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Equivalent resistance
Source transformations
Node voltages
Mesh currents
Superposition
node-voltage method 1
Recall:
IS
iVS1
IS2
R1
VS1 +
iR1
b
R2
R3
iR2
iR3
iVS2
+ VS2
d
Using KCL at each node:
a:
b:
c:
d:
EE 201
=
+
=
=
+
+
node-voltage method 2
10 !
R2
5!
IS 1 A
R1
b
R2
IS
c
node-voltage method 3
R1
b
R2
IS
vc = 0
In general, we can choose any node as the reference, but some
choices are better than others. Typically, we should choose a
node that is connected to the positive or negative terminal of a
voltage source.
For this circuit, that implies node a or node c. This time, we
choose node c, so we can now say vc = 0.
EE 201
node-voltage method 4
Step 3 - Identify any other nodes for which the voltages (with respect
to ground) are known.
va = V S
VS
R1
b
R2
IS
vc = 0
For this circuit, the voltage source tells us that node a is VS higher
in voltage than the ground node. Therefore va = VS.
Since the voltage at a is now known, we have reduced the
number of unknowns down to one the voltage at node b.
EE 201
node-voltage method 5
Step 4 - Look for other ways (like resistor reductions) that could be
used to reduce the number of unknown voltages further.
It is not necessary to calculate the voltage at every node. If we
can eliminate non-essential nodes, we should do so.
In this example, we are already down to one node not much more
we can do.
Step 5 - Assign voltage variables to each of the remaining unknown nodes.
va = VS
VS
R1
vb
R2
IS
vc = 0
EE 201
node-voltage method 6
va = VS
VS
iR1
IS
vb
R2
iR2
IS
vc = 0
Step 7 - Use KCL to write equations balancing the currents at each
unknown node.
iR1 + IS = iR2
Step 8 - Use Ohms law to express the resistor currents in terms of the
node voltages on either side of the resistor. Pay attention to polarity!
=
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=
node-voltage method 7
Step 9 - Substitute the Ohms law expressions for the resistor currents
into the KCL equations to form the node-voltage equations.
+
=
=
+
+
+(
+
)(
= .
Finally, the resistor voltages and currents (using Ohms law) can be calculated.
=
=
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=
=
.
= .
= .
=
=
= .
=
= .
node-voltage method 8
node-voltage method 9
Example
Same circuit, but choose a different ground.
1. Identify the nodes.
a
VS
10 V
R1
10 !
R2
5!
IS 1 A
c
R1
b
R2
IS
c
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node-voltage method 10
R1
b
R2
IS
vc = VS
5&6. Assign variables for the unknown voltages. Assign currents for
each branch connected to the nodes.
va = 0
VS
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R1
iR1
IS
vb
R2
iR2
vc = VS
IS
node-voltage method 11
R1
IS
vb
iR1
R2
IS
iR2
vc = VS
iR1 + IS = iR2
+
node-voltage method 12
+
=
=
=
+
+
)(
)
+
node-voltage method 13
another example
VS1 +
10 V
R1
R3
1 k!
5 k!
R2
3 k!
IS
5 mA
R3
VS2
20 V
R1
b
R2
IS
VS2
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node-voltage method 14
va = VS1
VS1 +
R1
R3
b
R2
IS
vc = VS2
+
VS2
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node-voltage method 15
5&6. Assign a variable for the unknown voltage. Assign currents for
each branch connected to the node.
va = VS1
R1
VS1 +
iR1
R3
vb
R2
iR2
IS
iR3
vc = VS2
+
VS2
=
node-voltage method 16
)+(
( .
=
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+
=
)+(
=
+
)(
+
)=
.
node-voltage method 17
Example
In the circuit below, we might like to find the currents of the
resistors. The resistor that bridges across the top makes the short-cut
methods unusable.
R3 30 !
R1
10 !
R2
R4
20 !
40 !
VS +
100 V
x
R1
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R5
50 !
R3
R2
y
VS +
R4
z
R5
node-voltage method 18
x
R1
R2
vy = VS
R4
z
R5
VS +
vg = 0
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node-voltage method 19
5&6. Assign a variable for the unknown voltage. Assign currents for
each branch connected to the node.
R3
R2
vx
R1
iR2
iR1
iR3
VS +
R4
iR4
vz
R5
iR5
z:
=
node-voltage method 20
x:
z:
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
+
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=
+
Final example
(a big one)
R3 50 !
R1 10 !
VS
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+ 15 V
R4 20 !
R2 20 ! IS1
0.25 A
R5 30 !
R6
40 !
IS2
0.5 A
node-voltage method 22
vb R4 iR4
vc R5
R1
iR1
iR3
R2
iR2
vd
iR5
IS1
e
d
R6
iR6
IS2
ve = 0
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node-voltage method 23
iR3
R3
vb R4 iR4
R1
VS
iR1
R2
vc R5
iR5
IS1
iR2
vd
R6
IS2
iR6
+
+
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+
node-voltage method 24
+
+
=
+
+
.
+ .
+ .
=
=
vb = 9.554 V
vc = 8.217 V"
vd = 13.709 V
http://math.bd.psu.edu/~jpp4/finitemath/3x3solver.html
http://www.1728.org/unknwn3.htm
node-voltage method 25