Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
J349. Prove that for each positive integer n, 6n+1 + 8n+1 + 27n 1 has at least 11 proper positive divisors.
Proposed by Titu Andreescu, The University of Texas at Dallas, USA
(mod 7).
Solution by Stefan Petrevski, Pearson College UWC, Metchosin, British Columbia, Canada
From Minkowskis inequality, we obtain the following:
p
p
p
p
a4 + b2 + b4 + c2 + c4 + a2 (a2 + b2 + c2 )2 + (a + b + c)2 .
But from (ab)2 +(bc)2 +(ca)2 0, we obtain that a2 +b2 +c2 ab+bc+ca and (a+b+c)2 3(ab+bc+ca).
By using the fact that ab + bc + ca = 1, we get that
a2 + b2 + c2 1 and (a + b + c)2 3.
Finally,
p
p
p
p
a4 + b2 + b4 + c2 + c4 + a2 (a2 + b2 + c2 )2 + (a + b + c)2 1 + 3 = 2
1
Equality holds if and only if a b = 0, b c = 0, c a = 0, i.e. a = b = c = .
3
Also solved by Arkady Alt, San Jose, CA, USA; Ilyes Hamdi, Lyce du Parc, Lyon, France; Polyahedra,
Polk State College, USA; Kyoung A Lee, The Hotchkiss School, Lakeville, CT, USA; Kwon Il Kobe Ko,
Cushing Academy, Ashburnham, MA, USA; Adnan Ali, A.E.C.S-4, Mumbai, India; Duy Quan Tran, Nguyen
Binh Khiem high school for the gifted, Vinhlong, Vietnam; Henry Ricardo, New York Math Circle, Tappan,
NY, USA; Daniel Lasaosa, Pamplona, Spain; Madhurima Mondal, Kalyani University Experimental High
School, India; Evgenidis Nikolaos, M.N.Raptou High School, Larissa, Greece; Paolo Perfetti, Universit
degli studi di Tor Vergata Roma, Italy; Prasun De, South Point High School, Kolkata, India; Prishtina
Math Gymnasium Problem Solving Group, Republic of Kosova; SooYoung Choi; Nicuor Zlota Traian Vuia
Technical College, Focani, Romania; Yong Xi Wang, Affiliated High School of Shanxi University; Rao Yiyi,
Wuhan, China; Vincelot Ravoson, Lyce Henri IV, France, Paris.
J351. Find the sum of all six-digit positive integers such that if a and b are adjacent digits of such an integer,
then |a b| 2.
Proposed by Neelabh Deka, India
s3 =
999
30000 + 4000 +
5 |A3 | = 18978700.
2
J352. Let ABC be a triangle and let D be a point on side AC such that 31 BCA = 14 ABD = DBC, and
AC = BD. Find the angles of triangle ABC.
Proposed by Marius Stnean, Zalu, Romnia
BC
sin(4)
=
.
BD
sin(3)
sin(3) sin(8)
= 2 sin(3) cos(4) = sin(7) sin .
sin(4)
Therefore,
sin = sin(7) sin(5) = 2 cos(6) sin ,
and since sin 6= 0 (otherwise ABC would be degenerate), we must have
1
cos(6) = ,
2
6 = 60 ,
= 10 ,
where we have used that, since CAB = 180 8, we must have < 30 or 6 < 180 . Consequently
A = 100 ,
B = 50 ,
C = 30 .
Also solved by Arkady Alt, San Jose, CA, USA; Polyahedra, Polk State College, USA; Kyoung A Lee,
The Hotchkiss School, Lakeville, CT, USA; Kwon Il Kobe Ko, Cushing Academy, Ashburnham, MA, USA;
Miguel Amengual Covas, Cala Figuera, Mallorca, Spain; Adnan Ali, A.E.C.S-4, Mumbai, India; Ercole
Suppa, Teramo, Italy; Joel Schlosberg, Bayside, NY, USA; Prasun De, South Point High School, Kolkata,
India; Tolibjon Ismoilov, academic lycuem S.H.Sirojiddinov, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Nicuor Zlota Traian
Vuia Technical College, Focani, Romania.
Prove that A B C.
Proposed by Nguyen Viet Hung, Hanoi, Vietnam
Solution by Rao
Z 1 Yiyi, Wuhan, China
Z 1
Z 1
1
1
1
t4a ,
t3a+b , and
t2a+b+c , it remains to prove that
=
=
=
Since
4a + 1
3a
+
b
+
1
2a
+
b
+
c
+
1
0
0
0
t4a + t4b + t4c t3a+b + t3b+c + t3c+a t2a+b+c + t2b+c+a + t2c+a+b
Letting ta = x, tb = y, tc = z, this becomes
x4 + y 4 + z 4 x3 y + y 3 z + z 3 x x2 yz + y 2 zx + z 2 xy
Which is obvious by AM-GM.
Also solved by Arkady Alt, San Jose, CA, USA; Polyahedra, Polk State College, USA; Kyoung A Lee,
The Hotchkiss School, Lakeville, CT, USA; Kwon Il Kobe Ko, Cushing Academy, Ashburnham, MA, USA;
Yong Xi Wang, Affiliated High School of Shanxi University; Albert Stadler, Herrliberg, Switzerland; Adnan
Ali, A.E.C.S-4, Mumbai, India; Duy Quan Tran, Nguyen Binh Khiem high school for the gifted, Vinhlong,
Vietnam; Daniel Lasaosa, Pamplona, Spain; Paolo Perfetti, Universit degli studi di Tor Vergata Roma,
Italy; Prasun De, South Point High School, Kolkata, India; Prishtina Math Gymnasium Problem Solving
Group, Republic of Kosova; Nicuor Zlota, Traian Vuia Technical College, Focani, Romania.
J354. Evaluate
X 3n + 1 2n1
n1
2n + 1
Solution by Henry Ricardo, New York Math Circle, Tappan, NY, USA
We claim that the sum is 1.
First we note that
1
n+1
2n
3n + 1 2n 1
= 2
2n + 1 n
2n + 1
n
1
2n
n + 1 2n 1
= 2
n
2n + 1 n
2
(n + 1)!n!
2
= 2n
= 2n
(2n
+
1)!
n
n
2
2
= 2n 2n+2 .
n
1
2n+1
n
n+1
2n + 1
= 2
= 2
which tends to 1 since
2N +2
N +1
N
X
n=1
2n
n
2n+2
n+1
1
2N +2
N +1
= 1
,
2N +2
N +1
as N .
Also solved by Arkady Alt, San Jose, CA, USA; Polyahedra, Polk State College, USA; Kwon Il Kobe
Ko, Cushing Academy, Ashburnham, MA, USA; Yong Xi Wang, Affiliated High School of Shanxi University;
Adnan Ali, A.E.C.S-4, Mumbai, India; Angel Plaza, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain;
Ercole Suppa, Teramo, Italy; G. C. Greubel, Newport News, VA; Daniel Lasaosa, Pamplona, Spain; Paolo
Perfetti, Universit degli studi di Tor Vergata Roma, Italy; Albert Stadler, Herrliberg, Switzerland; Cody
Johnson, Carnegie Mellon University, USA.
Senior problems
S349. Each face of eight unit cubes is colored in one of the k colors, where k {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 24}, so that
there are 48
k faces of each color. Prove that from these unit cubes, we can assemble a 2 2 cube that
has on its surface equal amount of squares of each color.
Proposed by Nairi Sedrakyan, Armenia
S351. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that abc = 1. Prove that
a+b+c
1
1
1
3
+
+
+ .
a(b + 1) b(c + 1) c(a + 1) 2
Proposed by Nguyen Viet Hung, Hanoi, Vietnam
1
b
=
c(a + 1)
a+1
1
c
=
a(b + 1)
b+1
and
y
z
x
,b = ,c =
y
z
x
= ,
y(z + x) z(x + y) x(y + z)
2(xy + yz + zx)
2(xy + yz + zx)
2
since (x + y + z)2 3(xy + yz + zx) for real x, y, z. Therefore,
a+b+c
1
1
3
1
Also solved by Arkady Alt, San Jose, CA, USA; Kwon Il Kobe Ko, Cushing Academy, Ashburnham, MA,
USA; Rao Yiyi, Wuhan, China; Vincelot Ravoson, Lyce Henri IV, France, Paris; Anant Mudgal, Delhi
Public School, Faridabad, India; Adnan Ali, A.E.C.S-4, Mumbai, India; Andrea Fanchini, Cant, Italy; Duy
Quan Tran, Nguyen Binh Khiem high school for the gifted, Vinhlong, Vietnam; Farras M. Hibban Faddila, Jakarta, Indonesia; Khakimboy Egamberganov, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan;
Isroilov Mukhiddin, University of World Economy and Diplomacy, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Daniel Lasaosa,
Pamplona, Spain; Evgenidis Nikolaos, M.N.Raptou High School, Larissa, Greece; Paolo Perfetti, Universit
degli studi di Tor Vergata Roma, Italy; Albert Stadler, Herrliberg, Switzerland; Tolibjon Ismoilov, academic lycuem S.H.Sirojiddinov, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Nicuor Zlota, Traian Vuia Technical College, Focani,
Romania.
S352. In the triangle ABC, let denote its Brocard angle, and let satisfy the identity
tan = tan S + tan B + tan C.
Prove that
cot A cot B 1
; then
cot(A + B)
cot A + cot B + cot C(1 cot A cot B) = (cot A + cot B)(1 + cot2 C) =
1
sin(A + B)
2 = csc A csc B csc C.
sin A sin B sin C
10
xa + yb + 2c xb + yc + 2a xc + ya + 2b
x+y+2
Proposed by Yong Xi Wang, HS of Shanxi University, China
+
xa + yb + 2c
(x + y + 2)2
c + ax
by + c
then we have
X
cyc
1
ab
xa + yb + 2c
(x + y + 2)2
X (x + 1)2 ab
1
=
(x + y + 2)2
X (x + 1)2 ab
1
(x + y + 2)2
cyc
c + ax
(y + 1)2 ab
+
by + c
!
!
(y + 1)2 bc
+
c + ax
yc + a
cyc
!
X (x + 1)2 a (y + 1)2 c
b
+
c + ax
yc + a
cyc
X
1
a+b+c
ab
b(x + y + 2) =
2
xa + yb + 2c
(x + y + 2) cyc
x+y+2
Also solved by Paolo Perfetti, Universit degli studi di Tor Vergata Roma, Italy; Nicuor Zlota, Traian
Vuia Technical College, Focani, Romania.
11
S354. Find all functions f : R R such that for all real numbers x, y,
(f (x + y))2 = (f (x))2 + 2f (xy) + (f (y))2 .
Proposed by Oleksiy Klurman, Universit de Montral, Canada
Thus g(x2 ) f 2 (0), which implies that g is bounded from above on the left side of the real line. Thus we
have g(x) = cx for some real number c, so f (x) = cx + d for some real numbers c, d. By checking this with
our original equation we find the solutions f (x) = 0, 2, x, x 2.
12
Undergraduate problems
1 x4 1 y 4 1 z 4 1 x2 yz 1 y 2 zx 1 z 2 xy
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
.
+
+
+
1 x3 y 1 xy 3 1 y 3 z 1 yz 3 1 z 3 x 1 zx3
Proposed by Mehtaab Sawhney, Commack High School, USA
13
U350. Let a and b be real numbers such that a 1 and b > a2 a + 1. Prove that the equation x5 ax3 +
a2 x b = 0 has a unique real solution x0 , and 2b a3 < x0 6 < b2 + a a3 .
Proposed by Corneliu Mnescu-Avram, Ploeti, Romnia
(bx0 a)(x0 b) 0.
Since b a > (a 1)2 0, and x0 > 1, then the first term in the LHS is positive, hence x0 > b, or since
again p(x) is strictly increasing, we have 0 = b5 ab3 + a2 b b = (b2 a)b3 + (a2 1)b, absurd since
b2 a > b a > 0 and a2 1 0. We have reached a contradiction, or x0 6 < b2 + a a3 .
Next, if 2b a3 x0 6 , then
(x0 2 + a)b = x0 (x0 6 + a3 ) 2bx0 < b x0 2 + 1 b x0 2 + a ,
where the strict inequality is so because x0 > 1, hence no equality is reached in the AM-GM inequality
between x0 2 and 1. We have again reached a contradiction, hence 2b a3 < x0 6 .
Also solved by Yong Xi Wang, HS of Shanxi University, China; Moubinool Omarjee, Lyce Henri IV,
Paris, France; Nicusor Zlota Traian Vuia Technical College, Focsani, Romania; Li Zhou, Polk State
College, USA.
14
n
1 X n a
lim
k .
n 2n na
k
k=0
tk = (1 + t)n
(1)
derivatives with respect to t can be taken and then evaluated at t = 1. The first few are
X
n
k tk = n t (1 + t)n1
k
k=0
n
X
n 2 k
k t = n2 t (1 + t)n1 n(n 1) t (1 + t)n2
k
(2)
k=0
for which
n
X
n
= 2n
k
k=0
n
X
n
k = 2n1 n
k
k=0
n
X
n 2
k = 2n2 n(n + 1).
k
(3)
k=0
k a 2na na
1 2
1
1+
+ 2 +O
.
n
n
n3
(4)
(5)
k=0
(6)
k=0
Also solved by Daniel Lasaosa, Pamplona, Spain; Shohruh Ibragimov, National University of Uzbekistan,
Uzbekistan; Moubinool Omarjee, Lyce Henri IV, Paris, France.
15
U352. Evaluate
X
n1
2n .
n=1
2n 1
n
2n2 1
n1
=n
2n2 1
= (n + 1)
n1
3n(n 1)
1
(2n 1)(2n)
(n!)(n!)
= (n + 1)
2n(2n 1)!
!
= (n + 1)
n!(n 1)!
2(2n 1)!
2n 1
.
n
n=1
Since
1
m+1
2m
m
1
n1 P
= N
n
n=1
2n
3
n
2n2 1
n1
(n + 1)
2n 1
n
1
1 (N + 1)
3
2N 1
N
,
PN
n=1
n1
1
= limN
1 (N + 1)
2n
3
n
2N 1
N
1
= .
3
Also solved by Arkady Alt, San Jose, CA, USA; Daniel Lasaosa, Pamplona, Spain; Yong Xi Wang, HS
of Shanxi University, China; Kwon Il Kobe Ko, Cushing Academy, Ashburnham, MA, USA; Li Zhou, Polk
State College, USA; ngel Plaza, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Ercole Suppa, Teramo,
Italy; G. C. Greubel, Newport News, VA, USA; Henry Ricardo, New York Math Circle, NY, USA; Moubinool
Omarjee, Lyce Henri IV, Paris, France; Paolo Perfetti, Universit degli studi di Tor Vergata Roma, Italy;
Shohruh Ibragimov, National University of Uzbekistan, Uzbekistan; Albert Stadler, Herrliberg, Switzerland;
Nicusor Zlota Traian Vuia Technical College, Focsani, Romania.
16
k
n2
k
= f (0) + 2 f 0 (0) + O
n
1
n2
.
n
n
X
f 0 (0) X
k
1
= nf (0) + 2
,
f
k+O
2
n
n
n
k=1
n(n+1)
,
2
an
k=1
then
n
X
k
f 0 (0)
1
f
=
(a
f
(0))
n
+
O
.
n2
2
n
k=1
Now, the limit of the third term in the RHS is clearly 0. The second term is constant, and the first term
either diverges when a 6= f (0), or is zero when a = f (0). We conclude that
"
lim
#
n
X
k
+
an
f
=
f 0 (0)
n2
k=1
2
Also solved by Kwon Il Kobe Ko, Cushing Academy, Ashburnham, MA, USA; Stanescu Florin, Gaesti,
Serban Cioculescu HS, Romania; Shohruh Ibragimov, National University of Uzbekistan, Uzbekistan; Moubinool Omarjee, Lyce Henri IV, Paris, France; Paolo Perfetti, Universit degli studi di Tor Vergata Roma,
Italy; Yong Xi Wang, HS of Shanxi University, China.
17
U354. Let f, g : [1, 1] R be increasing functions. Prove that if f (x) = f (x), for all x [1, 1], then
Z
f (x)g(x)dx 0.
1
Z
f (x)g(x)dx =
f (x)g(x)dx +
f (x)g(x)dx =
1
Z
0
f (x)(g(x) g(x))dx 0.
|{z} |
{z
}
0
Also solved by Daniel Lasaosa, Pamplona, Spain; Kwon Il Kobe Ko, Cushing Academy, Ashburnham,
MA, USA; Yong Xi Wang, HS of Shanxi University, China; Li Zhou, Polk State College, USA; Stanescu
Florin, Gaesti, Serban Cioculescu HS, Romania; ngel Plaza, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,
Spain; Daniel Lpez Aguayo, Centro de Ciencias Matemticas UNAM, Morelia, Mexico; Maxim Ignatiuc,
University of Texas at Dallas, USA; Khakimboy Egamberganov, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent,
Uzbekistan; Henry Ricardo, New York Math Circle, NY, USA; Joel Schlosberg, Bayside, NY, USA; Moubinool
Omarjee, Lyce Henri IV, Paris, France; Paolo Perfetti, Universit degli studi di Tor Vergata Roma, Italy;
Shohruh Ibragimov, student at National University of Uzbekistan.
18
Olympiad problems
n j k
X
n
k=1
is an even integer.
Proposed by Dorin Andrica, Babe-Bolyai University, Romnia
k
k
1 if k | n.
Therefore,
n j k
X
n
k=1
n1
X
k=1
n1
X j n k n 1
n1
=1+
=
k
k
k
k=1
1 = (n),
k{1,...,n}
k|n
n1
P
P
the number of divisors of n. Therefore, n1
and nk=1 nk are of opposite parity iff (n) is odd.
k=1
k
Since the pairing d n/d P
matches
divisors which are distinct unless
d2 = n, that occurs iff n is a perfect
P
n
n
n
n
square. Since for n = 1,
= 1 is odd, the parity of
2, 3, .. . in sequence
k=1 k
k=1 k for n = 1,P
n
n
switches to even at even perfect squares and to odd at odd perfect squares. Thus,
k=1 k is even iff
19
O350. Find all triples (x, y, z) of integers satisfying the equation x3 + 3xy + y 3 = 2z + 1.
Proposed by Titu Andreescu, The University of Texas at Dallas, USA
f (x, y) (x y) + 2
x+y+2
2
2
8.
Also, if x and y are not both odd, then exactly two of x y, x + 1, y + 1 are odd, so f (x, y) 2 (mod 4),
which implies that f (x, y) cannot be a power of 2. Therefore, x and y must be both odd. Then m = 0, and
thus x = 2k + 1 and y = 2k + 1. Consequently, f (x, y) = 8(3k 2 + 1). Now {1, 4, 5} is the complete set of
residues of 3k 2 + 1 modulo 8, and 3k 2 + 1 > 8 when |k| 2. Hence 3k 2 + 1 is a power of 2 if and only if
k = 0 or 1. This completes the proof.
Also solved by Daniel Lasaosa, Pamplona, Spain; Ilyes Hamdi, Lyce du Parc, Lyon, France; Kwon Il
Kobe Ko, Cushing Academy, Ashburnham, MA, USA; Rao Yiyi, Wuhan, China; Adnan Ali, Student in
A.E.C.S-4, Mumbai, India; Isroilov Mukhiddin, University of World Economy and Diplomacy, Tashkent,
Uzbekistan; Navid Safei, Sharif University of Technoogy, Iran; Evgenidis Nikolaos, M.N.Raptou High School,
Larissa, Greece; Nicusor Zlota Traian Vuia Technical College, Focsani, Romania.
20
O351. Let ABC be a triangle with ABC = 60 and BCA = 70 , and let point D lie on side BC. Prove
that BAD = 20 if and only if AB + BD = AD + DC.
Proposed by Mircea Lascu and Titu Zvonaru, Romnia
C
G D''
D
E
A
D'
B
Suppose that BAD = 20 . Locate point G on BC such that GAC = 10 . Let E, F be points on AG
such that AE = EC = CF , as in the figure. Then CF G = CEG = 20 , so CGF = 80 = GCF .
Hence GF = CF = AE, thus EF = AG = AD. By SAS, 4CEF
= 4EAD. Therefore, ED = CF = EC,
that is, 4DCE is equilateral. Consequently, AD + DC = AG + GF = AF and CDF = CF D = 50 .
Now locate point H on AB such that BH = BD, as in the figure. Then ADH = 130 = ADF , so by
ASA, 4ADH
= 4ADF . Hence AH = AF , establishing AB + BD = AD + DC.
Conversely, if D0 , D00 are points on BC different from D, as in the figure, then
AB + BD0 < AB + BD = AD + DC < (AD0 + D0 D) + DC = AD0 + D0 C,
AB + BD00 > AB + BD = AD + DC > (AD00 DD00 ) + DC = AD00 + D00 C,
completing the proof.
Also solved by Daniel Lasaosa, Pamplona, Spain; Rao Yiyi, Wuhan, China; Isroilov Mukhiddin, University
of World Economy and Diplomacy, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Miguel Amengual Covas, Cala Figuera, Mallorca,
Spain.
21
400
8+yz ,
(x + 2y + 3z, yz) {(49, 392), (48, 192), (46, 92), (45, 72), (42, 42), (40, 32)}.
For the pair (49, 392), we have
p
22
f (a, b, c, d) f a, b,
2
2
4(c2 + d2 ) c3 d3 2(c + d)2 +
(c + d)3
(c d)2
[8 3(c + d)] 0
4
which is true because c + d 2 = 8 3(c + d) 0. Hence its enough to show that
4ab 4ab
c+d c+d
,
12 f a, b,
,
12.
f a, b,
2
2
2
2
Using Vietas formulas we have
4(a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 ) (a3 + b3 + c3 + d3 ) = 4(ab + bc + cd + da + ac + bd) 3(abc + bcd + cda + dab). (7)
Let be a = x + 1, b = y + 1 so x y 0, x + y 2 and the last inequality, using (1), becomes
(2 x y)2
4 (1 + x)(1 + y) + (2 x y)(x + y + 2) +
4
(2 x y)2
(2 + x + y) 12
3 (x + 1)(y + 1)(2 x y)
4
4xy 4(2 x y) + 4(2 x y)(2 + x + y) + (2 x y)2
3
3(x + 1)(y + 1)(2 x y) (2 x y)2 (2 + x + y) 0
4
3
2
4xy + (2 x y) 4 + 8 + 4(x + y) + 2 (x + y) 3xy 3(x + y) 3 (4 (x + y) ) 0
4
3
4xy + (2 x y)(x y)2 0
4
which is true, with equality when x = y = 0 or x = 2, y = 0 which means that a = b = c = d = 1 or a = 3,
b = 1, c = d = 0.
Also solved by Paolo Perfetti, Universit degli studi di Tor Vergata Roma, Italy; Daniel Lasaosa, Pamplona, Spain; Kwon Il Kobe Ko, Cushing Academy, Ashburnham, MA, USA; Rao Yiyi, Wuhan, China; Li
Zhou, Polk State College, USA; Nicusor Zlota Traian Vuia Technical College, Focsani, Romania.
23
1
2
p2
+ +
1
p1
is an integer.
Proposed by Ivan Borsenco, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
(2m+1 + 1)p
1
p2
<
<4+
< 4.07.
2m q
2m1 (p + 1)
16
24