Gastritis and the Combustion Analysis

Group 2
Alisya Purnama Ramadhania
Anjanni Fitri Siddhartha
Emyr Armandiego Soeharto
Maria Prisca Meivita
Marwam Omar

I.

Introduction
The flavor that we taste from lemon is sour. The flavor of the soap is bitter. Well, from
these simple examples, we know that lemon is an example of acid, and soap is an example of
base. But of course we could not determine does the elements in the periodic table is acid or
base by our tongue. Because, it will be very dangerous if we taste the acid that has a really
small number of pH and a base that has a really high number of pH. We could determine them
by the universal pH parameter, the red or blue paper to prove that the element that we test is an
acid or base. So we do not have to taste them by our tongue to know that element is an acid or
base.
But, to calculate the real number of the acid or base, we could use the calculation
depend on the element. Is the element a base or an acid? So, the formula of an acid is different
from the formula for base. And, to calculate the pH of the element it all depends on the element
itself. If the element is a strong acid or strong base, it has different formula from the element
that is weak acids or weak base. And maybe from the reaction, the solution could be buffer or
hydrolysis. And they have different formula from each other. So, of course to calculate the pH
of an element is not easy.

II.

Theory of Fundamentals Principles

What is Gastritis
Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach lining. Gastritis can be caused by many different
factors, isncluding:
Medications such as aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)
Infection with the Helicobacter pylori bacteria, the organism responsible for themajority of
stomach and duodenal ulcers
Alcohol
The backflow of bile from the small intestine (duodenum)
Some allergic and immune conditions for example, pernicious anaemia
Exposure to radiation.
Treatment for gastritis may include:
Identifying the cause once the cause is identified, steps can be taken to avoid exposure. For
example, if alcohol is triggering the inflammation, you can abstain or reduce the amount of
alcohol you drink. Anti-inflammatory drugs taken to help manage other conditions may need
to be stopped or replaced with an alternative.
Medications We can take antacids to cure gastritis. Antacids neutralize existing stomach
acid and can provide rapid pain relief. Side effects can include constipation or diarrhea,
depending on the main ingredients.
Dietary modifications such as limiting or avoiding alcohol and caffeine, which can irritate
the stomach lining.
No treatment often gastritis is found by chance during an endoscopy. If Helicobacter
pylori is not present, and there are no other features seen on biopsy, there is usually no need to
treat the gastritis.

The pH Condition of Stomach and Factors that Affect pH Value in Stomach

pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. Solutions with a pH
less than 7 are said to be acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic or alkaline.
Pure water has a pH very close to 7.
The stomach is acid (=low pH). This is because the chemical reactions needed to break
large molecules from food into smaller molecules needs an acid environment. Our stomach
secretes hydrochloric acid, but the pH of our stomach isn't necessarily the same as the pH of the
acid. The pH of our stomach varies, from 1-2 up to 4-5. When we eat, the stomach releases
proteases and hydrochloric acid to aid in digestion. By itself, the acid doesn't really do much for
digestion, but the proteases that cleave proteins work best in an acidic environment or low pH,
so after a high-protein meal, our stomach pH may drop to as low as 1 or 2. However, buffers
quickly raise the pH back to 3 or 4. After the meal has been digested, our stomach pH returns to
a resting level of about 4 or 5.
What is Antacids?
Antacids are medicines that neutralize stomach acid. They are used to relieveacid
indigestion, upset stomach, sour stomach, and heartburn. Antacids are taken by mouth and work
by neutralizing excess stomach acid. They contain ingredients such as aluminum hydroxide,
calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, and sodium bicarbonate, alone or in various
combinations. Antacid products may also contain other ingredients such as simethicone, which
relieves gas.
Antacids differ in how quickly they work and how long they provide relief. Those that
dissolve rapidly in the stomach, such as magnesium hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate, bring
the fastest relief. Antacids that contain calcium carbonate or aluminum dissolve more slowly
and can take up to 30 minutes to begin working. The longer an antacid stays in the stomach, the
longer it works. Those that contain calcium carbonate or aluminum work longer than those that
contain sodium bicarbonate or magnesium. Also, taking any kind of antacid after meal, instead
of on an empty stomach, provides longer-lasting relief because the medicine stays in the
stomach.
Among the brands of antacid products on the market are Alka-Seltzer, Maalox,
Mylanta, Tums, and Rolaids. Generic forms are also available. These products can be bought
without a prescription and come in tablet (regular and chewable), lozenge, and liquid forms.
Antacids are meant to be used only occasionally. They should not be taken
continuously for more than two weeks unless under a physician's directions. Taking antacids
over long periods could mask the symptoms of a serious stomach or intestinal problem, such as
peptic ulcer disease. Older people should be especially careful, as they may have ulcers without
showing the typical symptoms. If any signs of appendicitis or inflamed bowel are present,
antacids should not be taken. Symptoms of appendicitis include cramping, pain, and soreness
inthe lower abdomen, bloating, and nausea and vomiting.
Antacids may interact with many other medicines. When this happens, the effects of
one or both drugs may change, or the risk of side effects may be greater. Anyone taking a
prescription drug should check with his or her physician before taking antacids. Antacids may
affect the results of some medical tests. When scheduling a medical test, ask whether it is all
right to take antacids before the test.
Side effects are very rare when antacids are taken as directed. They are more likely
when the medicine is taken in large doses or over a long time. Minor side effects include a

chalky taste, mild constipation or diarrhea, thirst, stomach cramps, and whitish or speckled
stools. These symptoms do not need medical attention unless they do not go away or they
interfere with normal activities.

Knowing the Process of Neutralization in Stomach

As would be expected of a substance inside the body that is able to digest the living
tissue around it, some problems can arise with stomach acid that would require some of it to be
neutralized. The most recognized problem is when the acid leaks upward through a valve into
the esophagus, causing what is known as acid reflux or heartburn. Heartburn is when the
stomach acids get into the esophagus and eat away at the lining, causing a burning sensation in
the chest and throat. Leakage into the esophagus can be caused by a variety of reasons,
including spicy foods, too much food, too little food, being overweight etc. In order to reduce
the leakage of stomach acid into the esophagus, neutralization of some of the acid would be
required, lest the esophagus receives permanent damage. In order to do this, antacids, which
contain base materials, are taken.
In order to expunge heartburn, some of the acid within the stomach needs to be
neutralized. To do this, an antacid is taken. These antacids contain chemicals used to neutralize
some of the acid in the stomach. In order to do so, a base chemical, generally aluminum
hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide are used, as they're weak enough to not neutralize all of the
acid, but strong enough to still neutralize enough of it. These compounds are also not very
soluble, which means that not enough hydroxide ions are produced during taking the antacid to
cause any irritation in the throat or mouth. However, it is generally a good idea not to take too
many antacids of any type at once, as not only would the neutralization of so much acid make
digesting foods difficult, but certain antacids, such as Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate (NaHCO3),
contain sodium ions we already receive from salted foods.
Due to the chemical composition of the antacids, when they come in contact with the
hydrochloric acid within the stomach acid, a chemical process occurs that neutralizes the acid.
This is because the antacids contain weak base substances as mentioned previously. Although
the chemical equation of neutralization differs based on what kind of antacid taken, an example
using Aluminum Hydroxide would be:
3 HCl(aq) + Al(OH)3(s) AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2O(l):

The chemical equations for Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate and Calcium Carbonate antacids.
In conclusion stomach acid is an important fluid in our bodies even though it has the
capability of eating us from the inside. That being said, without it, there would be no way for us
to digest foods. Even though it is potentially harmful but also absolutely needed, there are times
when the acid gets out of hand and causes heartburn which harms our esophagus'. When that
arises, antacids are needed to neutralize some of the acid within the stomach. Be it Tums,
Rolaids, Pepcid Complete or a simple teaspoon of baking soda, some kind of basic substance is
needed to get the amount of acid back under control.

Determines the Chemical Reaction and pH

First of all, before the reaction between acids and base, we have to know exactly, what is acid
and what is base. And what is exactly pH.
Acid
Acids produce by the molecule that ionizes in the water and form hydrogen ions H + (aq). A
hydrogen ion in this aqueous solution is a proton. And that is why acids are often called
proton donors. Molecules of different acids ionize to form different numbers of ions H + ions.
The molecule that yielding one H+ per molecule of acid is called monoprotic acid. The
example of the acid is HCl. And diprotic acid is a molecule that yields two H + per molecule.
The example of this diprotic acid is H2SO4. The ionization of H2SO4:
H2SO4(aq) 2H+(aq) + SO4-2(aq)
Base
Base is the opposite of acids. The bases is the accepters of a proton. Bases produce hydroxide
ions (OH-) when they dissolve in water. The example, NaOH, when it dissolved in water, they
produce ion OH- and Na+. The ion OH- is what makes the aqueous in bases condition. But the
molecule that does not has OH- can be also a bases, for example NH 3. The equation of the
compound is:
NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)
The pH

The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.
A pH of 7 is neutral. A pH less than 7 is acidic. A pH greater than 7 is basic.

The Difference between Strong Acids and Weak Acids and How to Calculate Them.
Strong Acids and Bases
Strong acids is the compound that ionized 100% in the water. The reaction lies entirely to the
right, so in this reaction, we are using the equilibrium arrows. The example of strong acids:
HNO3(aq) H+(aq) + NO3-(aq)
In aqueous solution of a strong acid, the acid is normally significant source of H + ions.
While the bases acids is the compound ionized 100% in the water. The example:
NaOH(aq) Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)
In aqueous solution of strong bases, the bases is normally significant source of OH -.
Weak Acids and Bases
The same like strong acids, but weak acids does not ionized 100% in the water. The example
of the equation:
And weak bases does not ionized 100% in the water.

Calculating the Strong Acids and Weak Acids and Bases

o

Strong Acids
[H+]

= electron valence of strong acids x Concentration of strong acids

Strong Base
[OH-] = electron valence of strong bases x concentration of strong bases
Weak Acids (use Ka, the acids dissociation constant)
[H+]

Ka x concentrationof weak acids

Weak Base ( use Kb, the bases dissociation constant)

[OH-] =

Kb x concentrationof weak bases

The Calculation of Neutralization

A neutralization reaction is when an acid and a base react to form water and a salt and
involves the combination of H+ ions and OH- ions to generate water. The neutralization of a
strong acid and strong base has a pH equal to 7. The neutralization of a strong acid and weak
base will have a pH of less than 7, and conversely, the resulting pH when a strong base
neutralizes a weak acid will be greater than 7.
When a solution is neutralized, it means that salts are formed from equal weights of acid
and base. The amount of acid needed is the amount that would give one mole of protons (H+)
and the amount of base needed is the amount that would give one mole of (OH-). Because salts

are formed from neutralization reactions with equivalent concentrations of weights of acids and
bases: N parts of acid will always neutralize N parts of base.
Strong Acids
HCl
HBr
HI
HCIO4
HNO3
H2SO4

Strong Bases
LiOH
NaOH
KOH
RbOH
CsOH
Ca(OH)2
Sr(OH)2
Ba(OH)2

Strong Acid-Strong Base Neutralization

HCl(aq)+NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq)+H2O(l)
Acid

base salt

+ water

When you get rid of all of the spectator ions, the net ionic equation shows the H+ and OH- ions
forming water in a strong acid, strong base reaction:
H+ (aq) + OH-(aq) H2O(l)
When a strong acid and a strong base fully neutralize then the pH is neutral, which means that
the pH is equal to 7.00 at 25 degrees Celsius. At this point of neutralization, there are equal
amounts of OH- and H3O+. There is no excess NaOH. The solution is NaCL at
the equivalence point. When a strong acid neutralizes a strong base, the pH of the salt solution
will always be 7.
Weak Acid-Weak Base Neutralization
A weak acid, weak base reaction can be shown by the net ionic equation example:
H+(aq)+NH3(aq) NH+4(aq)
The equivalence point of a neutralization reaction is when both the acid and the base in the
reaction have been completely consumed and neither of them are in excess. When a strong acid
neutralizes a weak base, the resulting solution's pH will be less than 7. When a strong base
neutralizes a weak acid, the resulting solution's pH will be greater than 7.

strong acid + strong base, e.g., HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O When strong acids and strong
bases react, the products are salt and water. The acid and base neutralize each other, so the
solution will be neutral (pH=7) and the ions that are formed will not reaction with the water.

strong acid + weak base, e.g., HCl + NH3 NH4Cl The reaction between a strong acid and a
weak base also produces a salt, but water is not usually formed because weak bases tend not to
be hydroxides. In this case, the water solvent will react with the cation of the salt to reform the
weak base. For example:HCl (aq) + NH3 (aq) NH4+ (aq) + Cl- whileNH4- (aq) + H2O
NH3 (aq) + H3O+ (aq)

weak acid + strong base, e.g., HClO + NaOH NaClO + H2O When a weak acid reacts with
a strong base the resulting solution will be basic. The salt will be hydrolyzed to form the acid,
together with the formation of the hydroxide ion from the hydrolyzed water molecules.

weak acid + weak base, e.g., HClO + NH3 NH4ClO The pH of the solution formed from
the reaction of a weak acid with a weak base depends on the relative strengths of the reactants.
For example, if the acid HClO has a Ka of 3.4 x 10-8 and the base NH3 has a Kb = 1.6 x 10-5,
then the aqueous solution of HClO and NH3 will be basic because the Ka of HClO is less than
the Ka of NH3.

How to Determine the Molecular Formula

The empirical formula of a chemical compound is a representation of the simplest whole
number ratio between the elements comprising the compound. The molecular formula is the
representation of the actual whole number ratio between the elements of the compound. This
step by step tutorial shows how to calculate the empirical and molecular formulas for a
compound.
Problem:
A molecule with molecular weight of 180.18 g/mol is analyzed and found to contain 40.00%
carbon, 6.72% hydrogen and 53.28% oxygen.
What are the empirical and molecular formulas of the molecule?
Solution::
Finding the empirical and molecular formula is basically the reverse process used to calculate
mass percent.
Step 1: Find the number of moles of each element in a sample of the molecule.
Our molecule contains 40.00% carbon, 6.72% hydrogen and 53.28% oxygen. This means a
100 gram sample contains:
40.00 grams of carbon (40.00% of 100 grams)
6.72 grams of hydrogen (6.72% of 100 grams)
53.28 grams of oxygen (53.28% of 100 grams)
Note: 100 grams is used for a sample size just to make the math easier. Any sample size could
be used, the ratios between the elements will remain the same.
Using these numbers we can find the number of moles of each element in the 100 gram sample.
Divide the number of grams of each element in the sample by the atomic weight of the element
(from the periodic table) to find the number of moles.
moles C = 40.00 g x 1 mol C/12.01 g/mol C = 3.33 moles C
moles H = 6.72 g x 1 mol H/1.01 g/mol H = 6.65 moles H
moles O = 53.28 g x 1 mol O/16.00 g/mol O = 3.33 moles O
Step 2: Find the ratios between the number of moles of each element.

Select the element with the largest number of moles in the sample. In this case, the 6.65 moles
of hydrogen is the largest. Divide the number of moles of each element by the largest number.
Simplest mole ratio between C and H: 3.33 mol C/6.65 mol H = 1 mol C/2 mol H
The ratio is 1 mole C for every 2 moles H
Simplest ratio between O and H: 3.33 moles O/6.65 moles H = 1 mol O/2 mol H
The ratio between O and H is 1 mole O for every 2 moles of H

Step 3: Find the empirical formula.

We have all the information we need to write the empirical formula. For every 2 moles of
hydrogen, there is one mole of carbon and one mole of oxygen.
The empirical formula is CH2O.
Step 4: Find the molecular weight of the empirical formula.
We can use the empirical formula to find the molecular formula using the molecular weight of
the compound and the molecular weight of the empirical formula.
The empirical formula is CH2O. The molecular weight is
molecular weight of CH2O = (1 x 12.01 g/mol) + (2 x 1.01 g/mol) + (1 x 16.00 g/mol)
molecular weight of CH2O = (12.01 + 2.02 + 16.00) g/mol
molecular weight of CH2O = 30.03 g/mol
Step 5: Find the number of empirical formula units in the molecular formula.
The molecular formula is a multiple of the empirical formula. We were given the molecular
weight of the molecule, 180.18 g/mol. Divide this number by the molecular weight of the
empirical formula to find the number of empirical formula units that make up the compound.
Number of empirical formula units in compound = 180.18 g/mol/30.03 g/mol
Number of empirical formula units in compound = 6
Step 6: Find the molecular formula.
It takes six empirical formula units to make the compound, so multiply each number in the
empirical formula by 6.
molecular formula = 6 x CH2O
molecular formula = C(1 x 6)H(2 x 6)O(1 x 6)
molecular formula = C6H12O6
Solution:
The empirical formula of the molecule is CH2O.
The molecular formula of the compound is C6H12O6.
Carboxylic group and their characteristics

CARBOXYLIC GROUP
A carboxylic is an organic acid characterized by the presence of at
least one carboxyl group. The general formula of a carboxylic acid is RCOOH, where R is some monovalent functional group.

Carboxyl groups frequently ionize, releasing the H from the hydroxyl

group as a free proton (H+), with the remaining O carrying a negative
charge. This charge "flip-flops" back and forth between the two oxygen
atoms, which makes this ionized state relatively stable. (Hydroxyl groups
sometimes ionize momentarily, but the resulting ionic forms are not stable
and the ions immediately rejoin.

Molecules containing carboxyl groups are called carboxylic acids and

dissociate partially into H+ and COO.

The name counts the total number of carbon atoms in the longest
chain - including the one in the -COOH group. If you have side groups
attached to the chain, notice that you always count from the carbon atom in
the -COOH group as being number 1.
Salts of Carboxylic Acids
Carboxylic acids are acidic because of the hydrogen in the -COOH
group. When the acids form salts, this is lost and replaced by a metal.
Sodium ethanoate, for example, has the structure:

Depending on whether or not you wanted to stress the ionic nature of

the compound, this would be simplified to CH 3COO- Na+ or just CH3COONa.
Notice that the bond between the sodium and the ethanoate is ionic.
Don't draw a line between the two (implying a covalent bond) because then
that would be a mistake. Although the name is written with the sodium first,
the formula is always written in one of the ways shown.
Boiling points
Before we look at carboxylic acids, a reminder about alcohols:
The boiling points of alcohols are higher than those of alkanes of
similar size because the alcohols can form hydrogen bonds with each other
as well as van der Waals dispersion forces and dipole-dipole interactions.
prop
an-1-ol

CH3CH2C
H2OH

etha

CH3COO

9
7
.
2

C
1

noic acid

1
8

These are chosen for comparison because they have identical relative
molecular masses and almost the same number of electrons (which affects
van der Waals dispersion forces). The higher boiling points of the carboxylic
acids are still caused by hydrogen bonding, but operating in a different way.
In a pure carboxylic acid, hydrogen bonding can occur between two
molecules of acid to produce a dimer.
This immediately doubles the size of the molecule and so increases the
van der Waals dispersion forces between one of these dimers and its
neighbours - resulting in a high boiling point.

Solubility in Water
In the presence of water, the carboxylic acids don't dimer-ise. Instead,
hydrogen bonds are formed between water molecules and individual
molecules of acid. The carboxylic acids with up to four carbon atoms will
mix with water in any proportion. When you mix the two together, the
energy released when the new hydrogen bonds form is much the same as is
needed to break the hydrogen bonds in the pure liquids.
The solubility of the bigger acids decreases very rapidly with size. This
is because the longer hydrocarbon "tails" of the molecules gets between
water molecules and break hydrogen bonds. In this case, those broken
hydrogen bonds are only replaced by weaker van der Waals dispersion
forces therefore making them less soluble.
OXALIC ACID
Oxalic acid, also called Ethanedioic Acid, is a colorless, crystalline,
toxic organic compound belonging to the family of carboxylic acids. Oxalic
acid is widely used as an acid rinse in laundries, where it is effective in

removing rust and ink stains because it converts most insoluble iron
compounds into a soluble complex ion. For the same reason, it is the chief
constituent of many commercial preparations used for removing scale from
automobile radiators. The formula of oxalic acid is (C2H2O4) though it is
also written as (HOOC-COOH).

Properties

Relatively strong acid, despite being a carboxylic acid.

Hygroscopic (retains moisture) and sensitive to heat.

May react violently with furfuryl alcohol, silver, sodium,

perchlorate, sodium hypochlorite, strong oxidizers, sodium
chlorite, acid chlorides, metals and alkali metals.

The heating of mixtures of Oxalic acid and urea has lead to

explosions. This is due to the rapid generation of the gases,
CO2, CO, and NH3.

Oxalic acid and urea react at high temperatures to form toxic

and flammable ammonia and carbon monoxide gasses, and
inert CO2 gas.

III.

Questions

1. The information needed about what is gastritis and how to cure them?
Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach lining. Gastritis can be caused by many different
factors, isncluding:
Medications such as aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)
Infection with the Helicobacter pylori bacteria, the organism responsible for themajority of
stomach and duodenal ulcers
Alcohol
The backflow of bile from the small intestine (duodenum)
Some allergic and immune conditions for example, pernicious anaemia
Exposure to radiation.
Treatment for gastritis may include:
Identifying the cause once the cause is identified, steps can be taken to avoid exposure. For
example, if alcohol is triggering the inflammation, you can abstain or reduce the amount of
alcohol you drink. Anti-inflammatory drugs taken to help manage other conditions may need
to be stopped or replaced with an alternative.
Medications We can take antacids to cure gastritis. Antacids neutralize existing stomach
acid and can provide rapid pain relief. Side effects can include constipation or diarrhea,
depending on the main ingredients.
Dietary modifications such as limiting or avoiding alcohol and caffeine, which can irritate
the stomach lining.

No treatment often gastritis is found by chance during an endoscopy. If Helicobacter

pylori is not present, and there are no other features seen on biopsy, there is usually no need to
treat the gastritis.

2. Do you know how is the pH condition inside the stomach? What factors that affect its
value in stomach?
pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. Solutions with a pH
less than 7 are said to be acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic or alkaline.
Pure water has a pH very close to 7.
The stomach is acid (=low pH). This is because the chemical reactions needed to
break large molecules from food into smaller molecules needs an acid environment. Our
stomach secretes hydrochloric acid, but the pH of our stomach isn't necessarily the same as
the pH of the acid. The pH of our stomach varies, from 1-2 up to 4-5. When we eat, the
stomach releases proteases and hydrochloric acid to aid in digestion. By itself, the acid doesn't
really do much for digestion, but the proteases that cleave proteins work best in an acidic
environment or low pH, so after a high-protein meal, our stomach pH may drop to as low as 1
or 2. However, buffers quickly raise the pH back to 3 or 4. After the meal has been digested,
our stomach pH returns to a resting level of about 4 or 5.
3. How do you think the antacids can help to cure gastritis?
Treatment of gastritis depends on the specific cause. Acute gastritis caused by
NSAIDs or alcohol may be relieved by stopping use of those substances. Chronic gastritis
caused by H. pylori infection is treated by eradicating the bacteria. Most gastritis treatment
plans also incorporate medications that treat stomach acid in order to reduce signs and
symptoms you're experiencing and promote healing in your stomach. Antacids are
medications that increase the pH balance in your stomach. A number of symptoms, including
gastritis, can be treated with them.
Antacids that neutralize stomach acid. Your doctor may include an antacid in your
drug regimen. Antacids neutralize existing stomach acid and can provide rapid pain relief.
Side effects can include constipation or diarrhea, depending on the main ingredients.

4. You read from the label on the bottle of Mylanta, it contains of Alumunium hydroxide
1000 mg and Magnesium hydroxide 1000 mg for each 5 ml solution. Can you make a
prediction of what chemical reaction occur in Sari stomach?
Neutralization reaction between stomach acid (HCl) and Mylanta. Mylanta contains
Aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)3, and Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2
So, there will be 2 reactions:
HCl(aq) +
Al(OH)3 (aq)
3HCl(aq) +
Al(OH)3 (aq)
HCl(aq) +
Mg(OH)2 (aq)
2HCl(aq) +
Mg(OH)2 (aq)

AlCl3(aq) +
AlCl3(aq) +
MgCl2(aq)
MgCl2(aq)

H2O(l)
3H2O(l)
+
H2O(l)
+
2H2O(l)

5. They have hydrochloric acid and acetic acid solutions 0,05M and each 50 mL of acids is
mixed with potassium hydroxide solution 0,10M 20 mL. what reaction occur on each
mixture? What is the pH of each solution?
HCl + KOH
Reaction:
HCl(aq) + KOH(aq) KCl(aq) + H2O(l)
The pH of HCl + KOH:
First of all, we have to find the mole of each reactant
HCl 0,05 M ; 50 mL. KOH 0,10 M ; 20 mL.

Mole of HCl

volume of HCl x concentrationof HCl

= 0,05 L x 0,05 M
= 0,0025 mole
Mole of KOH =

volume of KOH x concentration of KOH

= 0,02 L x 0,1 M
= 0,0020 mole

Start
React
Result

HCl(aq)
+
0,0025 moles
0,0020 moles
0,0005 moles

KOH(aq)
0,0020 moles
0,0020 moles
-

KCl(aq)

+ H2O(l)
0,0020 moles
0,0020 moles
0,0020 moles
0,0020 moles

The compound that does not react is HCl at about 0,0005 moles. So, we could count from the
reaction above:
Concentration of HCl
[H+]
pH

volume
moles of HCl
ta; =

0,0005moles
0,07 L

= valence electron of HCl x Concentration total

= 1 x 7,14 x 10-3
= 7,14 x 10-3
= -log [H+]
= -log [7,14 x 10-3]
= 3 log 7,14

CH3COOH + KOH
Reaction:
CH3COOH(aq) + KOH(aq) CH3COOK(aq) + H2O(l)
The pH of CH3COOH + KOH:
First of all, we have to find the mole of each reactant
CH3COOH 0,05 M ; 50 mL. KOH 0,10 M ; 20 mL.

= 7, 14 x 10-3 M

Mole of CH3COOH

volume of CH 3 COOH x concentrationof CH 3 COOH

= 0,05 L x 0,05 M
= 0,0025 mole
Mole of KOH

volume of KOH x concentration of KOH

= 0,02 L x 0,1 M
= 0,0020 mole
CH3COOH (aq) + KOH (aq) CH3COOK (aq)
0,0025 moles
0,0020 moles
0,0020 moles
0,0020 moles
0,0020 moles
0,0005 moles
0,0020 moles

Start
React
Result

H2O(l)
0,0020 moles
0,0020 moles

The compound that does not react is CH 3COOH at about 0,0005 moles. So, we could count
from the reaction above. And we know, the compound that left is weak acid, so we use the
buffer solution formula:
Ka CH3COOH = 1,8 x 10-5
[H+]

=
=
=

Ka x

moles of CH 3 COOH
moles of CH 3 COOK

1,8 x 105 x

0,0005
0,0020

4,5 x 106

= -log [H+]

pH

= -log [ 4,5 x 10

= 6 log 4,5
6. It is found in the literature that organic acid such as acetic acid and inorganic acids such
as carbonic acid are known as weak acids. How do you explain the differences between
weak acids and strong acids? And how to calculate its pH?
The differences between strong acids and weak acids is strong acids will ionized 100% in the
water while the weak acids does not ionized 100% in the water. And the strong acid does not
use the equilibrium arrows, because the reaction to the right is strong, while the weak acids
use the equilibrium arrow in its chemical equation.
The calculation:
o

Strong Acids

[H+]
= electron valence of strong acids x Concentration of strong acids
Weak Acids (use Ka, the acids dissociation constant)
[H+]

Ka x concentrationof weak acids

7. Do you think Sari can calculate minimum mass of Sodium bicarbonate that she should
add to the spill to neutralize the acids?
Yes she can. To make the reaction neutral, we have to make sure that both of sulfate acids,
H2SO4 and Sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3, does not left in the result of the product. So, we
have to make the reaction first:
NaHCO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O
2NaHCO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2CO2 + H2O
After that, we have to find the mole of H2SO4
Mole H2SO4
= concentration H2SO4 x volume H2SO4
= 0.5M x 50 mL
= 25 mmole = 0,025 mole
So the mole of NaHCO3 should be
Mole NaHCO3 =

2
1

x mole H2SO4

2
1

x 25 mmole

= 50 mmole = 0,05 mole

Start
React
Result

2NaHCO3 + H2SO4
Na2SO4
+
0,050 mole
0,025 mole
0,050 mole
0,025 mole
0,025 mole
0,025 mole

2CO2 +
0,050 mole
0,050 mole

H2O
0,025 moles
0,025 moles

So, the NaHCO3 needed to neutralize is:

Mass NaHCO3 = molecular mass of NaHCO3 x mole of NaHCO3
= (23+1+12+(16x3)) x 0.050
= 4.2 gram
8. Which one that you think has a correct solution? Why? Can you help them to determine
the molecular formula of this organic acid using data from combustion analysis?
First, we have to write down the equation and find the empirical formula
CxHyOz + O2 CO2 + H2O
Then, write down the mole equation
CxHyOz +
O2

Start
0,015 moles
0,015 mole
React
0,015 moles
0,015 mole
Result
-

Product CO2
C = 12/44 x 1.32 = 0.36 g
O = 32/44 x 1.32 = 0.96 g

2 CO2
+
0,030 moles
0,030 moles

H2O
0,015 moles
0,015 moles

H2O
H= 2/18 x 0.27 = 0.03 g
O = 16/18 x 0.27 = 0.24 g
Mole ratio
X = 0.36/12 = 0.03 mole
Y = 0.03/1 = 0.03 mole
Z = 0.96/16 = 0.06 mole
Ratio:
0,03
1

: 0,03 : 0,06
:1
:2

And then, to found the proper molecular formula, we have to divide the molecular mass of
CxHyOz by molecular mass of CHO2
molecular weight of CHO2 = (1 x 12 g/mol) + (1 x 1 g/mol) + (2 x 16 g/mol)
molecular weight of CHO2 = (12 + 1 + 32) g/mol
molecular weight of CHO2 = 45 g/mol
Number of empirical formula units in compound = 90 g/mol : 45 g/mol
Number of empirical formula units in compound = 2
It takes three empirical formula units to make the compound, so multiply each number in the
empirical formula by 6.
molecular formula = 2 x CHO2
molecular formula = C(1 x 2)H(1 x 2)O(2 x 2)
The empirical formula of the molecule is CHO2.
The molecular formula of the compound is C2H2O4.
9. If you found out that this organic acid contains carboxylic group, what will be its
molecular structure?
Molecular structure of C3H6O3

10. What do you know about properties of oxalic acid and its reaction?
Oxalic acid, also called Ethanedioic Acid, is a colorless, crystalline, toxic organic
compound belonging to the family of carboxylic acids. Oxalic acid is widely used as an acid
rinse in laundries, where it is effective in removing rust and ink stains because it converts
most insoluble iron compounds into a soluble complex ion. For the same reason, it is the chief
constituent of many commercial preparations used for removing scale from automobile
radiators. The formula of oxalic acid is (C2H2O4) though it is also written as (HOOCCOOH).

Properties

Relatively strong acid, despite being a carboxylic acid.

Hygroscopic (retains moisture) and sensitive to heat.

May react violently with furfurly alcohol, silver, sodium, perchlorate, sodium hypochlorite,
strong oxidizers, sodium chlorite, acid chlorides, metals and alkali metals.

The heating of mixtures of Oxalic acid and urea has lead to explosions. This is due to the
rapid generation of the gases, CO2, CO, and NH3.

Oxalic acid and urea react at high temperatures to form toxic and flammable ammonia and
carbon monoxide gasses, and inert CO2 gas.

IV.

References

http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/436389/oxalic-acid

http://www.ask.com/wiki/Carboxylic_acid#Physical_properties

http://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB0323998.htm

http://www.faqs.org/health/topics/50/Antacids.html

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/gastritis/DS00488/DSECTION=treatments-anddrugs

http://cedarbraechemistry.wikispaces.com/8+neutralizing+stomach+acid+
%3D+Thurka+Thankathurai

http://kimia-asyik.blogspot.com/2010/01/larutan-penyangga.html

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/acidbaseeqia/acids.html

http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/184ph.html

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/acidbaseeqia/bases.html

Books

Brown ,Lemay & Bursten (2000) Chemistry the Central Science. New Jersey,
Prentice Hall

Purba, Michael.(2006). Kimia: untuk SMA Kelas XII. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga