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Prepared for training purposes. This document has been prepared for your information and use
only. It should only be distributed to other members of your organization on a need-to-know basis
and is not meant for distribution or dissemination to any other person or entity.
CONFIDENTIAL
Cash Flow
Return on
Investment
Cash Return on
Inflation
Adjusted Gross
Investment
Cash Return on
Gross
Investment
Return on
Invested
Capital
ROIC
Return on
Equity
ROE
CROGI
CROIGI
CFROI
CONFIDENTIAL
Return on Equity
!
!
CFROI
CROIGI
CROGI
ROIC
Return on
Equity
ROE
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
Costs
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
EBIT
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
Interest
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
PBT
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
Tax
60
63
66
69
72
75
78
81
84
87
90
140
147
154
161
168
175
182
189
196
203
210
1,000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
NA
147%
77%
54%
42%
35%
30%
27%
25%
23%
21%
Net Income
Debt
Equity
Debt/(Debt + Equity)
ROE
160%
1,200
140%
1,000
120%
800
100%
80%
600
60%
400
40%
200
20%
0%
0
1
6
Debt
7
Equity
8
ROE
10
CONFIDENTIAL
LIFO
Revenue
- Expenses
Profit
ROE
Net Income
Owners Equity
Inventory
Wages
FIFO
Depreciation
CONFIDENTIAL
20
Reported
ROE
Reported ROE
using actual
U.S. inflation for
a 6% real IRR
project.
15
10
6% IRR Project
(Inflation Adjusted)
0
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
CONFIDENTIAL
CFROI
CROIGI
Return on
Invested
Capital
ROIC
ROE
CROGI
CONFIDENTIAL
ROIC =
NOPAT
Invested Capital
Total Assets
- Payables
- Other Current Liabilities
- Cash
= Invested Capital
CONFIDENTIAL
ROIC =
NOPAT
Invested Capital
CONFIDENTIAL
Plant B
NOPAT
100
100
Age of Assets
10
Invested
Capital
500
1,000
ROIC
20%
10%
Manager B is
penalized for
having a newer
plant!
CONFIDENTIAL
United
Kingdom
Germany
France
(GBR)
(DEU)
(FRA)
(NLD)
(CHE)
(JPN)
New
Zealand
(AUS/NZL)
Minority Interest
Minor
Extensive
Extensive
Minor
Extensive
Extensive
Minor
Extensive
Goodwill
Written-off
Capitalized
Capitalized
Both
Revaluations
Extensive
Non-issue
Non-issue
Non-issue
Non-issue
Not Allowed
Extensive
Minor
Share Classes
Non-issue
Extensive
Non-issue
Non-issue
Extensive
Non-Issue
Minor
Non-issue
Depreciation
Straight
Line
Accelerated
Investments
Minor
Extensive
Region Specific
Reserve
Accounting
Mix
Mix
Mostly S/L
Extensive
Minor
Mix
Minor
Accelerated
Mix
Mostly S/L
Extensive
Consolidated
Accounting
Minor
South Africa
(ZAF)
Straight
Line
Extensive
Cross
Holdings
CONFIDENTIAL
CFROI
Cash Return on
Gross
Investment
CROGI
ROIC
ROE
CROIGI
CONFIDENTIAL
NOPAT
+Depreciation
+Other non-
Operating After
Tax Cash Flow
CROGI
cash items
Gross Investment
Invested Capital
+
ROIC
Accumulated
Depreciation
+
ROE
Capitalized
Expenses
CONFIDENTIAL
Plant B
NOPAT
100
100
Depreciation
50
50
150
150
Invested Capital
500
1,000
Accumulated
Depreciation
500
Gross Investment
1,000
1,000
CROGI
15%
15%
CONFIDENTIAL
Can you use CROGI to compare companies across time and in different
countries?
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
Cash Return on
Inflation
Adjusted Gross
Investment
CROIGI
CROGI
ROIC
ROE
CFROI
CONFIDENTIAL
CROIGI =
Operating After
Tax Cash Flow
Inflation Adjusted
Gross Investment
Cash Flow
Gross Investment +
Inflation Adjustment
CROGI
on Gross Investment
ROIC
ROE
CONFIDENTIAL
Operating After
Tax Cash Flow
Gross
Investment
Age
Inflation
Adjustment*
Inflation Adjusted
Gross Investment
CROIGI
Plant A
Plant B
150
150
1,000
1,000
10
220
1,220
1,000
12%
15%
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
Cash Flow
Return on
Investment
CFROI
CROIGI
CROGI
ROIC
ROE
CONFIDENTIAL
Gross Cash
Flow
50
10
10% return?
Life = 4 Years
Current
Gross
Investment
100
CFROI = - 3.1%
CONFIDENTIAL
Consider that same 100 investment that earns 10 in cash flows for 30
years. The CROIGA return looks like 10%, however, the cash flows are
forecasted to last 30 years, making the economic return 9.68%.
50
Infl. Adj.
Gross Cash
Flow
Non-Depreciating
Asset Release
10
10% return?
Life = 30
Years
Current
Gross
Investme
nt
100
CFROI = 9.68%
CONFIDENTIAL
Machine Tools
IRR = 3.0%
10 Years
100
75
Distribution Company
10
IRR = 8.3%
10 Years
100
CONFIDENTIAL
10
1991
3.9%
13.5%
2.76
1992
2.8%
12.7%
2.85
1993
2.6%
10.4%
3.27
1994
2.4%
9.8%
3.55
1995
2.5%
8.8%
3.63
1996
2.3%
8.4%
4.30
1997
1.6%
7.8%
4.61
1998
0.6%
7.7%
5.55
1999
1.4%
6.8%
6.12
2000
2.2%
6.2%
6.94
Analysis in US$
Cost in US$
Accumulated depreciation
Net asset value
GCF
ROIC
ROGI
Inflation-adjusted cost
CFROI
1,000
100
900
150
15%
15%
1,000
8%
1,000
200
800
154
17%
15%
1,028
8%
1,000
300
700
158
20%
16%
1,055
8%
1,000
400
600
162
23%
16%
1,080
8%
1,000
500
500
166
28%
17%
1,107
8%
1,000
600
400
170
34%
17%
1,133
8%
1,000
700
300
173
43%
17%
1,151
8%
1,000
800
200
174
58%
17%
1,158
8%
1,000
900
100
176
88%
18%
1,174
8%
1,000
1,000
0
180
180%
18%
1,200
8%
Analysis in ZAR
Price in US$
Cost in rand
Accumulated depreciation
Net asset value
GCF
ROIC
ROGI
Inflation-adjusted cost
CFROI
FALSE
Yes?
2,760
276
2,484
414
15%
15%
2,760
8%
2,760
552
2,208
467
19%
17%
3,111
8%
2,760
828
1,932
515
23%
19%
3,434
8%
2,760
1,104
1,656
566
29%
20%
3,771
8%
2,760
1,380
1,380
615
37%
22%
4,102
8%
2,760
1,656
1,104
667
48%
24%
4,447
8%
2,760
1,932
828
719
65%
26%
4,794
8%
2,760
2,208
552
774
94%
28%
5,163
8%
2,760
2,484
276
827
150%
30%
5,514
8%
2,760
2,760
0
878
318%
32%
5,856
8%
1.00
1.00
1.03
1.13
1.05
1.24
1.08
1.37
1.11
1.49
1.13
1.61
1.15
1.74
1.16
1.87
1.17
2.00
1.20
2.12
GP factor in USA
GP factor in SA
Notes
1. A South African company buys an asset in US$ in 1991 and places it on its books in ZAR. The asset does not get re-valued.
2. The company produces a profit stream that can be priced in US$ or ZAR, i.e., products are sold at a local price or a global commodity price
3. It was assumed that the NDA is zero for the CFROI calculation.
CONFIDENTIAL
CFROI
CROIGI
CROGI
ROIC
ROE
Adjustments
CONFIDENTIAL
Non-Depreciating Assets
CFROI = 6.0%
13-Year Asset Life
100
Inflation Adjusted
Gross Investment
CONFIDENTIAL
Cash Flow
Return
CFROI%
Positive
Spread
Business
Discount Rate
(Cost of Capital)
Neutral
Spread
Business
Strategic
Options
Increase
CFROI
Increase
CFROI
Hold CFROI
and Grow
Assets
Then grow
Negative
Spread
Business
Increase CFROI
Reduce
Reinvestment
Divest or Liquidate
CONFIDENTIAL