In partitive proportion, there is a relationship between the ratio, for example:

3:5
To solve partitive proportion, first you must add 3 and 5 to a total, but if you are
going to add both of them, you will put x on it, so that it can balance the
relationship.
Example:
A piece of wood was in the length of 204, with a ratio of 1:5. Find the
measurements.
First add them, then place x or n or any variable.
1x+5x=204

Then add all terms

6x=204
Divide both sides by 6
x=34
Substitute the value:
34:170
then simplify
1:5

Percentage = Rate x Base or P= R x B ( Formula 4-1 )

Rate = Percentage/ Base or R = P/B ( Formula 4-2 )
Base = Percentage/ Rate or B= P/R ( Fomula 4-3

Basic Practical Examples

Simple Interest
The formula for calculating simple interest is:
Simple Interest = Principal x Interest Rate x Term of the loan
=Pxixn

Thus, if simple interest is charged at 5% on a $10,000 loan that is taken out for a three-year
period, the total amount of interest payable by the borrower is calculated as: $10,000 x 0.05 x 3 =
$1,500.
Interest on this loan is payable at $500 annually, or $1,500 over the three-year loan term.
Compound Interest
The formula for calculating compound interest is:
Compound Interest = Total amount of Principal and Interest in future (or Future Value) less
Principal amount at present (or Present Value)
= [P (1 + i)n] P
= P [(1 + i)n 1]
where P = Principal, i = annual interest rate in percentage terms, and n = number of
compounding periods.
Continuing with the above example, what would be the amount of interest if it is charged on a
compound basis? In this case, it would be: $10,000 [(1 + 0.05)3] 1 = $10,000 [1.157625 1] =
$1,576.25.
While the total interest payable over the three-year period of this loan is $1,576.25, unlike simple
interest, the interest amount is not the same for all three years, because compound interest also
takes into consideration accumulated interest of previous periods. Interest payable at the end of
each year is shown in the table below.

Compounding Periods
When calculating compound interest, the number of compounding periods makes a significant
difference. The basic rule is that the higher the number of compounding periods, the greater the
amount of compound interest. So for every $100 of a loan over a certain period, the amount of
interest accrued at 10% annually will be lower than interest accrued at 5% semi-annually, which
will, in turn, be lower than interest accrued at 2.5% quarterly.

In the formula for calculating compound interest, the variables i and n have to be adjusted if
the number of compounding periods is more than once a year. That is, i has to be divided by
the number of compounding periods per year, and n has to be multiplied by the number of
compounding periods. Therefore, for a 10-year loan at 10%, where interest is compounded semiannually (number of compounding periods = 2), i = 5% (i.e. 10% / 2) and n = 20 (i.e.10 x 2).
The following table demonstrates the difference that the number of compounding periods can
make over time for a $10,000 loan taken for a 10-year period.

Associated Concepts
In this section, we introduce some basic concepts associated with compounding.
Time Value of Money
Since money is not free but has a cost in terms of interest payable, it follows that a dollar today
is worth more than a dollar in future. This concept is known as the time value of money and
forms the basis for relatively advanced techniques like the discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis.
The opposite of compounding is known as discounting; the discount factor can be thought of as
the reciprocal of the interest rate, and is the factor by which a future value must be multiplied to
get the present value.
Read more: Learn Simple And Compound Interest | Investopedia
http://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/020614/learn-simple-and-compoundinterest.asp#ixzz4IgKfMrxE
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xample 1 Reduce the following rational expression to lowest terms.

(a)

(b)

(c)

[Solution]

[Solution]

[Solution]

Solution
When reducing a rational expression to lowest terms the first thing that we will do is factor both
the numerator and denominator as much as possible. That should always be the first step in these
problems.

Also, the factoring in this section, and all successive section for that matter, will be done without
explanation. It will be assumed that you are capable of doing and/or checking the factoring on
your own. In other words, make sure that you can factor!

(a)
Well first factor things out as completely as possible. Remember that we cant cancel anything
at this point in time since every term has a + or a - on one side of it! Weve got to factor
first!

At this point we can see that weve got a common factor in both the numerator and the
denominator and so we can cancel the x-4 from both. Doing this gives,

This is also all the farther that we can go. Nothing else will cancel and so we have reduced this
expression to lowest terms.

Review of Three Special Products

Recall the three special products:

1. Difference of Squares

x2 - y2 = (x - y) (x + y)
2. Square of Sum

x2 + 2xy + y2 = (x + y)2
3. Square of Difference

x2 - 2xy + y2 = (x - y)2

Special Products Involving Cubes

Just as there is a difference of squares formula, there is also a difference of cubes formula.
4. x3 - y3 = (x - y) (x2 + xy + y2)
Proof:
We use the distributive law on the right hand side

x (x2 + xy + y2) - y (x2 + xy + y2)

= x3 + x2y + xy2 - x2y - xy2 - y3

5. Now combine like terms to get

x3 - y3
Next, we state the sum of cubes formula.
4
Exercise

x3 + y3 = (x + y)(x2 - xy + y2)

Prove the sum of cubes equation (Equation 5)

Using the Special Product Formulas for Factoring

Examples:
Factor the following
1.

36x2 - 4y2 = (6x - 2y) (6x + 2y)

2. 3x3 - 12x2 + 12x = 3x (x2 - 4x + 4)

Notice that there only two terms.

Remember to pull the GCF out first.

= 3x(x -2)2
3. x6 - 64 = (x3 - 8) (x3 + 8)

= (x - 2) (x2 + 2x + 4) (x + 2) (x2 - 2x + 4)

Exercises:
Factor the following

A. 45a3b - 20ab3

B. 64x6 - 16x3 + 1

C. x2 + 2xy + y2 - 81
D. x12 - y12

(Challenge Problem)

A linear equation is an equation for a straight line

These are all linear equations:
y = 2x + 1
5x = 6 + 3y

y/2 = 3 x

Let us look more closely at one example:

Example: y = 2x + 1 is a linear equation:

The graph of y = 2x+1 is a straight line

When x increases, y increases twice as fast, hence 2x

When x is 0, y is already 1. Hence +1 is also needed

So: y = 2x + 1

Here are some example values:

x

y = 2x + 1

-1

y = 2 (-1) + 1 = -1

y=20+1=1

y=21+1=3

y=22+1=5

Check for yourself that those points are part of the line above!
Different Forms

There are many ways of writing linear equations, but they usually have constants (like "2" or
"c") and must have simple variables (like "x" or "y").
Examples: These are linear equations:
y = 3x 6
y 2 = 3(x + 1)
y + 2x 2 = 0
5x = 6
y/2 = 3

But the variables (like "x" or "y") in Linear Equations do NOT have:

Exponents (like the 2 in x2)

Square roots, cube roots, etc

Distance formula