy.
The energy it acquires is
known as mechanical energy.

M h i lE
Mechanical
Energy
{ When

you

kick a
football, you
give
mechancal
energy to the
football to
make it move.

M h i lE
Mechanical
Energy
When you throw a
balling ball, you
give it energy.
energy
When that
bowling ball hits
the pins, some of
the energy is
transferred to the
pins (transfer of
momentum).

E
Energy
C
Conversion
i
{

Energy can be changed from

f
one
form to another. Changes in the
form of energy are called energy
conversions.

E
Energy
conversions
i
{

All forms
f
off energy can be
converted into other forms.
z

The suns
Th
energy through
th
h solar
l cells
ll
can be converted directly into
electricity.
y
Green plants convert the suns energy
(electromagnetic) into starches and
sugars (chemical
( h
l energy).
)

Oth energy conversions

Other
i
z

IIn an electric
l
i motor, electromagnetic
l
i
energy is converted to mechanical
energy.
In a battery, chemical energy is
converted into electromagnetic energy.
The mechanical energy of a waterfall is
converted to electrical energy in a
generator.
generator

E
Energy
C
Conversions
i
{

IIn an automobile
bil
engine, fuel is
burned to convert
chemical energy
into heat energy.
The heat ene
energy
g is
then changed into
mechanical
energy.

Chemical Heat Mechanical

St t off Energy
States
E
{

The most common energy

conversion is the conversion
between potential and kinetic
energy.
All forms of energy can be in either
of two states:
z
z

Potential
Kinetic

States of Energy:
Kinetic and Potential Energy
{Kinetic

Energy is the
energy of motion.
motion
{Potential Energy is
stored energy.

Ki ti E
Kinetic
Energy
{
{
{

The energy off motion

Th
ti
is
i called
ll d
kinetic energy.
The faster an object moves,
moves the
more kinetic energy it has.
The greater the mass of a moving
object, the more kinetic energy it
has.
Kinetic energy depends on both
mass and velocity.

Ki ti E
Kinetic
Energy
K.E. = mass x velocity
2

What
a has
a a greater
g a
affect
a
of
o kinetic
energy, mass or velocity? Why?

P t ti l Energy
Potential
E
{

Potential Energy is stored energy.

z

Stored chemically in fuel, the nucleus

of atom,
atom and in foods.
foods
Or stored because of the work done on
it:
Stretching a rubber band..
{ Pulling back on a bows arrow.
{

G it ti
Gravitational
l Potential
P t ti l E
Energy
{

Potential
P
i l energy
that is dependent
on height is called
gravitational
potential energy.

G it ti
Gravitational
l Potential
P t ti l E
Energy
{

A waterfall,
f ll a suspension
i
bridge,
b id
and
da
falling snowflake all have gravitational
potential energy.

G it ti
Gravitational
l Potential
P t ti l E
Energy
{

If you stand
d on a
3-meter diving
board, you have 3
times the G.P.E,
than you had on a
1 mete diving
1-meter
di ing
board.

G it ti
Gravitational
l Potential
P t ti l E
Energy
{

The bigger they are the harder

they fall is not just a saying. Its
true Objects with more mass have
true.
greater G.P.E.
The formula to find G
G.P.E.
P E is
G.P.E. = Weight X Height.

Kinetic-Potential Energy Conversion

Roller coasters work because of the energy that is
built into the system. Initially, the cars are pulled
mechanically up the tallest hill, giving them a great
deal of potential energy. From that point, the
conversion between potential and kinetic energy
powers the cars throughout
p
g
the entire ride.

Ki ti vs. Potential
Kinetic
P t ti l E
Energy

At the p
point of maximum p
potential energy,
gy, the car has
minimum kinetic energy.

Kinetic-Potential Energy Conversions

{

As a basketball
A
b k b ll
player throws the
ball into the air,
various energy
conversions take
place.
place

Ball slows down

Ball speeds up

The Law of Conservation of Energy

{

Energy can be neither created nor

destroyed by ordinary means.
z

It can only
l be
b converted
t d from
f
one form
f
to another.
If energy seems to disappear,
disappear then
scientists look for it leading to many
important discoveries.

L
Law
off Conservation
C
ti off Energy
E
{

In 1905, Albert Einstein said that

mass and energy can be converted
into each other.
other
He showed that if matter is
destroyed energy is created,
destroyed,
created and if
energy is destroyed mass is
created.
created
{ E = MC2