ABSTRACT

Diana. 2014. Affixes of Dayak Lundayeh Language and the Implication for
Leaning English. Advisors: Dr.Phil. Maria Teodora Ping, S.Pd,M.Sc
and Desy Rusmawaty, S.Pd, MA.

Vernacular is a mother tongue in archipelago that is the identity and the

most important tool to reveal the culture riches of a nation ethnic. Due to
vernacular as the mother tongue should be preserved the existence, such as Dayak
Lundayeh language. One way that people could use to preserve and conserve
vernacular is through a research.
The purposes of this study were (1) to find functions and forms of affixes
are used in Dayak Lundayeh language, (2) to find the implication of knowing
Dayak Lundayeh language in process of learning English as foreign language.
The design of this study was descriptive qualitative study. The subject was
a student of English department who active native speaker of Dayak Lundayeh
language in Mulawarman University. The instrument was interview guide, due to
there was no written work on the affixes of Dayak Lundayeh, as the result to get
the information was taken from interview.
The result of this study showed that: (1) In Dayak Lundayeh language,
prefixes had four functions, namely forming verb had eight forms (/m-/, /m-/,
/me-/, /n-/, /nam-/, /n-/, /-/, /rm-/), forming noun had three forms (/l-/, /-/,
/m-/), forming adjective had five forms (/ba-/, /m-/, /n-/, /di-/, /nk-/) and
forming adverb had only one form (/f-/), infixes had only one function namely
forming verb had only one form (/-m-/). Then, suffixes had only one function
namely forming noun had only one form (/-an/). (2) The implication of knowing
Dayak Lundayeh language in process of learning English as foreign language
especially related to word formation was due to the existence of word class
change differences in English language and Dayak Lundayeh language in which
English, prefix and suffix majorly took part in word class change as a result the
students should pay attention more studying about prefix and suffix in English due
to in Dayak Lundayeh, only prefix majorly took part in word class change as a
result the students should pay attention more studying about prefix.

Keywords Affixes, Dayak Lundayeh, Implication.

ABSTRAK
Diana. 2014. Afiks Bahasa Dayak Lundayeh dan Implikasi terhadap
Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris. Pembimbing: Dr.Phil. Maria Teodora
Ping, S.Pd,M.Sc dan Desy Rusmawaty, S.Pd, MA.

Bahasa daerah merupakan bahasa ibu di nusantara yang merupakan

identitas dan alat yang paling penting untuk mengungkapkan kekayaan budaya
dari suatu suku bangsa. Karena itu bahasa daerah harus dipertahankan
keberadaannya, seperti halnya bahasa Dayak Lundayeh. Salah satu cara yang
dapat digunakan untuk mempertahankan dan melestarikan bahasa daerah adalah
melalui sebuah penelitian.
Tujuan studi ini adalah (1) untuk menemukan fungsi dan bentuk afiks yang
digunakan dalam bahasa Dayak Lundayeh, (2) untuk menemukan implikasi
pengetahuan tentang bahasa Dayak Lundayeh dalam proses pembelajaran Bahasa
Inggris sebagai bahasa asing.
Bentuk studi ini adalah studi deskriptif kualitatif. Subyeknya merupakan
seorang siswa bahasa Inggris yang merupakan penutur asli Dayak Lundayeh yang
aktif di Universitas Mulawarman. Alatnya adalah panduan wawancara, karena
belum ada studi tentang afiks bahasa Dayak Lundayeh, akhirnya untuk
memperoleh informasi diambil melalui wawancara.
Hasil studi ini menunjukan bahwa: (1) Dalam bahasa Dayak Lundayeh,
prefiks mempunyai empat fungsi, yaitu pembentukan kata kerja mempunyai
delapan bentuk (/m-/, /m-/, /me-/, /n-/, /nam-/, /n-/, /-/, /rm-/), pembentukan
kata benda mempunyai tiga bentuk (/l-/, /-/, /m-/), pembentukan kata sifat
mempunyai lima bentuk (/ba-/, /m-/, /n-/, /di-/, /nk-/) and pembentukan kata
keterangan hanya mempunyai satu bentuk (/f-/), infiks hanya mempunyai satu
fungsi yaitu pembentukan kata kerja hanya mempunyai satu bentuk (/-m-/).
Kemudian, sufiks hanya mempunyai satu fungsi yaitu pembentukan kata benda
hanya mempunyai satu bentuk (/-an/). (2) Implikasi pengetahuan tentang bahasa
Dayak Lundayeh dalam proses pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa asing
khususnya yang berhubungan dengan pembentukan kata adalah karena perbedaan
perubahan kelas kata dalam bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Dayak Lundayeh dimana
dalam bahasa Inggris, prefiks and sufiks paling berperan dalam perubahan kelas
kata akibatnya siswa harus memberi perhatian lebih untuk mempelajari tentang
prefiks and sufiks dalam bahasa Inggris karena dalam bahasa Dayak Lundayeh,

hanya prefiks yang paling berperan dalam perubahan kelas kata akibatnya siswa
harus memberi perhatian lebih untuk mempelajari tentang prefix.

Kata kunciAfiks, Dayak Lundayeh, Implikasi.

I.

INTRODUCTION

ne of the things that separate human beings from other species on

earth is the ability to use language. Human beings also able use
signs, or symbols for communication or self-expression. Crystal
(2001:184) as quoted by Wright (2010:24) defines language as the
systematic, conventional use of sounds, signs, or written symbols
in a human society for communication and self-expression.
According to Hornby (1995:662) language is the system of sounds and
words used by humans to express their thoughts and feelings. From the
explanation above, language is very complex and universal. It consists of
components that tightly related to each other. As stated on www.ethnologue.com,
there are 7.000 languages in this world and 700 languages are located in
Indonesia. So, there are 10% languages from this world located in Indonesia. That
is proved if Indonesia vernacular are rich.
Vernacular is a mother tongue in archipelago that is the identity and the
most important tool to reveal the culture riches of a nation ethnic. Due to
vernacular as the mother tongue should be preserved the existence. Such as Dayak
Lundayeh language, this language exists in north Borneo province especially in
districts of Bulungan, Malinau, Nunukan and Tarakan. This ethnic comes from
North Borneo namely Krayan, a sub-district that located in Nunukan that is a
border region between Indonesia and Malaysia country. Not only North Borneo,
Dayak Lundayeh also spread on East Borneo specifically in Samarinda.
One way that human beings could use to preserve and conserve vernacular
is through a research. It makes the researcher is interested to research about Dayak
Lundayeh language. Beside of that the researcher is the native speaker whos her
comprehension about her vernacular is yet clear due to environment factor not
supported. But it is precisely made the researcher curious and interested to study
deeply about her vernacular. Therefore, through this research the researcher could
learn more her vernacular especially in Morphology, such as affixes. While, the
reason why the researcher is interested to analyze about affixes due to affixes is

one of grammar elements, since grammar is very important in learning English.

Hopefully the result of this research can be used as a knowledge and skill to share
the result later for TEFL on Dayak Lundayeh students.

II.

BASIC THEORY

In this study, the researcher acquires some literature as the comparison of

this research. The researcher finds the other these that have same topic with this
research. Those are:
The first is Affixes in English Language and kwani Language: A
Contrastive Study. The researcher is Oghiator in 2011. The aim of this research
was to find out the differences between English and kwani affixes. The result
of the research showed remarkable differences between the affixes (prefix, suffix
and interfix) of the two languages. For example, where we have the same words in
the two languages, the positions of the prefixes differ; prefixes in Ukwuani appear
as suffixes in English. Similarly, there are only two prefixes in Ukwuani language
while, English prefixes are very numerous. Finally, this paper has shown a striking
distinction between English language and Ukwuani language. This is as a result of
the absence of interfix in English, which is present in Ukwuani language.
The second is Description of Phoneme of Dayak Lundayeh Berian Baru
Dialect Krayan Sub-district Nunukan Regency. The researcher is Rosthina in
2011. The aims of this research were to give description about vocal phoneme;
consonant phoneme, diphthong, and syllable of Dayak Lundayeh Berian Baru
Dialect Krayan Sub-district Nunukan Regency through scrutinize informant word.
The result of the research has showed Dayak Lundayeh Berian Baru Dialect
Krayan Sub-district Nunukan Regency had six vocal phonemes, such as /a/, /i/,
/u/, /e/, //, and /o/. Seventeen of consonant phonemes, such as /p/, /b/, /r/, /l/,
/m/, /n/, /d/, /w/, /y/, /k/, /t/, /s/, /g/, /f/, and /q/. Nine diphthongs, such as /ai/,
/ia/, /u/, /ui/, /ua/, /iu/, /au/, /io/, /i/. Syllable that is discovered is five syllables,
such as V, KV, VK, KVK, and KKV.
From the first of previous study the researcher found the similarities in the
object of the study such as affixes. While, the similarities from the second of
previous study is about descriptive study in Dayak Lundayeh language but there is
not a study had been conducted about affixes of Dayak Lundayeh language and
the implication for learning English. Therefore, the researcher conducts this
research with different object.

III.

RESEARCH METHOD

The design of this study was descriptive qualitative study in which the
writer deals with a process of data required, analyzes the collected data and finally
interpreting the result of analysis. According to Neville (2007:3) qualitative
research was more subjective in nature than quantitative research and involves
examining and reflecting on the less tangible aspects of a research subject, e.g.
values, attitudes, perceptions.
The Analysis on this study was affixes of Dayak Lundayeh language and
the implication for learning English. Kothari (2004:37) also pointed out that
descriptive study concerned with describing the characteristics of a particular
individual, or of a group. The major purpose of descriptive research was
description of the state of affairs as it exists at present. Moreover, Salkind
(2007:250) stated descriptive study presents a detailed phenomenon that exists in
people, a social group, and a condition. It means this research method focused on
the specific accidents that happen and then makes those accidents into common
conclusion.
The researcher asked the subject to answer every question in interview
guide; there were eight questions in interview guide. Afterwards, the researcher
did investigator triangulation in which the researcher asked the senior native
speaker as investigator triangulation to answer every question on interview guide
for investigator in which there were two questions in interview guide for
investigator triangulation and then the researcher asked the investigator
crosscheck the subject answers. After that, the researcher analyzed the data from
the interview.

IV.

FINDING OF THE STUDY

In collecting the data, the researcher had given the interview to the student
of English department who was active native speaker of Dayak Lundayeh
language in Mulawarman University to got data about affixes in Dayak Lundayeh
language. Then, the result from this interview was checked by the senior native
speaker in Sempaja Ujung, Samarinda. Therefore, in this chapter, the researcher
described the analysis and findings in an attempt to answer the research problems
in chapter I.

1. Affixes in Dayak Lundayeh Language

After found the results of the data collection, the researcher determined
and classified of affixes were used in Dayak Lundayeh language:
a. Forms and Functions of Prefixes
Dayak Lundayeh prefixes were affixes attached before a base or root to
form new words. Therefore, all Dayak Lundayeh prefixes below were derivations
in which it was the process whereby new words were formed from existing words
or bases by affixation without concerning on grammatical structure. In Dayak
Lundayeh language, the researcher found as follows:
a. There were some prefixes which were used forming verb in Dayak Lundayeh:
1. /m-/
/m-/ was used for changing a noun into a verb, e.g.:
Prefix

Base Word

Verb

/m- /

[bun] smell

[mun] to sniff, smell

/m- /

[badil] gun

[madil] to shoot

/m- /

[fno] thief

[mno] to steal

[filii] choice

[milii'] to choose

/m- /

2. /m-/
/m-/ was used for changing a noun into a verb, e.g.:
Prefix

Base Word

Verb

/m- /

[riruh] laugh

[mriruh] to laugh

/m- /

[tluh] three

[mtluh] a group of Three

3. /m-/
/m-/ was used for changing a noun into a verb, e.g.:
Prefix

Base Word

Verb

/m-/

[mayu] throw

[memayu] to throw

/m-/

[mlih] buy

[memlih] to buy

4. /n-/
/n-/ was used for changing a noun into a verb, e.g.:
Prefix

Base Word

Verb

/n-/

[tai] cry

[nai'] to cry

/n-/

[tbpk] prick

[nbpk] to stab, pierce

/n-/

[samai] land

[namai] to plant

/n-/

[tfh] dropping

[nfh] to fall

5. /nam-/
/nam-/ was used for changing a noun into a verb, e.g.:
Prefix

Base Word

/nam-/ +

[pian] to like

Verb

[nampian] to dislike

6. /n-/
/n-/ was used for changing a noun into a verb, e.g.:
Prefix

Base Word

/n- / +

[mabal] strike

Verb

[nmabal] to hit

7. /n-/
/n-/ was used for changing a verb into a verb, e.g.:
Prefix

Base Word

/n-/ +

[talaa'] to waste

Verb

[ntalaa'] to lost

8. /-/
/-/ was used for changing a noun into a verb, e.g.:
Prefix

Base Word

Verb

/-/

[utaa] vomit

[utaa] to vomit

/-/

[ubit] bite

[ubit] to bite

/-/

[uut] cigarette

[uut] to suck

/-/

[ukat] digging

[ukat] to dig

/-/

[irup] drink

[irup] to drink

/-/

[abt] rope

[abt] to tie up

/-/

[fut] chopsticks

[fut] to shoot

/-/

[afak] section

[afak] to split

/-/

[imt] handle

[imt] to hold

/-/

[licaa] spittle

[licaa] to spit

/-/

[laak] day

[laak] to cook

/-/

[niat] aim

[iniat] to breathe

/-/

[nufii] dream

[inufii] to dream

/-/

[terawe] opinion

[rawe] to think

/-/

[ktb] cutting

[tb] to cut, hack

/-/

[yap] arithmetic

[iap] to count

9. /-/
/-/ was used for changing an adjective into a verb, e.g.:
Prefix

Base Word

Verb

/-/

[ukab] open

[ukab] to open, to uncover

/-/

[sb] roasted

[sb] to burn

/-/

[lutak] dirty

[lutak] to mess

/-/

[kada] long

[kada] to lengthen

/-/

[sala] wrong

[sala] to blame

10. /rm-/
/rm-/ was used for changing a noun into a verb, e.g.:

Prefix

Base Word

/rm -/ +

[dir] neck

Verb

[rmir] to turn

b. There were some prefixes which were used forming noun in Dayak Lundayeh
language:
1. /l-/
/l-/ was used for changing a noun into a noun, e.g.:
Prefix
/ l- /

Base Word
+

[mulun] life

Noun

[lmulun] person

2. /m-/
/m-/ was used for changing an adjective into a noun, e.g.:
Prefix
/m-/

Base Word
+

[lu] hot

Noun

[mlu'] heat

3. /-/
/-/ was used for changing a verb into a noun, e.g.:
Prefix
/-/

Base Word
+

[kkm] to work

Noun

[km] to work

c. There were some prefixes which were used forming adjective in Dayak
Lundayeh language:
1. /ba-/
/ba-/ was used for changing an adjective into an adjective, e.g.:
Prefix

Base Word

Adjective

/ba- /

[fri] narrow

[Bafri] very narrow

/ba- /

[taga] beautiful

[Bataga] very beautiful

/ba- /

[kupe] lazy

[Bakupe] very lazy

2. /di-/
/di-/ was used for changing a noun into an adjective, e.g.:
Prefix
/di-/

Base Word
+

[duh] two

Adjective

[diduh] both

3. /m-/
/m-/ was used for changing an adjective into an adjective, e.g.:
Prefix

Base Word

Adjective

/m-/

[tnb] cool

[mtnb] cold

/m-/

[lifii] thin

[mlifii] very thin

/m-/

[kupe] lazy

[mkupe] shiftless

4. /n-/
/n-/ was used for changing a verb into an adjective, e.g.:
Prefix
/n-/

Base Word
+

[nir] to hear

Adjective

[nnir] audible

5. /nk-/
/nk-/ was used for changing a noun into an adjective, e.g.:
Prefix

Base Word

/nk-/ +

[rudap] sleep

Adjective

[nkrudap] asleep

d. There were some prefixes which were used forming adverb in Dayak
Lundayeh language:
1. /f-/
/f-/ was used for changing a verb into an adverb, e.g.:
Prefix
/f-/

Base Word
+

[laba] to pass

Adverb

[flaba] very

b. Forms and Functions of Infixes

Dayak Lundayeh infixes were an affix inserted into the root or bases it.
Therefore, Dayak Lundayeh prefixes were also used for derivations, the process
whereby new words were formed from existing words or bases by affixation
without concerning on grammatical structure. In Dayak Lundayeh language, the
researcher found that there was only one infix as follow:
1. /-m-/
/-m-/ was used for changing an adjective into a verb, e.g.:
Base Word

Infix

Verb

[laui] floatable

/-m-/

[lemaui] to swim

[tulud] flying

/-m-/

[tmulud] to fly

c. Forms and Functions of Suffixes

Dayak Lundayeh suffixes were an affix attached after a root or base.
Therefore, Dayak Lundayeh prefixes were also used for derivations, the process
whereby new words were formed from existing words or bases by affixation
without concerning on grammatical structure. In Dayak Lundayeh language, the
researcher found there was only one suffix as follows:
1. /-an/
/-an/ was used for changing a verb into a noun, e.g.:
Base Word
[kkm] to work

Suffix
+

/-an/

Noun

[kkman] work

2. Morphoponemic Change in Dayak Lundayeh Language

In Dayak Lundayeh language, there were morphophonemic change like in
English, such as; loss of phonemes and addition of phonemes but there was no
simple change of phonemes.
a. Loss of Phonemes
In Dayak Lundayeh language, also occurred loss of phonemes, as follows:

1. The phoneme /b/, /f/, /t/, /s/ and /d/ were lost when changing word class (noun to a
verb), e.g. in suffix /m- /, /n-/, /-/ and /rm-/.
Prefix

Base Word

Verb

/m-/

[bun] smell

[mun] to sniff, smell

/m-/

[badil] gun

[madil] to shoot

/m-/

[fno] thief

[mno] to steal

/m-/

[filii] choice

[milii'] to choose

/n-/

[tai] cry

[nai'] to cry

/n-/

[tbpk] prick

[nbpk] to stab, pierce

/n-/

[samai] land

[namai] to plant

/n-/

[tfh] dropping

[nfh] to fall

/-/

[terawe] opinion

[rawe] to think

/-/

[ktb] cutting

[tb] to cut, hack

[dir] neck

[rmir] to turn

/rm-/

2. The phoneme /k/ was lost when changing word class (verb to a noun), e.g. in
suffix /-/.
Prefix
/-/

Base Word
[kkm] to work

Noun
[km] to work

b. Addition of Phonemes
In Dayak Lundayeh language, also occurred addition of phonemes exactly
in prefix met with its base word, the phoneme //, /i/ were added, e.g.:
Prefix

Base Word

Verb

/-/

[licaa] spittle

[licaa] to spit

/-/

[laak] day

[laak] to cook

/-/

[lutak] dirty

[lutak] to mess

/-/

[kada] long

[kada] to lengthen

/-/

[sala] wrong

[sala] to blame

/-/

[niat] aim

[iniat] to breathe

/-/

[nufii] dream

[inufii] to dream

V.

INTERPRETATION

Based on the whole explanation of data analysis above, the researcher

found that in in Dayak Lundayeh language, prefixes had four functions of such as;
forming verb had eight forms, forming noun had three forms, forming
adjective had five forms and forming adverb had only one form, infixes had
only one function such as; forming verb had only one form. Then, in suffixes had
only one function such as; forming noun had only one form. The detail
explanations were as follows:
1. Forms and Functions of Affixes in Dayak Lundayeh Language
According to Carstairs and Carthy (2002:142) derivational morphology
was area of morphology concerned with the way in which lexemes were
related to one another (or in which one lexeme was derived from another)
through processes such as afxation, e.g. the verb lexeme perform was
derivationally related to the nouns performance and performer in which the
word perform were added by the suffixes of ance and -er. The theory above gave
evidence that word formation needed affixes as stated as in example above. In
Dayak Lundayeh language, prefixes had functions such as; forming verb from
noun had eight forms (/m-/, /m-/, /me-/, /n-/, /nam-/, /n-/, /-/, /rm-/) e.g. dier
(neck) became remier (to turn), from adjective had only one form (-), forming
noun from verb had only one form (/-/), from adjective had only one form
(/m-/), forming adjective from verb had only one form (/n-/), from noun had
two forms (/di-/ and /nk-/) and forming adverb from verb had only one form
(/f-/), infixes had only one function such as; forming verb from adjective had
only one form (/-an/). Then, in suffixes had only one function such as; forming
noun from verb had only one form (/-an/).
In the next page, Carstairs and Carthy (2002:49) also stated that not all
derivational processes changed word class. English had derivational processes that
yield nouns with meanings such as nouns derived from nouns. In Dayak
Lundayeh language, affixes had functions such as forming verb from verb had
only one form (/n-/), forming noun from noun only one form (/l-/), forming
adjective from adjective had two forms (/ba-/, /m-/).

2. The Implication of knowing Dayak Lundayeh language in process of

learning English as foreign language
Based on Oghiator (2011:9) in the conclusion part, the researcher found
that the differences in affixation in the two languages were very significant in
language learning and linguistics. The subject stated Yes there are, due to the
differences of affixes in English and Dayak Lundayeh language make it difficult
due to prefixes and suffixes frequently existed in the word class change of English
language. This was due to affix was a morphological process and morphology
was part of the grammar of a language. in which English, prefixes and suffixes
frequently existed in the word class change e.g. prefixes; to forming verb (co-,
dis-, inter-, mis, out-, over-, and en-), forming noun (auto-, centi-, counter-, cyber-,
ex-, non-, over-, out-), forming adjective (bi-, dis-, hyper-, in-, il, im-, ir-, inter-,
mid-, self-, super-, mid-) and forming adverb (inter-, photo-, pre-, psycho-, retro-,
un-, under-, tele-, sub-), suffixes; to forming verb (-en, -ize), forming noun (-ess,
-let, -s, -age, -al, -ee, -er, -or, -ment, -ness, -ation, -ion), forming adjective (-ish,
-able, -ive, -al, ful, -ical, -less, -ly, -ous, -y) and forming adverb (-ward, -wise,
-ly), Meanwhile, in Dayak Lundayeh language, only prefix frequently existed in
the word class change e.g. forming verb (/m-/, /m-/, /me-/, /n-/, /nam-/, /n-/,
/-/, /rm-/), forming noun (/l-/, /-/, /m-/), forming adjective had five forms
(/ba-/, /m-/, /n-/, /di-/, /nk-/) and forming adverb had only one form (/f-/). As
the result, the implication of knowing Dayak Lundayeh language in process of
learning English as foreign language especially related to word formation was due
to the existence of word class change differences in English language and Dayak
Lundayeh language in which in English, prefix and suffix took part in word class
change. As a result, the students should pay attention more studying about prefix
and suffix in English because in Dayak Lundayeh, only prefix majorly took part in
word class change. As a result the students should pay attention more studying
about prefix.

VI.

CONCLUSION

Based on the result of the process data that has been described in the
previous chapter, the researcher concludes that: (1) In Dayak Lundayeh language,
prefixes had four functions, namely forming verb had eight forms (/m-/, /m-/,
/me-/, /n-/, /nam-/, /n-/, /-/, /rm-/), forming noun had three forms (/l-/, /-/,
/m-/), forming adjective had five forms (/ba-/, /m-/, /n-/, /di-/, /nk-/) and
forming adverb had only one form (/f-/), infixes had only one function namely
forming verb had only one form (/-m-/). Then, suffixes had only one function

namely forming noun had only one form (/-an/). (2) The implication of knowing
Dayak Lundayeh language in process of learning English as foreign language
especially related to word formation is due to the existence of word class change
differences in English language and Dayak Lundayeh language in which English,
prefix and suffix majorly took part in word class change. As a result, the students
should pay attention more studying about prefix and suffix in English due to in
Dayak Lundayeh, prefix majorly took part in word class change. As a result, the
students should pay attention more studying about prefix.

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