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GENERAL

EMBRYOLOGY
medpgnotes

OOGENESIS

GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY

CONTENTS
OOGENESIS ................................................................................................................................................................... 3
SPERMATOGENESIS ...................................................................................................................................................... 3
FERTILISATION .............................................................................................................................................................. 4
GERM LAYERS................................................................................................................................................................ 5
NOTOCHORD AND NEURAL PLATE ................................................................................................................................ 6
NEURAL CREST .............................................................................................................................................................. 7
AORTIC ARCHES ............................................................................................................................................................ 7
PHARYNGEAL ARCH, POUCH AND CLEFT ...................................................................................................................... 7

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OOGENESIS

GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY

KEY TO THIS DOCUMENT


Text in normal font Must read point.
Asked in any previous medical entrance
examinations
Text in bold font Point from Harrisons
text book of internal medicine 18th
edition
Text in italic font Can be read if
you are thorough with above two.

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OOGENESIS

GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY

OOGENESIS
Genital system
Germ cells in ovary develop from
Oogonia derived from
Primordial germ cells derived from
Oogenesis

At birth, oocytes are in which stage of


development
Formation of primary ovary in female fetus takes place
by
Formation of primary follicles in human fetus is
completed by
Maximum number of oocytes in ovary during
Vitelline membrane
Polar body is located between
Polar bodies are formed during
In a female child at birth oocyte is in a stage of
Primary oocyte
Arrest of primary oocyte by
Mature graafian follicle is less than
st
1 polar body released
Woman with cycles of 28 days with ovulation occurring
th
st
around 14 day. When 1 polar body extruded
Second polar body extruded after
Female gamete remains in

Ovaries develop in absence of Y chromosome


Yolk sac
Yolk sac
Ectoderm
nd
Secondary oocyte arrest in metaphase of 2 meiotic
st
st
division, 1 polar body extruded during 1 meiotic
division of primary oocytes
Resting phase between prophase and
metaphase of 1st meiotic division
10 weeks
18 weeks
20 weeks of gestation
Cell membrane of secondary oocyte
Zona pellucida and vitelline membrane
Oogenesis
st
Prophase 1 meiotic
Maximum in number in 5 month fetus, Is in prophase
arrest
Peptide produced by follicular cells
18 mm
Accompanied by ovulation
24 hours prior to ovulation
Fertilization
Diplotene stage

SPERMATOGENESIS
Gene coding for androgen receptors are located in
All spermatozoa carry
Chromosome number of primary spermatocyte
Meiosis occurs in males in
Does NOT undergo division
Spermatogonium to mature spermatozoa (time taken
for complete differentiation into mature sperm)
Number of spermatids in second meiotic division
Number of spermatids from single
spermatogonia
Meiosis in spermatogenesis occurs in
Division of chromosomes in spermatogenesis in
In spermatogenesis, at which stage and
which cell undergoes sex chromosome
segregation

Long arm of X chromosome


XY chromosome
44 XY
Seminiferous tubulus
Spermatid
74 days
4 spermatids
512
Primary spermatocyte to secondary spermatocyte
Primary spermatocyte to secondary spermatocyte
Meiosis I, primary spermatocyte

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FERTILISATION

GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY
Primary spermatocyte enters prolonged
prophase of
Spermatogenesis occurs at
Core body temperature

Time taken for spermatogenesis


Spermatogenesis is maintained by
Sperm after formation stored in
Length of mature human spermatozoa
Sperms acquire motility in
Sperm movement
Daily sperm production
Mitochondria of sperm is seen in
Capacitance of sperms in
Sperm capacitation takes about
Correct order of pathway for sperm
Pathway for sperm
Sertoli cells play a key role in
Sertoli cells secrete
Supporting cells of testis
Mullerian regression in males is caused by
Primary action of inhibin
Males and females show differences in age of onset of
puberty. Difference in age of puberty amongst males
may be explained by
Testosterone production is mainly contributed by
Cells NOT present in Seminiferous tubules
Androgen is secreted by

22 days
Temperature lower than core body temperature
1 degree higher than rectal temperature, 1
degree higher than surface temperature,
most accurate, best site of measurement is
lower esophagus
61 days
Testosterone, FSH, LH
Epididymis
50 60 micron
Epididymis
1-3 mm/min
120 million/day
Body
Uterus
6-8 hours
Straight tubules-rete testis-efferent tubules
Straight tubules rete testes efferent tubules
Spermiogenesis
Inhibin
Sertoli
Sertoli cells
Inhibits secretion of FSH
Increased inhibin levels

Leydig cells
Leydig cells
Leydig cells

FERTILISATION
Microscopic examination of PAS stained
histological section of a Graafian follicle
demonstrates a bright reddish pink
avascular ring around ovum
Zona pellucida
Synthesis of zona pellucida at
Zygote with zona pellucida reaches uterine cavity by
Fertilized ovum reaches uterine cavity by
After how many days of ovulation implantation occurs
Fertilized ovum is embedded in endometrium at
Zygote reaches uterine cavity as
Morula
Morula formed after
Implantation occurs at the stage of

Zona pellucida

Surrounds morula, Barrier by fusion/fertilin, Surrounds


ovum
Primary follicle stage
4 days
4-5 days
7-9 days
8 day after fertilization
16 celled stage
16 cell stage, Zona pellucida present
3 days
Blastocyst

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GERM LAYERS

GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY
Zygote implanted in the 6 days after fertilization in the
form of
Second maturation division of human ovum occurs at
the time of
Commonest site of fertilization
Lionisation occur on
By which day, placental circulation is established
Maximum teratogenecity
Embryo is termed till
Ovaries and testes distinguished by
Fetal stage starts at
Fetal movements established by
Test tube baby produced by
Amnion is present on
Umbilical cord

Blastocyst
Fertilization
Ampulla
th
16 day
th
17 day
3-8 weeks after conception
8 weeks
8 weeks
9 weeks
11 weeks
Sperm and ovum fertilized in test tube and implanted
Fetal surface
Two arteries and one left vein, Umbilical vein carries
oxygenated blood, Right umbilical vein disappears

GERM LAYERS
Gastrulation
Gastrulation occurs at
Events in 3rd week of development
Teratogenesis associated with gastrulation
Derivatives of Surface ectoderm
Ectodermal origin
Structures arising from both Surface Ectoderm and
Neuroectoderm
Ectoderm
NOT derived from ectoderm
Not an ectodermal derivative
NOT derived from surface ectoderm
Neuroectodermal derivatives
Develops from both ectoderm and mesoderm
Mesodermal
Derivative of mesoderm
Muscle development

NOT of mesodermal origin


NOT derived from mesoderm
NOT a derivative of mesoderm
Paraxial mesoderm develops into
Paraxial mesoderm develops into

Establishes all three germ layers


3rd week
Gastrulation, primitive streak formation,
notochord
Sirenomelia
Lens, Corneal epithelium, Conjunctival epithelium,
Epithelium of lacrimal gland
Enamel of teeth, Epithelial lining of Nasolacrimal duct,
Anterior Pituitary
Eye, Pituitary gland
Lens, Brain, Spinal cord
Retinal vascular endothelium
Arrector Pilli
Sclera, Anterior layer of iris
Ciliary epithelium, Sphincter and dilator papillae
Adrenal gland
Ciliary muscle, Iris, Ovarian tissue, Iris stroma, Ciliary
body, Choroid
Ureter, uterus and epididymis
Cardiac muscle develop from splanchnic mesoderm,
Smooth muscle of dorsal aorta develops from lateral
plate mesoderm, Pupillary muscles are ectodermal,
Voluntary muscles of head are derived from PARAXIAL
mesoderm, Tendons develop from sclerotome
Dilators of iris
Sphincter papillae
Gall bladder
Somites
Sclerotome

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NOTOCHORD AND NEURAL PLATE

GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY
Ectoderm and endoderm approach each other in head
th
and neck region during 4 week
Bilaminar germ disc formed by
Buccopharyngeal membrane derived from
Chorion

Gland developed from Endoderm


Endoderm forms
Structure NOT arising from Endoderm
Fetal development

NOT true about fetal development


Misexpression of which of the following homeobox
genes alters position of forelimb during development

Pharyngeal membrane
Columnar epiblast cells and cuboidal
hypoblast cells
Ectoderm, Endoderm
Both layer of trophoblast with
somatopleuric layer of extraembryonic
mesoderm
Pancreas
Liver Parenchyma
Kidney
th
Growth in length is very fast in 3-5 month, Thumbs are
formed in preaxial border, Upper limb develops before
legs
Fetus gains maximum weight in first trimester
HOXB8

NOTOCHORD AND NEURAL PLATE


Primitive streak
Closure of cranial neuropore
Position of anterior neuropore in adults
Closure of caudal neuropore
Initiation and maintenance of primitive streak
Formation of primitive streak occurs
Primitive streak

Notochord

Notochord develops in
Notochord forms
Neural plate inducers
NOT a neural plate inducer
BMP 4 is inhibited by
Closure of neural tube begins at
Features of neural development

Angiogenesis in fetus is stimulated by

16th day
25th day
Stria
27th day
Nodal gene
Before gastrulation
Cephalic end of embryo is established
before the formation of primitive streak,
Henson node is the anterior tip of
primitive streak
Prenotochordal cells intercalates with hypoblast,
Cranial end forms first, Neurotenteric canal
communicates amniotic and umbilical vesicle cavities,
Extends from oropharyngeal membrane to primitive
node
rd
3 week
Nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc
Notochord appearance, PGF upregulation, Prechordal
mesoderm
High BMP
Noggin, Follistatin, Chordin
Cervical end
rd
In 3 week neural groove is formed and neurulation
th
completes in 4 week, Neural folds are first sign of
brain development, Neuropores communicate with
amniotic cavity, Cranial neural crest cells leave before
and truncal cells after neural tube closure
VEGF, basic FGF, IL-8

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NEURAL CREST

GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY

NEURAL CREST
Neural crest cells are deficient in
NOT true about neural crest

Superoxide dismutase, catalase


Neural crest undergoes hypoblast to epiblast
transformation
Pia, Dental papillae, Adrenal medulla, Schwann cells,
Odontoblast, Melanoblast, Auerbach plexus and
Meissner ganglion, Sympathetic ganglia, Dorsal root
ganglia, Autonomic ganglia, Melanocyte, Dentine
Motor neuron
Cauda equine
Spinal Cord

Structures derived from neural crest

NOT derived from neural crest


NOT a derivative of neural crest
NOT a Neural Crest derivative

AORTIC ARCHES
th

Aortic arch derivatives

Aortic arch is developed form


3rd and 4th aortic arches are connected by
Branches of dorsal aorta
NOT true about aortic arch derivatives
Maxillary artery is a derivative of
Structure derived from right fourth aortic arch
Double aortic arch is due to
Most common vascular ring encircling
trachea and esophagus
Most common incomplete vascular ring
Axial artery of upper limb
Axis artery of lower limb
Congenital anomalies associated with
defective aortic arches
NOT an anomaly associated with
defective aortic arches

Pulmonary artery derived from 6 arch, Maxillary artery


st
develops from 1 arch, All 6 arches are NOT present
simultaneously
Left primitive arterial segment
Ductus caroticus
Ventral splanchnic, lateral splanchnic,
somatic intersegmental
th
5 arch is absent in 5% of embryo
First Aortic arch
Right subclavian artery
Persistent fourth arch
Double aortic arch
Aberrant right subclavian artery
7th intersegmental artery
5th lumbar intersegmental artery
Double aortic arch, aberrant right
subclavian artery, coarctation of aorta
Transposition of great vessels

PHARYNGEAL ARCH, POUCH AND CLEFT


Derived from pharyngeal arches
Muscle NOT arising from Branchial arch
NOT derived from pharyngeal arch
Branchial arch in embryo begin to develop early in
Maxillary prominence develops in

Tensor tympani, Palatine tensor, Orbicularis oculi,


Mylohyoid
Superior Oblique
Levator palpebrae superioris, Palatine tonsils
rd
3 week
First pharyngeal arch

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PHARYNGEAL ARCH, POUCH AND CLEFT

GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY
First pharyngeal arch

Tensor tympani derived from


Derived from second arch
Second pharyngeal arch
Nerve of second arch
NOT derived from second arch
Nerve of III Pharyngeal arch
Derived from third pharyngeal arch
Derived from cartilage of third arch
Nerve supply of Sixth Arch
Thymus develop from
Ectodermal cleft

Primary and secondary plates are divided by

Maxillary and mandibular prominences are formed,


Maxilla and zygoma bone are formed by
intermembranous ossification, Tensor palati from first
arch
First arch
Stylohyoid ligament, Stapes, Small cornu of hyoid
Styloid
Facial nerve
Malleus/incus
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Stylopharyngeus
Greater cornu of hyoid
Vagus Nerve
Ventral part of third pharyngeal pouch
Cervical sinus is found between 2-6 arches, Ventral part
st
of cleft is obliterated, Dorsal part of 1 cleft forms the
lining of external ear
Incisive foramen

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