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Abstract
The destruction of toxic organic wastewaters from munitions demilitarization and complex industrial chemical clearly becomes an
overwhelming problem if left to conventional treatment processes. Two options, incineration and supercritical water oxidation (SCWO),
exist for the complete destruction of toxic organic wastewaters. Incinerator has associated problems such as very high cost and public
resentment; on the other hand, SCWO has proved to be a very promising method for the treatment of many different wastewaters
with extremely efficient organic waste destruction 99.99% with none of the emissions associated with incineration. In this review, the
concepts of SCWO, result and present perspectives of application, and industrial status of SCWO are critically examined and discussed.
Key words: supercritical water oxidation; toxic wastewater treatment; SCWO industrial status
Introduction
The world is facing a waste crisis from organic and toxic
wastes today. Every year the amount of those wastes generated by industrial and domestic sources increase rapidly.
The treatment of organic and toxic waste is becoming more
difficult and costly because of more stringent treatment
standards and discharge limitations. Public health concerns
are the driving force for the continued legislation aimed at
providing a cleaner and safer environment. Furthermore,
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) goals suggest
destruction levels up to 99.9999% of some compounds and
use of totally enclosed treatment facilities. The increased
environmental constrains and unfavorable public opinion
have challenged the continuing application of conventional
waste management techniques (Li et al., 1991).
Conventional technologies currently used to treat all
types of organic and toxic wastes include adsorption,
biological oxidation, chemical oxidation, land-based, and
incineration. Each of these treatment methods has shortcomings and therefore may not be the best option for
treating organic and toxic wastes. Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) has been proposed as a technology capable
of destroying a very wide range of organic hazardous
waste. It has been drawing much attention due to effectively destroy a large variety of high-risk wastes resulting
from munitions demilitarization and complex industrial
chemical.
The primary advantage of the SCWO process over such
Project supported by the Korea Institute of Science and Technology
(KIST). *Corresponding author. E-mail: jdkim@kist.re.kr.
514
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Supercritical water oxidation for the destruction of toxic organic wastewaters: A review
515
516
(Hurley, 1996).
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4 Industrial status
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Supercritical water oxidation for the destruction of toxic organic wastewaters: A review
517
Licenses
Large-scale plants
Application
MODAR
Organo
MODEC
Organo, Hitachi,
NGK
Komatsu, Kurita
Waste Industries
Nittetsu Semiconductor,
Japan (constructed by Organo)
None
General Atomics
Foster-Wheeler
EcoWaste
Technologies (EWT)
Chematur
Chematur
Shinko Pantec
SRI International
Mitsubishi Heavy
Industries
Hydro-Processing
Hanwha Chemical
518
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5 Conclusions
SCWO provides a potential alternative for processing
hazardous and toxic organic wastes without the concomitant production of noxious byproduct, as might be
experienced with combustion based technologies. The
primary challenges that are inhibiting the rapid commercialization of SCWO are the high operating pressure,
possible plugging of the reactor due to salt formation,
corrosive behavior, and pre-commercial higher processing
costs. With active research underway to understand and
resolve the problems of plugging from salts and corrosion,
the development of novel reactor designs to alleviate these
No. 5
Supercritical water oxidation for the destruction of toxic organic wastewaters: A review
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