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EMBRYOLOGY
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OOGENESIS
GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY
CONTENTS
OOGENESIS ................................................................................................................................................................... 3
SPERMATOGENESIS ...................................................................................................................................................... 3
FERTILISATION .............................................................................................................................................................. 4
GERM LAYERS................................................................................................................................................................ 5
NOTOCHORD AND NEURAL PLATE ................................................................................................................................ 6
NEURAL CREST .............................................................................................................................................................. 7
AORTIC ARCHES ............................................................................................................................................................ 7
PHARYNGEAL ARCH, POUCH AND CLEFT ...................................................................................................................... 7
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OOGENESIS
GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY
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OOGENESIS
GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY
OOGENESIS
Genital system
Germ cells in ovary develop from
Oogonia derived from
Primordial germ cells derived from
Oogenesis
SPERMATOGENESIS
Gene coding for androgen receptors are located in
All spermatozoa carry
Chromosome number of primary spermatocyte
Meiosis occurs in males in
Does NOT undergo division
Spermatogonium to mature spermatozoa (time taken
for complete differentiation into mature sperm)
Number of spermatids in second meiotic division
Number of spermatids from single
spermatogonia
Meiosis in spermatogenesis occurs in
Division of chromosomes in spermatogenesis in
In spermatogenesis, at which stage and
which cell undergoes sex chromosome
segregation
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FERTILISATION
GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY
Primary spermatocyte enters prolonged
prophase of
Spermatogenesis occurs at
Core body temperature
22 days
Temperature lower than core body temperature
1 degree higher than rectal temperature, 1
degree higher than surface temperature,
most accurate, best site of measurement is
lower esophagus
61 days
Testosterone, FSH, LH
Epididymis
50 60 micron
Epididymis
1-3 mm/min
120 million/day
Body
Uterus
6-8 hours
Straight tubules-rete testis-efferent tubules
Straight tubules rete testes efferent tubules
Spermiogenesis
Inhibin
Sertoli
Sertoli cells
Inhibits secretion of FSH
Increased inhibin levels
Leydig cells
Leydig cells
Leydig cells
FERTILISATION
Microscopic examination of PAS stained
histological section of a Graafian follicle
demonstrates a bright reddish pink
avascular ring around ovum
Zona pellucida
Synthesis of zona pellucida at
Zygote with zona pellucida reaches uterine cavity by
Fertilized ovum reaches uterine cavity by
After how many days of ovulation implantation occurs
Fertilized ovum is embedded in endometrium at
Zygote reaches uterine cavity as
Morula
Morula formed after
Implantation occurs at the stage of
Zona pellucida
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GERM LAYERS
GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY
Zygote implanted in the 6 days after fertilization in the
form of
Second maturation division of human ovum occurs at
the time of
Commonest site of fertilization
Lionisation occur on
By which day, placental circulation is established
Maximum teratogenecity
Embryo is termed till
Ovaries and testes distinguished by
Fetal stage starts at
Fetal movements established by
Test tube baby produced by
Amnion is present on
Umbilical cord
Blastocyst
Fertilization
Ampulla
th
16 day
th
17 day
3-8 weeks after conception
8 weeks
8 weeks
9 weeks
11 weeks
Sperm and ovum fertilized in test tube and implanted
Fetal surface
Two arteries and one left vein, Umbilical vein carries
oxygenated blood, Right umbilical vein disappears
GERM LAYERS
Gastrulation
Gastrulation occurs at
Events in 3rd week of development
Teratogenesis associated with gastrulation
Derivatives of Surface ectoderm
Ectodermal origin
Structures arising from both Surface Ectoderm and
Neuroectoderm
Ectoderm
NOT derived from ectoderm
Not an ectodermal derivative
NOT derived from surface ectoderm
Neuroectodermal derivatives
Develops from both ectoderm and mesoderm
Mesodermal
Derivative of mesoderm
Muscle development
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GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY
Ectoderm and endoderm approach each other in head
th
and neck region during 4 week
Bilaminar germ disc formed by
Buccopharyngeal membrane derived from
Chorion
Pharyngeal membrane
Columnar epiblast cells and cuboidal
hypoblast cells
Ectoderm, Endoderm
Both layer of trophoblast with
somatopleuric layer of extraembryonic
mesoderm
Pancreas
Liver Parenchyma
Kidney
th
Growth in length is very fast in 3-5 month, Thumbs are
formed in preaxial border, Upper limb develops before
legs
Fetus gains maximum weight in first trimester
HOXB8
Notochord
Notochord develops in
Notochord forms
Neural plate inducers
NOT a neural plate inducer
BMP 4 is inhibited by
Closure of neural tube begins at
Features of neural development
16th day
25th day
Stria
27th day
Nodal gene
Before gastrulation
Cephalic end of embryo is established
before the formation of primitive streak,
Henson node is the anterior tip of
primitive streak
Prenotochordal cells intercalates with hypoblast,
Cranial end forms first, Neurotenteric canal
communicates amniotic and umbilical vesicle cavities,
Extends from oropharyngeal membrane to primitive
node
rd
3 week
Nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc
Notochord appearance, PGF upregulation, Prechordal
mesoderm
High BMP
Noggin, Follistatin, Chordin
Cervical end
rd
In 3 week neural groove is formed and neurulation
th
completes in 4 week, Neural folds are first sign of
brain development, Neuropores communicate with
amniotic cavity, Cranial neural crest cells leave before
and truncal cells after neural tube closure
VEGF, basic FGF, IL-8
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NEURAL CREST
GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY
NEURAL CREST
Neural crest cells are deficient in
NOT true about neural crest
AORTIC ARCHES
th
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GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY
First pharyngeal arch
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