1- How to identify the research gap?

2- How to decide research objectives?

In general, research objectives describe what we expect to achieve by a
project. Research objectives are usually expressed in lay terms and are
directed as much to the client as to the researcher. Research objectives may
be linked with a hypothesis or used as a statement of purpose in a study that
does not have a hypothesis.
Objectives are usually headed by infinitive verbs such as:
To identify, To establish, To describe, To determine, To estimate, To develop, To
compare, To analyses, To collect
3- What are the features of writing background of research?
4- Differentiate hypothesis and research questions?
Research Questions:

Used to analyze and investigate a topic. It is written as a

question and is inquisitive in nature.
A properly written question will be clear and concise. It should
contain the topic being studied (purpose), the variable(s), and the population.
Three main types of questions:
o
Causal Questions Compares two or more phenomena
and determines if a relationship exists. Often called relationship research
questions. Example: Does the amount of calcium in the diet of
elementary school children effect the number of cavities they have per
year?
o
Descriptive Questions Seek to describe a phenomena
and often study how much, how often, or what is the change.
Example: How often do college-aged students use Twitter?
o
Comparative Questions Aim to examine the difference
between two or more groups in relation to one or more variables. The
questions often begin with What is the difference in.... Example: What
is the difference in caloric intake of high school girls and boys?
The type of research question will influence the research
design.
Once data has been collected, it will be analyzed and
conclusions can be made.
Hypothesis:
It is predictive in nature and typically used when significant knowledge
already exists on the subject which allows the prediction to be made.
Data is then collected, analyzed, and used to support or negate the
hypothesis, arriving at a definite conclusion at the end of the research.
It is always written as a statement and should be developed before any data
is collected.

A complete hypothesis should include: the variables, the population, and the
predicted relationship between the variables.
Commonly used in quantitative research, but not qualitative research which
often seeks answers to open-ended questions.
Examples: A company wellness program will decrease the number sick days
claimed by employees. Consuming vitamin C supplements will reduce the
incidence of the common cold in teenagers.

Though research question and hypothesis serve the same purpose, their
differences necessitate using either in a particular research type. In general,
quantitative research favors the hypothesis while research question is
preferred in qualitative research.
Hypothesis is predictive in nature and predicts relationship between variables
Hypothesis is more specific than research question
Research question poses a question while hypothesis predicts the outcome of
the research
5- How a research time table is decided?
6- What is the significance of research in modern era?
7- What is the difference b/w referencing and citation with examples?
8- Enlist different styles of referencing with example?
9- Enlist the qeueral rules for citation with examples?
10-Difference b/w an introduction and literature review?
In the introduction, you are attempting to inform the reader about the
rationale behind the work, justifying why your work is an essential component
of research in the field.
The introduction is the broad beginning of the paper that answers three
important questions:
What was I studying?
Why was this topic important to investigate?
What did we know about this topic before I did this study?
How will this study advance new knowledge or new ways of understanding?
Literature review is normally chapter two, and is a study of other people's
work in the field/ topic you are researching on. Your work is not 100% your
creation. it is an improvement of so many other people's work. Literature
review is a way of showing you are not repeating what has already been done
but that you are improving on what is already obtainable.
11-Discuss the different features of research paper?
The title of the research paper, which illustrates the problem that the paper is
trying to solve, should be direct and specific. The abstract's purpose is to

provide a quick review of what is in the rest of the paper. Abstracts, which are
brief, contain a brief synopsis of the topic covered in the full length paper.
The introduction of the paper talks about the broad overall topic, then
narrows down the discussion to the specifics contained in the rest of the
paper. The literature review describes past research on the topic plus any
new research found.
The method section discusses the methodology behind the research problem.
Those reading the paper need to understand the methods used so they can
duplicate the research or experiment.
The analysis of the results is presented in the next section. The discussion
and conclusion section elaborates on how this research correeslat with
previous research on the topic along with the potential for future research.
References need to be cited in alphabetical order at the end of the paper.

12-What are the typical styles of writing a title? Introduction? Abstract?

Methodology?
13-Write some guidelines for searching literature?
A literature search is a systematic and thorough search of all types of
published literature in order to identify a breadth of good quality references
relevant to a specific topic.
Why carry out a literature search?
There are several aims of this kind of search:
Review existing critical opinions/theories
Identify current research findings on a topic
Identify potential research methods or models you could use
having carried out research, enabling comparison with your own research
findings
The Stages of the Literature Search A good literature search involves the
following steps which should be worked through systematically:
1. Background reading and preparation
2. Working with your title: identify search terms
3. Identify the resources to search
4. Search using search techniques
5. Collate your results
DATABASES AND RESOURCES Databases used for searching the literature
include citations and/or abstracts to content such as peer-reviewed journal
articles, dissertations, meeting abstracts, reviews, newspapers, and other
works. Databases vary depending on subject coverage, indexed content, date

coverage and other features. Consult the users guide or select the help icon
in each database for more information.
14-Enlist different search engines for literature search?
http://scholar.google.com/ http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu
http://www.getcited.org/ http://academic.research.microsoft.com/
http://www.bioline.org.br/ http://www.doaj.org/ http://www.plosone.org/
http://www.bioone.org/ http://iopscience.iop.org/1468-6996/
http://www.sciencedirect.com/

E l e m e n t s o f a Re s e a r c h Pa p e r
Set the stage; state the problem (introduction)

Topic:
generally describe the topic and how it fits into your field of study
Set the scene
Describe the environment and its conditions
Get permission before using personal information
Introduce and describe the problem
Describe what you intend to show/argue and why
What is its significance?
Illustrate the problem with an interesting example
(Remember you are writing for an audience and want to capture their interest)
Begin to define terms, concepts, vocabulary
If possible, use one authoritative source or combine definitions and footnote

your sources
Later in the development of your paper, be conscious of using new terms and
their definitions
Since tasks begun well, likely have good finishes (Sophocles)
review the topic, scene, and problem with your teacher or supervisor to verify if
you are on the right path

Review the Literature

What research is relevant?
How is it organized? c.f.: Writing Center/University of Wisconsin's Review of literature

Develop your Hypotheses

Your hypothesis is your proposed explanation that you will test to determine whether it is true or
false
It will contain measurable variables (those that change or can be manipulated)
with results that can be compared with each other.
Avoid over-generalizing, and reference the research findings of others to support why you think
this will work
C.F. National Health Museum's Writing Hypotheses: a student lesson

Methods
Give enough information so that others can follow your procedure,
and can replicate it (and hopefully come up with the same findings and conclusions as you did!)

Describe your procedure as completely as possible so that someone can

duplicate it completely
Define your sample and its characteristics
These should be consistent throughout the test
List the variables used
These are what change, or that you manipulate, throughout the test
Try to anticipate criticism that affects either your internal or external validity
These might be considered "flaws"

Findings
This is descriptive and numeric data

Discussion
Develop your argument based upon your findings.
While the data may read for itself, you will need to interpret

how it validates your hypothesis

what falls outside of validity

how it impacts the literature you cited
where further research is needed

Conclusion
Restate and summarize your findings and discussion either in order to simply complexity or to
provide a summary for those who skip to it!

References
Verify with your teacher the proper format

Recommendations:
A research paper is not an essay, an editorial, or a story.
All assertions of fact must be documented.
Be careful of any generalizations that you make.
Strive to be value-free in your inquiry.