llLrr rlhiit rrnriinine unchulccd in rhcsr respccrs. rrc h:rrc ch.rnq(d.

nor
irr orrr soci.rl li',rrLrr,:s, our commorr hrrnnn :rtr ribures.
Spcci:rlizarion h,rs givcn us a thousrn(l tr.rdc', l.rs, clrlis, rnrl prolis.ion'.
Orr:aniz,ri,rn has rnLrlriplicrl orrr 1:,rvcr rlvrild li;lcl. Irrvcrrtion,rrrd cliseorcrl h,rrc
.nrichtJ .r:,r{ cr,lishrfncd thc rrorl<1. Iicligions hrve chrrrgcd. (;(Ncnl,n(nr\ lr.'\c
ch.rnged. So.ictr cv)lvcs frt,or :rgc to a.:c. .\ll rhcsc urc htrnun proctsscs. lhcr
bclong to rrrrr r,rce. 'llrrv.rrc cor)rn1on ro hotlr nr.rlc rrrtl lirrr.rlc. Ilro hirlc n"

n,rrsll

llinttst corrntction

\s r,' r.rri.rr,.

irh rny scx distincrion.

sl'i lr orrlrlt., rrlJs.u( {, 'Lre r', t.'ll I'r.1,,'rlrr pr,.,i,'r

rlorrrirrurrccr s'r'{,uc i\,)or .r s,,cirl pr,rccss ,rr rll, bur ,r vci.rl Jisc.rsc,
lrcclr;rJrrrittcJ r<il,c rlostch.urtcrrristicol rhc n,.rlc. 1r is rhc insrirrrt <,1 scr-crrn-

rhtir csrrrri,rl

l'.,1,,j'!rlc!rl,,t)r(l
.l

rrrrl u,isLrsc,l.
hc rv<rrrcn ol orrr rgc in rrrost countlics of thc s.rrrrt <ltscc,'l (lef.loUrru)l
irrc oxrqft^!;n.!l thc rniticial rc\(rictions so Iong pl.rccd upon thrrn, trn ti)ll.^!inS
nrrural lincs oi hLrnrrrn rdvlnc{. fhr.v .rrc speci.rlizing. bcc,rrrs.' thcl ife hrrnln.
lhcl, arc orgrnizing, lrrcause rlrcy ,rrc hrrrmn. 'l'hcv ,rrc sccking ccononri. rnJ
polirical inclcpcndcncc. b.carrsc rher, .rrc hLrnnn. I hcr, are dcrrrrrrrling thc votc.
['cc,rLrsc rhev ere hurrr.rn.
Aglinst rhis srrclling tirlc st,rnds thc nrt rc rnrss ol incn old-\!orld ignorurce,
b,rtkcrl i,v rh. p"ncrsc nrisconccprion ofnroil,:rn nrin.ls, *hich c'cn scicncc liils ro

il

tlrcir firll plecc

rhc rvorltl as n:embcrs ofsocierr.,:rs s,cll us rhcir
n.rni.rl r,l.r.r, rs
nrorhcrs of ir. rhcy silt g.ctrr:rly ,.,, ,, ,n* ,"..
,,f
,.i;i;
,,;.,;
,,,i :,;,'i" ].
cnouen ro y.c rjr hrrrr.rn hrinqs ronrcrhrrrg h.sirlcs rr.rlcs
",;,,
,rrr.i rcnr,rL..
)r,n,c lr(h nr(o .rrr.t rrreh sorncrr sc h.rrc r,.J.rr.. rirc .rrrJ
t.rr rr i,r,r: ,rrrrr.
\r,,'r)rl (,r,,'Btr ro trcrr s irl, r :.rilc rhc crr'rs ot.rl:c p.i.r.
rhc n,,,rl,r,t , i, ,,, ,,t' ;i;:.
p.rtnolosisr. rh. linrir.rri,rrrs ofcdirori.rt
1:r,,fun,tirr.. .rrr.t ,t". t.i,..,,;;,,; ;i , ,. . ,.i:.
.'s rn( r(.rrr,nF nrurds (lr rhc rrortJ h.rvc,rlrr.rr,
h,,rrrc rir,r,1,( r,,r, 1,.,.k,,,,.,

Sourcc:(llr;rrlorrcl,crkios(iilm,rn,.Arc\\,onrtnltrrnr:rnl|.,inc,?..t!,tryrt.,\ti,t.tt
5(, (Nl,rr'2i, l9l2), p. .

illunrin,uc.

''(lo brck,' sr)-s rhis nr.rrs. "\'ou rre rvomcn. \iru .rrc lorhing but *'onrcn.
\nu,Lrc linr,rlcs-norhing but fcnrrlcs. All thcsc rhings tou s'.rnt to do arc nr.rle
r[ings. hLr crun,rr ikr thcnr wirhout bcirrg.r nrr]r. \trr \':rnt to bc nr.rlcs. Ir is
rhlrorrcnr, orrtr.rqtous, impossiblel"

,\ll
brcomc

rhcse rLlicctiscs ancl horrors

"orrltl
rrrrl.s or cvcn ifrhcv wr)rcd tol

bc freely gr:rrrrr,.l ifrvonrcn re.rlll coulJ

lJut rvhat nccds to bc hrmrler.'d into

thcsc r:r.rlt-ricklcn niuds is dr.rt rhese things rhr: rvonrcn rvant ro do rnd be.rntl hlvc
:rre nor in:rnr scn\c rnrsculinc. 'l hq'do nor bcloni to rnen. Ih,:v ncvcrdid....
\\'hcther in thc :rccumrrlarcd liter:,nrrc of thc neccssarill' urcnlithrencd l)iisl
or rhc srill :rccunrulaLing litcr,rrLrre ofrhc s,illirlly uncrlightcrc(l pres<nt, 'vc lind
clcrr"vhtrc this srrrnc pcrvasive crtor, rhis nrive :lssunrprion, rvhich rvorrld bc so
in<rlenr il ir
nor
absurrl, rhat onlv rrrcn l.c hunlirn cr(lrurcs, ablc:rnd cnti'
"crc
'o
rlrd ro pclfirrnr rlrr xork ofrhc rvolldr rvhilc $,omcn :rrc onl\ lcnr;rlc crc.rrurcs, rblc
to rlo notI inil rvhurcvcl but contiurc in tlrc sunre rouncl ol durics ro rvhich thel hnrc

Itcn s,

lorrg rcsrricr..l.
'I hcl J.rrkll rlrrcurcrr,

cloing hunr:rn things

pccunirrrr support.

i|r

rhcy*ill

thcsc ulrr.r rrnlt opporcrrrs. .1,.r! it rr,onrcn pcrsisr in

losc the rcspcct of man-.rc., morc, thri \!ill losc his

l hel shoLrld srLrcll thcir

bioloev r littlc nrore prc{irundlr: lhcrcspectofthc

fi'nlrlc is b,rrcd on thc <listinerion ofscr, not on foliri(rl or ccoronri.
dis,rhilirr: \lur r(sf.( ( \1)nr.r bcc:rrrsc rhcv llc fcnr.rlts. nor b(.iutsc thrr:irc $..rk
rrd iqnortnr irnd dclrnscless.
W,,nrcn.r'ill nclcr.cirsc rr) bc fcnr.rlcs, hut th,:v rvill ccrsc ro bc rrc'rrk.rrcl
irlnor:rnr rrncl <leiirrsJcss- I-hr:v rre txconring rviscf, srron!:cr, ['cttcr:rblc r,r prorcct
thcrlsclrcs. .nc erxrrhcr, and thcir chilclr.n. Cour.rltc. po"cr, .rchieveorcnr rrc

nxlc

t'irr rhc

.'h'.r''s rcrl,cercd.
As lonrcn qro\\', losinq rrothing rhrrr is cssrrrti,rl ro rronr.rnhr,,xl, I'LIr,r,l,ling
src,rilill rhc lrtcr rlrrrrlirics oIhrrnunrress. tlrcvsill rvin rnd hold r lirr Ilr.qrr, dccpcr
rtlcrercc rhirn th,rr lrirlrcrro vorrclrsal-ed thrrn. As rhq.so risc,rnrl l-ro.r<]cn, filling

)0tL Crnrtty tlncrit,ut llultr Volttntr I

Chaprtr

l: Tb

l)togtusirc Age

Ltrr, as CotvlltoN

SPNsE

l,\(

it'l t I) i()\l

Pneclrertsu

Willinnt Janes
Vhat Pragmatisnr

()rre,,t tlrc corrrrtlr's rlo*

,,r<,li,rrltl rrlril'rvrphcts

rrr\r

rlrrr1 Lrs

\
1,,,,.,r'r. p".1, l' i'|\L \\ i I I
'
tlr'\''r'r
tl\.rl l')l I irr.l'rr((L I 'r frtrtrn'(
\itJi.,,l S'lr,r'l in lS6() rrrcl
rt'
1,, re'.1' 1"r lr"l ' ' rr rhc "lt'''l
trr"tt
ill
:rrrJ
{:rril
'.
qlr
\111,
l.
l\
'L
lL,.lifc JrrrL.' pr'"L\l r'' lt '' rnLr!L(,,
,' ,.1 I rLr " llis tr n l) " F r/'
' rrr,r
(rt'r'rl
l\',t,1i,','1 !'1'I't1';' i l SsO)
,' , ',''.1'" ri"r r"' i""' .'' l
"'
\ "'r'
.r,,,,f.r'h
' I l:'l lt'\'lr'l'
inJtL..rrtl, rrr ll'ld "l rLJr' llci'Lrst
I'no*r' lor r"'' philrrsophicrl iiork::
ih. \,t i'r:' at lt'li';ittt!:\f't1t11''
.rr.i lrr- /1ialr1'rr,-l lr)rlr(
i ',,,1
. , * .,, .,.. l (-l l'.1 "- l,L "r9r
r'r I J
'' lrr' r' t 'l
ol.,uu.J 1.'r' \ i'L"rirrrs: lL'rr t"
i-",'.'t. ,.i,.,"u' i t- rlisrrr rirh rr\'rr
.i ,rrr' r' r'ri 'r'rrr' llr'rrFrrttr
- rci.l,.r 'llir'J l"'p( hrr t'Lst rrru s r\
ott,
| | I

'

r Ir i

(11

ror.rbvrlrLri

l-.

[rLrt

corrtittqcnt

!,,n\Lqrrtrr(L LrrJ rrr 'r \1'rrl'1 \l\(L(.

.* .,t rr',1 rr"'l''rrr''rrrr'3li'l
,, ,,i' i.
-l-trrrlr rl'l
"
,,rr rlr- l' 'r "r I 1"'irrr\r'
,,1",1,'' rlrilr"t
rircrrnrrr rr rr. is,

.onciiti,'rr' llis cl'rrr' tl'rliltd ptotc

trt
b*.Lrri .' ,n,,lJ l,,r hi. t;,ll,rr.ts:
.. l, rr.r'rrr'1 1 'l rhI Li'l''\rl\'r'
Ilcrrn |rLncs, \\rorc 1ro\'' s I'ri( ir

/rtr

't,a

(t

il,rin r'{ (lon$c\s)

J,'x''r slril. ltc *tot'

1,,'.t','t,'i" tit'. r rr,'rLli'r' Irnr+ tt t'
.,',,,r.,t " ,. " 't "l irrr(r"r irr Ilt' .l'!r
n'r.

h'

|,;\ \.Irrl I'lt)lr. p'rrr.rrl.'rlI itt tl''

fi.lJ,,l lrr.r''r. rrLri'isrrr' sh'rt I'r ttrs
\o'
l.rcn r<,,rir.J t'r'rlrt -''..rll"l
tt
tnrcttttttt
nr'tjrtr
I llr,'ri.i'nr 'rr 'r

lvlcans

S()\ir, \1,\rs u;o. b.'iug rvirh l crnrping, p:rrtv in thf nrourrr.rir)s, I lctLrrrrc,l lr,'rrr 'r
solir,rry r.rr:rblc to find cvcr,v onc engrgcd in.r tirocioLrs rrr.r,rph'si. rl dispLrr" l 1,"
corptrs ofthc dilLrte r".rs:r sqtrirrel-a li'.'sqrrirrel strppostrl rt, ltc elirrrrinq r,',',,r
si<lc of r rrcc rnrnk: shilc ovcr.rgrirrst thc trcc* t'pposirc sitlc.r hrrnrrrr llirri: ".r.
inr.rgintd rostrnd. This hrrnrrn rvitncss rrics togcr sighr ol rlrc s.lrrirrr'l I'r'rrro.ilg
lrpirlll rorrnrl rhc tree, but no mattcr hos lisr he gocs, rhc s.lrirrcl nrorcs,rs l.r'r ir,
rhe opposirc dircction,:rnd,rhv.rys keeps rhc trcc bct\vccrr Iinrsell .rnd tlrc Irr'rn .,,
th.rr nevcr a glinrpse ofhin: is c:rught. 'I-hc rt'sulr.rnt nrcr.rplrrsic,rl prol'l, rrr rr,^. i.
rl,i.: Docs rhc nr;ro go R,Lrn(l rhc s<pincl or nor? lle {ocs u,rr,l the ttrc. rrrr
crtorrgh.,rrr.l rhc rqrrirrcl is on rhc trcc: brrr rlocs hc go roLrrtl tlrc srlrtittr'li lrr tlr,
rrrrlinritc.lleisurc oftlrt ruildclrrcss, discrr.si,'n h,rd l.ecn rrorn tlrt.r.lhrrrt l:icrr,'rrL
hrrl rekcn siclcs, .rncl lis obstir).rrci .rnd rhc rrrrnrt'trs ,rrr l,rirh rnles rt." ."', i.,.t,
sirlc. shcn l;rppr.rrrd thcrclirrc:rppeirlcd to nrc to nr;rkc ir ,r or.rjorirr" \linJitrl ,'l
thc schol.rsric acl.rgc rhat rvhcnrtcr rou nrccr a conrredierion rorr nrusr rn.rk,:.r tii.
f-ollorrs: \\'hich |rrrrv is ritlrr. l
rincrion, I inrnrccli:rtclv sought ind fotnd onc,
'rs
s,rid. "dcpcncis on rvhat 1ou pmrrlcal/.;, rrr,rrr by'going rorrncl rhrsqtrin.l. Il r,'rr
nrc.rn p:issing fronr rhc north of hir'n ib rlrc crist, rhcn to thc sotrrh, rhcrl ro rh. \(\r.
.ur,l rlren to rhc north of hinlrgain, obvi,lrslv rh. n''rrt Jocr !:,' r,rr!n(l hinr. lor h(
occrrpics thc'sc successive positions. Eutilon rhc conrr':rrl rur nrc.rn t'tirr5 lir'rirr
liont ofhinr. rhcn on thc'righr ofhior, thcrr l:chincl hinr. rhcrr on his Icli. .rn,l lin.rl
lv in tionr.rg,rin, it is qrritc,rs ohvious th,rt rhe nnn l.rih tt, go r,,,rrrJ lrirrl. t,', l'\
rhc conrpcrrr.rrirrg nlrt,:nrcnts rhc sqtrirrtl nlrkcs, hc h<cps his htlh rtlrr.,l r,", rr,l.
rhc nlrn.rll rhc tinrc,an.l his b,rck rurncd,lv,rr'. i\hkc thc <li*incIi,rrr..trr.l rlrrr.i.

to gr rorrnd' in onc prrrcricrrl lirshiorr or rhc or|.cr"'

Alrlrough onc or svo ofthc hottcr tlisptrr.rnts crllcrl nrl sptcch .r.lrrrlllirrrt
cv.rsion. s.l irrg rhcv r'.rntc.l uo quit'L'ling or schol,rstic h.rir-qlitrirrg, hLrr rrrc rrrr irL'r
pl.rin honcst lirglish round.'thc nrajority sccnrcd r,; rhink rh,rr r|c Llirrintri,'rr h r,l
,rs

vou co''ccilc thc vcrb

rs:'u.rqcd rhc dispute.

I tcll this rrivial incc(lote l)ccxuse it is.r pecLrli,rrll sinrplc c:r.rnrplc ol rh.rr I
r','rh,'.1 :\t' rr',r"
rr,rr r,r,1r,.L
"i.lr
"t.t, rl', ttt<u,nttt 'tttrh,,l llr, 1".rgrt.,r'.
., rrr,rlr,'l ,,r'*irrlirts rr.ripf i.i."l,1i1',,r.' rh,rr,,rl'rrsi' rrriglrr l c irrr,,rrr'irr''l'l I
rh( \1)rld onc or ntrnv?-hrcd or frce l-nr:rt(rirl or spirirrr.rl: htrc;rrr rlri,'rl
Lliyrrrcs,rcr 'rr,h
cirhcr of rvhich nr:rv or nriy not holJ gooJ
"f rh. '*,'rl.l:.rnd
r)orions xrc rrncnding. l-lrc prr4r,nrillic nrcth(xl in strch crrr,:s is to tll to irrtcrl'ret
c.rcI n"tion I't (ycing its rcrpccri'c pr,rctic,rl conscqtrr:ncis.:\\/lr,rr tlillrr,l.. r,'rrl,l
ir pr.rcricallr nr,rkc r,r.rny onc ifrhis notion rrrher th.tn rhlt notion rlrt rrLril lt
no pr.rcricrl tlilli'rencc s'h,rtc*cr c,. bc tracc.l, thcn the ,rhcln.rtirs nrc.rrr pr.r ri, .rl

rhc sanrc rhing. und all tlilxrtc is idlc. \\lhcncvclr tlisptrrc is scri,rrrr' s. ,,rrr1lrr
to bc,rl'lc t,' sho"'somc prrrcticrl difiirence tlut n:rrst li,ll<"" [,rnr orrc iiJe.r rlrL
orhcri ltcing right.
A gl.rnec .rt the historl, of rhe idelvill shorv yorr st ill ['ett"r " h:rr plrirrrr.rri'rrr
orcrns. 'flrc tcrnr is derilecl front the sanrc (ircck rvortl tptilptr. nrc.rrrirrs r.ri,'n.

ll

)0tlt

Otttrtrt;1'

Atntrit'ttt Rtatltt \ihw l

(.)h\o ): T ltr Pngrsirc

Agc

25

lirrm shich

orl rrtrnls pr.cricc untl l,rrcric.rl

cornc.

lt

rr:rs

linr

irrrtoclLrccd into

\{r. t.hrrlts I'tircc irr 1873.... I1r. I'eircc. ,rlitr poirrrine oLLt th;rt oLrr
tr.licli:rrc rr.rllv rLrlis firr rcrion, s,rid thut. to <lcvclop r thought.s rrrc.rnirrg, sc rrcccl

phil,viplrl

hr'

orrh dcrcrnrirrc shrt <,,nclLrcr it is

An<l rhe r,rneililu

to pr.,,Jrr.., thrr conJucr is

'lnccl
l:rr.tt
tlrc tx,t

'is,iti.,1,...
cvcr.rrbrlc, is rh.rr thcrc is no oat o[thtnr

Lrr irs

'irr
o{ all orrr tlr,,uglrr-Ji'rirreliorr'.

rsrorishing ro scc Lorv rr.rnv philovrphicrl rlispLrtcs colhlsc into insiqnif'

unnrcnt r'<nr sLrhjccr t|em lr rhis sinrplc ttsr ol rrrrcing r concr(tc.onscqurnce. '1 1,.rc crrr lr no.liflircnce,rnv.'hcrc thlr Jocsnr,rrA .r,lilli'rcnce ul,rcsircrr-,ro rlilli'rcncc in rbsrlrcr rrLrrh rh,rt cl,,csni cxl,rcss irscll irlr rlilftrcntc in
- c,rrrcntc l,lt lr,l in c,,rrrlrrcr .or\cqr(nt LIp,rn rh,rr licr, inrpo.c<l ,'rr rrnrcIrtclv,
It

is

ic,rnee rlrc

I hc rvlrolc lirrrerion ol philoropht oLtght ro

vlrrllhcrc.
'rrJ 'omc"h,:n.
rlillircncc iL
n.rkc to votL ,rnd nrt, lt dellnite
b, ro finrl oL,r rvlnt dcllnitt
'uill

v,nrclro,v,

.-a'

^.*, o';:.'',1 '-

re-lt" Il'

.,,nJ'','r'
t'n'l''l
r.)u

insranrs ol oLrr liic. iirhis rvorlLl-for mLrl.r <,r thrt rvorld'fornrul:r [,c rhc truc onc....
l'r:rqn,,rrisnr repr.:scnrs a pcrflctlv finrili:rr attiruclc in philosophv, thc cnrpiri
cisr rrtiiuclc. bLrt ir ;.1'resrnrs it, as it stcnrs to nrc, troth in a nrorc r.rdicil end in a
I.is olitccri.,nlblc li'rnt thln ir h:rs e'cr 1cnssunrcd. A pr.gnr;rtisI (Lrrns his bick
;.,:s,rlrrrclv arJ oncc fi,. ell upon a lot of inrctcnrc hatrirs tlcer ro prclt'xionat
pIilosrphcrs. IIc rurns.rrrrr lionltL.sr r,tcr ii,n rotl insLrtllcicncr, tionr vcrb,rl s,'luti,,ns, lronr b,rcl a2r'rrai rc,rsons, ironr lixcd principlcs, closcil s1'stcrrrs .rnd prct<n,Jerl rbsoiurcs :rrrcl orisins. H< nrnrs rort;rr<ls .oDcrctttless :ind .rd(qurc\: ro\t.rrds
f.rcrs, ro.v,rrrls,rrti,rl rrrd r,,l',rrrls po'tcr. l'lur n,e.rrrs thc cnrpiritisr rcnrp:r reqrlrnt
.rrrJ thc lrrnrnrlisr rtrrrpcr sinccrely givcn Lrp. l rnc,rrrr drc r4'cn ,rir.rrrd prrssil'ili
rics oi nrtrrrc, r,s ,rgrin,t .l<'gnrr, :,nificirlirv, .rnc1 thc prercnce of lin.rlit; in tn,tlr
Ar rlrc.,rrnc rim. it clocs not stend For anl spcci:rl resrrlrc. lt is rr mctlrt,,l onh
nrrrn arr clomrous chrrrgc in rlrrrt
llLrt rlr. grncrrl triLrrrrph ol th,rt nr.rhd
-lc,rchtrs
'voL'ld
ol thc uhr.r
i tll[.] ;n nr" l,rsr lctLrrrc rlre rc,rrP(rtrtr]crrr ol pIilorcphv
rlpe is tiozcn
rrpe
tiozcn oLrt in
soLrl,l
liozcn
out.
nruth
nrtrth
rs
thc
courricr
bc
rrrion,rlisric rpe
r le
r,pLrl'lic', us rlr( uhrrrnn)ntrrrc npc of pricsr is tiozcn oLIr ol prortsrrrt Ianrls
\,ic,,<. rrJ n',r,r1'Irsi,s $(,L,l.l .,,rr( rrruch rr<:rrc, rogerhcr. rrtLri<l in l:rcr r,'rk

,rl,,rltrL,lr lrlr,t irt h,rtd.

ol lr,Lrr nrttrphvsicel qutst.

.,'r.l
rrr.rlr,,.l, roLr c.rrrnor l,,ok,,n .rn'
'Lrch
,r' r|,'ing v,,tLr r1ut.r. \bLr Inrrsr [,rin!r rr:r oi e.tih sor,l is pr.retic.rl trslt-'.tlrt<. s.r

rircn

26

r,orr

lu.c rhcrn

i]L.r

ii','' li,ll,,.. ihr I'I.,1rnr.rIic

\irrL .rre:rt tlrc

irr

r hi.h cri,rirrq rr.rlirics nr.rl

t,\\,'t.ttlt

errLl

)ulr ( titu)',4)|1oiin llL,tdo \h/un l

_'nd

nrqrcl.rrri!rl. lr.r,-rr.

r r

, l

.
r

ri,,

;,1

rlr ,i

hc ch.rnqcJ

!L.,,tuht'tt!'ith

r,ti4tt,rtkir:h,.,1\u,t..;,tu/,t,Lt,.,t.,,-t

\\'e cl,,ni lic lxck upon rlrem, rvc nrove lbnr,.rril, ln<|, on occ.rsiorr. n,rrk,r r)inrc,,\.f
,tq.tin bv rhcir.rid. I\agm:rtisnr unstiffcns:rll orrr rhcorics. lin,l,crs rhen, rrp .rrrJ
tr.

,',,( .rr \\1,rk. Ilcirgnorhirrgc,scrrti,rlhnc$.irh.,rnro,1i/c\.,i,1rr,,.,,;,.,,,,,,r,,

I'l'il.,n,t'l,i( rrntlcr.i;c. k t'Frcc, sirh n,,rrrin.rli,rrr tirr in,r.r.rtc. irr rt".r. ,r,r, ,t r..
ro p.rrticul,rrr. r'irh rrtilir:rrirnisnr in cnrph.rsizing pr:rcric.,t ."t".r,, .,iii,
i,,i;
c.r.lr

ilr

in irs distlljn

li,l.'i,i.

vcrbrl solLrtiorrs. uscless qucstions .rnd nrcrlphrric,rl ,rt sir.r..ri,,nr.

rUl tlrcsc, 1ouscc,^rcn ii-i,ttellecttilist rcnrlcncics. Aq.rinsr nriorr:rli,nr,r.,r

1'rircrrsion.ru,i .r rrrcrho.i pr:rurr.rrisr) ir jirlh..rrnrc.l unJ nrilir.,rrr trrrr. rr rl,r ,,rr
.r..rrl(.r.t. l.r.rncl" h,r rro |.rnirul.rr n.Lrlr.. lr h.r, ro Jor:rr,.r,..rr,l rrr,,l,"rrlr..
srrc its nrcrhod.... It lics iu thc nridsr ofour rhcorics, Iikc u corritlor irr u lrorLt.
Ittnunr. r.rblc ch.rnrl'crs ,,pcn .rrr ot ir. In.rrcvorr rr.n tirr,l .r rr.rrr rrrrrr.r.rl rrr.

ivi( n,lrrnc: in rlr rrtrr .rrnc,rrrc,,n hi, knco 1,r.rrirq ti,r tlrh .,,,,1 r,ri,,r,1,. ,,, ,
thirri r chlnrisr irvcsrirrrirrq:r [rodr,.s propcrrics. irr r ti,urth .r ,,.,.u, ,,i i.1..,]i.,
rrcr.rt)lrlsii\ i\ hcin.q e:rc,'rir.rrccl: in .r tltth rhc inr1,o..rhilirl. ,rt rn,.r,1,lrr.iL., i. I . rr,\h(,sn. lJrrr rlrev lll o$rr rhc c,rrridor. uncl :rll nrust prs' rhrou{h ir il rlru u rrrr ,r
prriri.rrble rr.ry of scrrirrs inro (,r out ol rIcir rc\pectivc rut,nr\.
No p:rrticular resulrs tlren, so far, but only an anitude oforienrlrion. is whur
1
(h( fr.rsnr.rric nrcfhoJ nrc.rns. Thc,uirnleofloolutaunlhutl,,ttl,t,ts,.T,t,,.t

ltt!. .&ebit, ihpft\al net

/t1t0t.^, J,|.q....

iuc::

nd

af liot.tng

,uo,,i, k,, i,,,t,.

1,,i),.'

.i"

..,

,l' ',

,..,,.

\\'hcn tlrr firsr nnrhcrn:rtic,rl. Lrgic.rl..rnil nanrr,rl rrniti,rnriri.,., rhc tjrsr lra.r

rrrc Ji*,'r'crccl.

ri"n rlr.u ns,rlrcd.

rrrcn r'.1.s,'.,rrrircl .rv,rr by rhc clc.,r,rcss, ht.r,rrv.rrrJ silrltrrrL.rrh.rr rhcy l,clicrcrl thernrcl"c, r,, h.rrc tlrirl,hcr.rl
, ,h,

.rrlIrri,.l

ct,:rnJl rhorr!:hts of thc r\lnrighrr,....

RLrr.rs tlrc,rcicnccs.b.rve dclclopcd linhtr rhc noriorr h:rs g.rirrcJ
sr(,!r,r(l rh.rr
rrrosr,.pcrlraps all, ol'our.lals rrc orrly approxinrrrions. I he llrs- rhc,,,,r.1",.. u,,,r.
(ncr. hille grotr so nunrcror$ that drcrc is no counring rhcnr; ill(l n)
n)lr\ ri\.rl
1,,,r)ul.rrinns ,r( lr(,p,,,.J rn .rll rhc hr.rnchc, ,,f scirrrec rlr.rr in,c.ri,:.rror, h.rr,
h,!,'rr..r..r,',,n)(.1 r,' rlrc n,,ri.,n rhur rr,, rlrc,,rr i, rl^,,l,rr{.h ., rr.rr,*rrlr ,,t rt.,lirr.trrrrrh.rr.rrrr,rrrrofrlrrnrnr:r1 tr,rn surnc p,,irrr uf vic* l,,. urt,rl. il.(jr r.11.,l
usc rs to sunrmirrizc olj Lrcts:rncl to le:r<l ro ncw oncs. llle), irc orh.:r nrrn ri,.t,l,.
Jrtnqrrtqc, a conccprrr.rl shonhand, rs sonrc (n)c c:rlls thrrrr, in whilli \c \ rir, ,,rl
rrt\',r\ ol r I r | r' I r . I l.rrFu.,S..\.,r,;( $cll k,r,\\ r. rrrlu1,11.,,,,,.1,,.h,,rt< ,,r c.1,,*
| ,

li,lkrvti{ r vcrv l,rirrririvt kinil r,l quest. \i'rr krrrrv

n,,r',rca |,r,.,r1,,.'" h,r'hcr*l ,rlitr turi:lllirl nlriiic,,rntl loLr kno* rvh.rt.t utc,tt
!,rri in nri,qii: rr';,r/, h,r't,rl",rrr pl.r,e.l. lf 'r,Lr hrrc his Ir.rrrre, or rhc lirnrrul.r ol
ir,.,L,rlrtiorr rh,rt bincls hinr. rL,Lr c,rn contol thc spilit, 1rcni,,:Lliire, or *h.tcrcr r[c
r,,".r nr,r1 i,. S,rl,,rr,rr Ircrv rht nrrncs ol ,rll thc spirirs, ,trrd h.l ing thcir Ir;rrncs,
h. Icl,1 rl,, nr 'Lrbjr:r r,r his r ill. 5o thc urrivrrs. hrs ,rl,v:ri's .rppcare,l to thr n.ttLrrll
rurirrcl ,rs.r irir,L .l cniqr:r.r. oishich thf kry r)rust I'c rouil'r in rhe sh,rpt,'l st,rrrc
.llnr *<,r,1 rnmcs rhc rrnivtr'cs
illLL,rirling or poi crhri,rgirr ll vorLl oL n,rmc
pri;ti7i,.;ttl. ro p,rssrs ir k rlicr r lirl,iorr r" pos'cs, rl,. uni.crrc'irscll. (;(,J,'
\1,LLrcr. 'liL.r'L':,. rhe ,\bv'lurc. l.ncri:r. :rrc sri nr:rnr solring rlrnrcr' \iru c.rn rcst
\'1cr,rpl,r''ics h:r. rrsu.rlh

sirl,irr rh..rrc.rrn,.f1,,rrr.x1,criln.... tr .r1,1,c.rr,1,.,.r,.,.,t,rrr,,,.,trrr,.

rl,.rrr..\.rfru,.l..Illl,)ruorcs,,.t

vilc

Iu*

so f]oc;rs to consist in rnvthing bLrr,r

possil,lc cl;ffcrr:nct ol prrcricc.l lb ,rrr,rirr perlict clc:rlntss in oLrr rhrxrghrs o{ .rn
objccr. rh.n. rc nc<l onli conritlcr
c""c.i*.rt'1. clllcr,r of ,r prrcrit.ll kin<l rhc
",h"t
obje,t rnrw irrvol"c-rrhar scnsltions wc ilrc lo cxlect liorn it. rnrl sh.rt rc.rctions
irnrrrcdirrrc or rcnrotc. is
\!c nLrsr prefirre. {)urcorrccption oftlrcsc cftirca,
"hctlrcr
,t*:" ii,, ii.,1,.
our conccption ot rhc oirjr.cr. so fir as rhrr conccprion har

"l-1",rf
,, r.rr '.;rr rl . rr., .' .'ll ...

rt .rr ,r,'.h

sro

I r

n):I)t (lt.rtcfrs_...
I .r'rl *rill .L'r.rr. Jr.nu .,rl.l it rrrLr"r sccnr ro s(,Dr(.i\t r,,r rl, lk..rr rr( \.n rt,.rr .,
iJr.r i' irrrc v. 1,,'rjr r\ r,) h(liclc ir i. 1,rofir.rl,ic rr, our liucr. 'l lr.rr ,r t, 1,,,,.1 t,,i .,.
nrrtb j' ir profirr. rt,rr sill ql.r,llr.r.trnir. Ifrltr:rr rvc rto hl rrr :ri,t ;. ,r,,,;;t. ,, ,r .itl
.tl 'l tlr. i,lc:r rrr Ii r,' 1,. q".xl u',n tir ti,rrl,. ri,r rrc.rrc rlrc hcrrcr ti,,
1"^*.,t,,s t,.
lhrr i'irn.r.rsu.rnecrni.rr.eofrlrcsrrrJ rrrrrh. vrrrrrvill \rf,r,,c.,ll i.1...r..r1,., rr(
.l|rLI

lor rhi,

rc.rsorr?

...li,rh

,( /,". yrci,,

end,.rnd rr,,r.,rs is Lrsu.r r sLrplr*.,t. r r,rrrr,,rr rli..

rl..l"'lr).1,"(1..u)(l(,'.,,rrlinrrcsirlrir. Tl,r t,rc i tt,,. nnn. t,./,.rrittrottt,,tt...t
roi,";'o.l u,rlru,t.r{1, t4.n't,1wn.no fo, J"fititc, .r"iq,].,i1. ,ar",,. ':rrrr.,,,',
lrrrsr.rJrrrrt rlris. rlr.rt ifrhcrc rtr.rc n,) gooJ fur lifc ij, rrrrc itlc.r,.,,r ir rlrrkn,ll,,rc,
ol rhcnr \rerc pos ir i!ch' d isrclr,a nt;rgcous arrd filse nlcrs the onh.Lrstfirl
rh",, ,i.

.r'rrrr'

,).,ri,,ir rlr.,r rnrrlr

CluTo l:

hr

l\ogto;it

vlt :\.

nJ

",,.".
i' rlirilc.rrr,t prccrtrrr,..,rcl ir. l.rr,,rirr., Jrh..,,,rt,t
r(..
Agt

.J

i'l

loVA q

*.y'.-

:r clognr.r. In :r'.orld likc rh.l, otrr clrro r'orrkl be tr rl'rrr:

trrrth. r,rrhcr. llLrt io rhir r|o J, jusr as ccrt:rin lirods rrrc not onlr irqtfc.rblc to oltr
t",:th, oLrr slonrxch! rncl oLrr ritsuer; so.cr{irin idt:ts.lr. not
r.rstr, i.ur qoocl lirr
"ur
onlv ,rgrecrtrlc to rIinh :rl,oLrr, or rgrcurblc:rs s',ppo(iirF othcr idci\ th;rr rvc ,rrc lirntl
ol, brrr rbei ,rrr also hciplul in lifr\ pr:rcric.rl srruqglcs. ll rhcre lt.rnv lili rh.rr it is
Ic,rd. arrd ifdrcrc be .rny idc,r rrfiich, i{ l'rlic'cd in. *rruld h.lp
rcrllv bcner
". slrorrkl
,r, r,; lc.rd rh,rr lite. tlrer it rvould bc rc^llt b o.fry ts rcbr litr'c in th,rt i<lcr, ri,t1,'r:,
lulutl, lrlitJ ia ir itcirlnnll.y tlnhal u'itlt orlrt att'trr r'rl btnjirt.
'\\.'h;rlvorrkl be bctrcr lirr us to itclicre'l I his s,'Lrrrrls rerl likr::r dcfiniti,rr
ofrruth. It crmcs vcll nc,rr to slvirrg's'lrat rvc oritlrr ttt bclicrc': ln<l in r/.',rr tleilni'
rion nonc o[ror rwrLrld finLl rrry otlclirv Orrght \\'e cvr:r not to bclio'e sh.rt it is
htar t'it u to l,clicvc? Anil carr rrc rhcn lLcp rhr: nrxbrr of sh,rt is t.crrcr lor trt.
rnd *lur is ulc lbr rrs. pcrirxn(n(ll :rprrtr
It,rgnrrrisnr s.r's no. ,rncl I fully:rgrcc srtlr hcr....
I s,rid jLrst norv rlrrrt rvhat is bcttrl firr us ro trclicrtis rrtt unlu: rlr bJi,t iurirhnrh clnht: tlirh src otln lir,l ltottlit.. Norr in rc.rl lili rvh,rc 'ir,rl I'cnctlrs is rnr'
p,rrricul,rr h.litfoforrs ntosi L-ibliroiT,rsh sirhi \\'h:rr indccLltrctl'L rIr rit,rl b.l'
clirs litltlcd \:t atl,tt ltli(i nncn rhcse pr(^c irrtou,p.rriblc *ith rhc tirL i,ne': In
orhcr rvortls. thc qrcirtcsl crrcnry of :rnv onc oi oLrr lmrlls Ilrlr l)c (h rcst of our
rLrrhr. liLr(lrr htlc once lbr rll this dcsperatc ilsrinct ,'f sclfl'rscn rr irD :rnd ol
dc'irc to cxtinguish st.ttercr con(r.rdirrs thcnr. \1v Ltclici in thc Absolurt. bxscd on
thc good it d.cs nr', rnust nrn th qlur)rlet of.rll nrl other ['elicli. (ir,rnr thar it ntrl
Lrc rrrre in giring ne l morrl holid,rl Ncvcrthcless. xs I conccile it, :rnd ler mc
spc'rli rrrrv corrlitlcrrti.rlly, rs ir rvcre, :rnd nr<telv in nrv o'vn priv.rre person,-ir
chshcs uirh (,Ihcr trurhs ol minc whosc t>cnclis I lrarc t,r 1.1ivc up on iInccoLrrrt. lt
lr.rppcns to Lrc rsrociatc.l
i kind oflt,.tric ofr''hich I .rnr rhc tncnrl, I find rh.rr

...\bu

sec:rlrcadv horv dcmocratic she is. llcr oriuncrs xrr: rs vlrit,Lrs.rrrJ

as rich :rnd inclless, anrl hcr conclusiorrs rrs fricndlv ,r' rlr,". ,'l
nt{)drer nit(rlrc.

[,rvc sro*n rrp i]r l)cconrc

floiible, hcr rcsourccs

Source:

Willirm

.19.7i-77.

lanrcs, Oaprrarrinr

"ith
ir cnt:rnrllcs rrle in mctxphysic.rl pxrrdo)ies ih'rt x(t in.rcccpt.rble, crc., erc. RLrt.rs I
l,,rvc cn,'rrqlr rnL,l,lc in lilr'.rlrctll ridnrrr rclJing the rrouhlc ol cern'ing thrst

inrcllccttrrl inct,rrsi'tcrcics, I pcrson.rlly jLrx givc up rhc Abroltrrc. . .

You stc bv rlris s'hrt I nrc.rnt \\'hcn I c.rlled Pmgn)lrism a mcdiaror and n'concilcr nncl sricl, borro*ing rhc lord lionr l':rpini, th:rt shc Lrnsrilli'rrs orrr rhcori.s.
Shr hrs in ticr rro prcjrrdices \\'hatcvcr, no obstructive dognras, rro rigicl c:rrrotrs of
rvh;rr sh,rll

countasprrrof. Shc

is

conple

tsis,shcnill considcr'.rn1'ericlcncc. It

tlv ecnial.

ft.rllorvs

She

nill tltcn,rin.rlt l,rpoth

thrt in thc

rcligiotLs

licltl slrcis.rt,r

{fcat:rclv.rntaqc borh over positivisric empiricirnr, rvith its arrti-rhcologic.rl bi.rs.:rnd

ovcr rcligiotrs rrriou:ilism, rvith irs crclLlsirc intclcsr il r|c rcnr{)tc thc noi)lt' rhc

siml>lc,:rr,i rlrc:rl)\rrx(r in thc rv,rv ol corr..;'rr,rrr.

il sh<,rr, sh,j silcrs thc ficld ol sc.rrch for ('od. I{.rriun.rlism srieks to

'\

(rticz

.,.1 ( (!,, t n.r,.

"rrs,r' l\rcrrr:'r,i'nr i.,sillirtg
Irrrt'iri.i'n..'..1\.tl,ci;q(rr'.rl
r l,'qr( pr Ilr{ s(r\((}nJ ro c,)ttnt rhc hrrrr)trl(<t xnJ
"' .rkc rrrrr,'rrnr:. r" l 'llo*'<irh,
,"'"'p.'.""'l .'1u,i.',,*. slrc"rli t(rnr,'i'iiiGI.,'y'crieui.. il 'lrerhrlcpr'r,ri'
oi
licI-il'
c:rl conscarrrnccs. Shcwill t:rkca(lods'ho livcsin thc
'tl ciirt Pri!itc
rlrrt shorrlcl sccnr a likcly phcc to find him.

ller,,nly. rcst ol probablc truth is rvh.rt sorkr

ll'rr lir' tr.rl n.ut

ritc I',"r

bcsr

in rhc rr.rv ol ['.rding us.

ufc\ rrnf ,lrair

..nrbirr.' \=nfin(--lTiiiini
.,,

,
i. .. i
'rn.l
"t
(lf |l.rId\, r),'rhrnt Lc||rc,,n.irr(\1,
Jo llll\. lr rll( nr)IlL'rll llrc.'1,,{..r1 rdcl\ \llorllrl
possiblr dcnl
coul.l
pritgnrirtisnr
,,i C*mt--.
il"--ti'.;iE t"*. to do it. horv
(,,,rlr rxxrrrcc? Sh,: cou[] scc no nre:rrring in trcating:rr iot trtrc ;r lorion rh:tr
rr:rr plr.qnlricrlir so sucessfirl. Vh,rt orhcr kintl ol trtrth coLrlcl rlrcrc hc tc,r hrr.
tlr.Lrr

28

rll rlri.

rl3rccrncrrr

*ith

concretc rcrlity?

)1tL (:dtury /lrtd

lntttl,r \iiwn l

(lt4'rzr

l:

l'br ltognssiue Age

(Nc*,Yorh: Longnrans, (irccrr, l,) ti r. p1,..r i-