Exercise 9: Renal System Physiology: Activity 1: The Effect of Arteriole Radius on Glomerular Filtration Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.
1. There are approximately __________ nephrons in a healthy human kidney.
You correctly answered: c. 1 106
2. Which of the following lists the anatomical structures in the correct order as they are encountered by the blood and
filtered fluid during the process of filtration?
You correctly answered: d. afferent arteriole, glomerular capillary, Bowman's capsule
3. Bowman's capsule is connected to the beginning of the
You correctly answered: b. proximal convoluted tubule.
4. The functional unit of the kidney is the
You correctly answered: c. nephron.
5. During the process of renal reabsorption, fluid and solutes move from the
You correctly answered: b. renal tubule into the peritubular capillaries.

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question 1: What will happen to the glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate if you decrease the radius of the
afferent arteriole?
Your answer : b. Both pressure and filtration rate will decrease.
Predict Question 2: What will happen to the glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate if you increase the radius of the
afferent arteriole?
Your answer : a. Both pressure and filtration rate will increase.
Predict Question 3: What will happen to the glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate if you decrease the radius of the
efferent arteriole?
Your answer : a. Both pressure and filtration rate will increase.
Stop & Think Questions:
Caffeine consumption leads to increased urine formation. From the results in this experiment thus far, you might propose
that
You correctly answered: d. caffeine dilates the afferent arteriole.
When you are in the desert and dehydrating, which of the following arteriole combinations would benefit you the most?
You correctly answered: c. afferent constriction and efferent dilation
Experiment Data:
Afferent Radius
(mm)
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.55
0.60
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50

Efferent Radius
(mm)
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30

Beaker Press.
(mm Hg)
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90

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Glomerular Press.
(mm Hg)
55.08
51.54
48.52
46.16
58.94
62.88
55.08
56.10
56.84
57.34

page 2

Glom. Filt. Rate

(ml/min)
124.99
81.06
43.66
14.35
172.86
221.69
124.99
137.69
146.82
152.96

Urine Volume
(ml)
200.44
179.88
143.91
76.33
212.87
220.74
200.44
227.49
247.96
262.23

Post-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.
1. If you increase the afferent arteriole radius and keep all other variables constant, the glomerular filtration rate would
You correctly answered: a. increase.
2. If you decrease the efferent arteriole radius and keep all other variables constant, the volume of urine flowing into the
urinary bladder would
You correctly answered: a. increase.
3. If you increase the efferent arteriole radius and keep all other variables constant, the glomerular filtration rate would
You correctly answered: b. decrease.
4. If you decrease the afferent arteriole radius and keep all other variables constant, the volume of urine flowing into the
urinary bladder would __________.
You correctly answered: b. decrease.

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Review Sheet Results

1. What are two primary functions of the kidney?
Your answer:
Las dos funciones principales de los riones son de regular el nivel de pH y la concentracion de solutos en la sangre, y
tambien de excretar mediante la orina el exceso de agua en la sangre asi como otros solutos.
2. What are the components of the renal corpuscle?
Your answer:
Los componentes del corpusculo renal son:
-El glomerulo, que es un nudo de capilares que filtra el liquido desde la sangre hacia la luz del tubulo renal.
-Capsula de Bowman, que rodea al glomerulo y sirve para canalizar el filtrado hacia el resto del tubulo renal

3. Starting with the renal corpuscle, list the components of the renal tubule as they are encountered by filtrate.
Your answer:
Corpusculo renal
Tubo contorneado proximal
Asa de Henle
Tubo contorneado distal
Conducto colector
4. Describe the effect of decreasing the afferent arteriole radius on glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate. How
well did the results compare with your prediction?
You did not answer this question.
5. Describe the effect of increasing the afferent arteriole radius on glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate. How
well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Al incrementar el radio de la arteriola aferente, la cantidad de sangre que llegue aumentara, por lo que mayor cantidad de
solutos y electrolitos seran filtrados, lo que aumentaran la presion glomerular y la tasa de filtracion.
6. Describe the effect of decreasing the efferent arteriole radius on glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate. How
well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Al disminuir el radio de la arteriola eferente, la sangre va a poder salir con menor facilidad de corpusculo renal, por lo que
sera retenida por mayor tiempo en el glomerulo, lo que ocasiona que la presion glomerular y la tasa de filtracion
aumentaran
7. Describe the effect of increasing the efferent radius on glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate.
Your answer:
Al incrementar el radio de la arteriola eferente, la sangre va a salir con mayor facilidad del corpusculo renal, por lo que la
presion glomerular y la tasa de filtracion disminuyen ya que menor cantidad de sangre sera filtrada.

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Exercise 9: Renal System Physiology: Activity 2: The Effect of Pressure on Glomerular Filtration Lab Report
Pre-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.
1. Which of the following forces promotes filtration?
You correctly answered: c. blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries
2. The glomerular filtration rate can be altered by
You correctly answered: b. changing the afferent arteriole resistance.
3. In 24 hours human glomerular capillaries can filter as much as __________ liters of filtrate.
You correctly answered: c. 180
4. Which of the following statements about the filtrate in the renal corpuscle is false?
You correctly answered: d. Normally, more than 40% of the blood that enters the glomerular capillaries becomes filtrate.

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question 1: What will happen to the glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate if you increase the blood
pressure in the left source beaker?
Your answer : a. Both pressure and filtration rate will increase.
Predict Question 2: What will happen to the filtrate pressure in Bowman's capsule (not directly measured in this experiment)
and filtration rate if you close the one-way valve between the collecting duct and the urinary bladder?
Your answer : b. Both pressure and filtration rate will decrease.
Stop & Think Questions:
What is the important relation that underlies the observed increase in glomerular filtration rate when the blood pressure is
increased?
You correctly answered: c. pressure and flow are directly proportional.
What medical condition is analogous to the closed valve?
You correctly answered: b. a tumor obstructing the renal tubule
Experiment Data:
Afferent Radius
(mm)
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50

Efferent Radius
(mm)
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45

Beaker Press.
(mm Hg)
70
80
90
100
70
70
100
100

Glomerular
Press. (mm Hg)
49.72
52.40
55.08
57.76
49.72
49.72
57.76
57.76

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page 2

Glom. Filt. Rate

(ml/min)
58.57
91.78
124.99
158.20
58.57
31.97
114.20
158.20

Urine Volume
(ml)
161.76
186.23
200.44
209.72
161.76
0
0
209.72

Valve Status
open
open
open
open
open
closed
closed
open

Post-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.
1. In humans, the glomerular filtration rate normally ranges from
You correctly answered: b. 80 to 140 ml/min.
2. Which of the following does not have a significant impact on the glomerular filtration rate?
You correctly answered: d. renal tubule length
3. In the absence of any regulatory mechanisms, what do you think would happen to the glomerular filtration rate of a
person who experiences an increase in blood pressure?
You correctly answered: a. The glomerular filtration rate could increase.
4. What would happen to the glomerular filtration rate of a person who experiences a large hemorrhage?
You correctly answered: b. The glomerular filtration rate would decrease.

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Review Sheet Results

1. As blood pressure increased, what happened to the glomerular capillary pressure and the glomerular filtration rate? How
well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Cuando la presion sanguinea aumenta, la presion de los capilares glomerulares aumentan, y tambien ocurre lo mismo con
la tasa de filtracion glomerular, y esto se debe a que mayor cantidad de sangre ingresa a la capsula de Bowman, lo que
conduce a un aumento en la presion capilar glomerular, a su vez mayor cantidad de solutos ingresaran al corpusculo renal
por difusion, por lo que la tasa de filtracion aumenta.
2. Compare the urine volume in your baseline data with the urine volume as you increased the blood pressure. How did the
urine volume change?
Your answer:
Al aumentar la presion sanguinea, el volumen de orina tambien se incrementa, debido a que la tasa de filtracion tambien se
incrementa.
3. How could the change in urine volume with the increase in blood pressure be viewed as being beneficial to the body?
Your answer:
Seria beneficioso para el organismo porque mas cantidad de productos de desecho seran excretados del cuerpo por la
orina mas rapido de lo que lo hacen normalmente. Sin embargo esto implicaria beber mayor cantidad de liquido, para que
reponga el agua que se pierde en la orina.

4. When the one-way valve between the collecting duct and the urinary bladder was closed, what happened to the filtrate
pressure in Bowman's capsule (this is not directly measured in this experiment) and the glomerular filtration rate? How well
did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Al cerrar la valvula entre el conducto colector y el recipiente de orina, la presion de filtrado en la capsula de Bowman es el
mismo, pero la tasa de filtracion glomerular decrece.
La tasa de filtracion disminuye porque la valvula al estar cerrada no permite la salida de orina, lo que provoca que se quede
en la conducto urinario, lo que provoca que la tasa de filtracion disminuya.

5. How did increasing the blood pressure alter the results when the valve was closed?
Your answer:
EL incremento de presion de sangre al estar cerrado la valvula hace que la presion glomerular sea la misma cuando la
valvula estaba abierta, pero la tasa de filtracion disminuye.

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Exercise 9: Renal System Physiology: Activity 3: Renal Response to Altered Blood Pressure Lab Report
Pre-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.
1. If all other variables are kept constant, how does the afferent arteriole radius affect the rate of glomerular filtration (select
all that apply)?
You correctly answered: c. An increased afferent arteriole radius will increase the rate of glomerular filtration. d. A
decreased afferent arteriole radius will decrease the rate of glomerular filtration.
2. If all other variables are kept constant, how does the efferent arteriole radius affect the rate of glomerular filtration (select
all that apply)?
You correctly answered: a. An increased efferent arteriole radius will decrease the rate of glomerular filtration. b. A
decreased efferent arteriole radius will increase the rate of glomerular filtration.
3. If all other variables are kept constant, how does blood pressure affect the rate of glomerular filtration (select all that
apply)?
You correctly answered: b. If blood pressure goes up, the rate of glomerular filtration goes up. d. If blood pressure goes
down, the rate of glomerular filtration goes down.
4. In the absence of other renal processes (including tubular reabsorption and secretion), more glomerular filtration leads
to a larger urine volume.
You correctly answered: a. true

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page 1

Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: What will happen to the glomerular capillary pressure rate and glomerular filtration rate if both of these
arteriole radii changes are implemented simultaneously with the low blood pressure condition?
Your answer : b. Glomerular filtration rate and pressure will rise above baseline values.
Stop & Think Questions:
If blood pressure were to drop (for example, as the result of blood loss), what changes in the nephron would allow the
kidney to maintain its normal glomerular filtration rate (select all that apply)?
You correctly answered: a. afferent arteriole dilation d. efferent arteriole constriction
Comparing the glomerular filtration rate and glomerular capillary pressure with the baseline values (from the first run), how
effective was the increased afferent arteriole radius in compensating for the low blood pressure?
You correctly answered: c. The afferent arteriole dilation returned the low glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate
almost to baseline values.
Comparing the glomerular filtration rate and glomerular capillary pressure with the baseline values (from the first run), how
effective was the decreased efferent arteriole radius in compensating for the low blood pressure?
You correctly answered: b. The efferent arteriole constriction improved the low glomerular capillary pressure and filtration
rate marginally.
Experiment Data:
Afferent Radius
(mm)
0.50
0.50
0.60
0.50
0.60

Efferent Radius
(mm)
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.35
0.35

Beaker Press.
(mm Hg)
90
70
70
70
70

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Glomerular Press.
(mm Hg)
55.08
49.72
54.25
51.24
55.58

page 2

Glom. Filt. Rate

(ml/min)
124.99
58.57
114.72
77.41
131.15

Urine Volume
(ml)
200.44
161.76
196.72
231.12
245.57

Post-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.
1. If all other variables are kept constant, when blood pressure decreases, glomerular filtration
You correctly answered: c. decreases.
2. If afferent arteriole radius decreases in response to an increase in blood pressure, then glomerular filtration
You correctly answered: b. remains approximately the same.
3. If all other variables are kept constant, when the efferent arteriole radius decreases, glomerular filtration
You correctly answered: a. increases.
4. With blood pressure held at a constant value, which of the following combinations will raise the glomerular filtration rate
above baseline values?
You correctly answered: b. afferent arteriole dilation and efferent arteriole constriction

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Review Sheet Results

1. List the several mechanisms you have explored that change the glomerular filtration rate. How does each mechanism
specifically alter the glomerular filtration rate?
Your answer:
Radio de la arteriola aferente: A mayor radio, mayor tasa de filtracion glomerular
Radio de la arteriola eferente: A menor radio, mayor tasa de filtracion glomerular.
Presion arterial: al incrementar la presion arterial, la presion glomerular se incrementa, lo que aumenta tambien la tasa de
filtracion glomerular.

2. Describe and explain what happened to the glomerular capillary pressure and glomerular filtration rate when both
arteriole radii changes were implemented simultaneously with the low blood pressure condition. How well did the results
compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Al incrementar el radio de la arteriola aferente y disminuir el radio de la arteriola eferente a la vez, la presion glomerular y la
tasa de filtracion volvieron a los valores iniciales aporximadamente antes de disminuir la presion sanguinea. Esto se debe a
que al aumentar el radio de la arteriola aferente, mayor cantidad de sangre ingresara al glomerulo, lo que aumentara la
presion glomerular y a su vez la tasa de filtracion, al disminuir el radio de la arteriola eferente, la sangre pasara mas tiempo
en el glomerulo porque habra mayor resistencia para que salga.
3. How could you adjust the afferent or efferent radius to compensate for the effect of reduced blood pressure on the
glomerular filtration rate?
Your answer:
Al disminuir la presion sanguinea se sugiere incrementar el radio de la arteriola aferente o reducir el radio de la arteriola
eferente para que disminuya el efecto en la tasa de filtracion.
4. Which arteriole radius adjustment was more effective at compensating for the effect of low blood pressure on the
glomerular filtration rate? Explain why you think this difference occurs.
Your answer:
El incrementar el radio de la arteriola aferente tiene mayor efectividad a la hora de compensar la tasa de filtracion
glomerular por efecto de la baja presion sanguinea. Esto se debe a que como mayor cantidad de sangre ingresara al
glomerulo, la presion glomerular tambien aumentara, por lo que mayor cantidad de solutos podran ser filtrados por difusion
y la tasa de filtracion aumentara.
5. In the body, how does a nephron maintain a near-constant glomerular filtration rate despite a constantly fluctuating
blood pressure?
Your answer:
el nefron tiene la capacidad de ajustar el radio de la arteriola aferente o eferente para asi mantener un constante tasa de
filtracion glomerular

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Exercise 9: Renal System Physiology: Activity 4: Solute Gradients and Their Impact on Urine Concentration Lab Report
Pre-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.
1. As filtrate passes through the nephron, the renal process of reabsorption describes
You correctly answered: d. the movement of water and solutes from the tubule lumen, into the interstitial space, and, finally,
into the peritubular capillaries.
2. The maximum solute concentration refers to the amount of solutes
You correctly answered: b. in the interstitial space.
3. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) affects the permeability of
You correctly answered: c. the collecting duct.
4. ADH aids the reabsorption of
You correctly answered: a. water.

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page 1

Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: What will happen to the urine volume and concentration as the solute gradient in the interstitial space is
increased?
Your answer : b. The urine volume will decrease and the concentration will increase.
Stop & Think Questions:
Why is the solute concentration (mOsm) in the proximal tubule the same as in the blood?
You correctly answered: d. Because water and many plasma solutes filter into Bowman's capsule.
In the presence of ADH, what component of the tubule fluid moves out of the collecting duct and into the interstitial space?
You correctly answered: b. water
Experiment Data:
Urine Volume
80.57
40.28
26.86
16.86

Urine Concentration
300
600
900
1200

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Conc. Grad.
300
600
900
1200

page 2

ADH
present
present
present
present

Post-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 3 out of 3 questions correctly.
1. Tubule fluid osmolarity will always be the greatest in which of these locations?
You correctly answered: b. the bottom of the loop of Henle
2. Tubule fluid volume will always be the greatest in which of these locations?
You correctly answered: a. the proximal convoluted tubule
3. Where does ADH directly alter the urine volume?
You correctly answered: d. in the collecting duct

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Review Sheet Results

1. What happened to the urine concentration as the solute concentration in the interstitial space was increased? How well
did the results compare to your prediction?
Your answer:
Al aumentar la concetracion de soluto en el espacio intersticial , la concentracion de la orina tambien se incremento, esto
debido a que como hay mayor cantidad de solutos en el intersticio que en el tubulo renal, no habra tanta difusion de solutos
desde el tubulo hacia el espacio intersticial porque depende de la gradiente de concentracion. Por lo tanto la orina presenta
mayor cantidad de solutos al final.

2. What happened to the volume of urine as the solute concentration in the interstitial space was increased? How well did
the results compare to your prediction?
Your answer:
Como hay mayor concentracion de solutos en el espacio intersticial que en la luz del tubulo renal, el agua va a pasar por
difusion hacia el intersticio desde el tubulo renal, por lo que el volumen de orina disminuye. Mi prediccion fue correcta.
3. What do you think would happen to urine volume if you did not add ADH to the collecting duct?
Your answer:
Si no se hubiese aadido ADH, la permeabilidad del agua a nivel del tubo colector no se hubiese incrementado, por lo que
gran cantidad de agua hubiese sido excretada por la orina y no se reabsorberia la suficiente cantidad de agua para
mantener la homeostasis. Por lo tanto el volumen de orina se incrementaria si no hubiera ADH.
4. Is most of the tubule filtrate reabsorbed into the body or excreted in urine? Explain.
Your answer:
Es reabsorbida por el cuerpo porque lo que se filtra en los tubulos contiene porductos utiles para mantener la homeostasis
como por ejemplo, proteinas y agua, por lo que se reabsorben a nivel del tubo colector para que pasen al intersticio y luego
sean devueltos a la sangre.
5. Can the reabsorption of solutes influence water reabsorption from the tubule fluid? Explain.
Your answer:
Si, ya que la reabsorcion de agua va a depender mucho de la gradiente de concetracion de solutos, es decir, si en el
espacio intersticial hay mayor concentracion de solutos, el agua va a tender a pasar al intersticio por osmosis.

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page 4

Exercise 9: Renal System Physiology: Activity 5: Reabsorption of Glucose via Carrier Proteins Lab Report
Pre-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.
1. Renal processing of plasma glucose does not normally include
You correctly answered: b. secretion.
2. How does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) affect the renal processing of plasma glucose?
You correctly answered: c. ADH has no direct effects on renal processing of plasma glucose.
3. Glucose reabsorption in the nephron includes
You correctly answered: d. secondary active transport along the apical membrane of proximal tubule cells.
4. Because carrier proteins are required to move glucose from the lumen of the nephron into the interstitial spaces, which
of the following statements is false?
You correctly answered: d. The number of glucose carriers in a nephron can be altered as needed by the body.

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: What will happen to the glucose concentration in the urinary bladder as glucose carriers are added to the
proximal tubule?
Your answer : b. The glucose concentration will decrease.
Stop & Think Questions:
Why is the glucose concentration the same in both Bowman's capsule and the urinary bladder?
You correctly answered: b. Glucose cannot be reabsorbed in the absence of carriers.
Is a transport maximum reached in these experiments?
You correctly answered: b. no
Experiment Data:
Glucose Conc. Capsule
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00

Glucose Conc. Distal

6.00
4.29
2.57
0.86
0.00

Glucose Conc. Bladder

6.00
4.29
2.57
0.86
0.00

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page 2

Total Glucose Carriers

0
100
200
300
400

Conc. Grad.
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200

Post-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 3 out of 3 questions correctly.
1. Glucose carrier proteins are located in which region of the nephron?
You correctly answered: b. the proximal convoluted tubule
2. If the concentration of glucose in the filtrate exceeds the transport capacity of the carrier proteins, then
You correctly answered: d. a transport maximum has been reached.
3. Why does glucose appear in the urine of untreated diabetic patients?
You correctly answered: c. An excessive amount of glucose is present in their filtrate.

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Review Sheet Results

1. What happens to the concentration of glucose in the urinary bladder as the number of glucose carriers increases?
Your answer:
Al incrementar el numero de transportadores de glucosa, la concetracion de glucosa en la vejiga fue disminuyendo.
2. What types of transport are utilized during glucose reabsorption and where do they occur?
Your answer:
La glucosa fue reabsorbida primero por transporte activo secundario en la membrana apical de las clulas del tbulo
proximal, y luego abandona la clula tubular a travs de difusin facilitada a lo largo de la membrana basolateral por accion
de los transportadores de glucosa. Estos eventos ocurren en el tubulo proximal.
3. Why does the glucose concentration in the urinary bladder become zero in these experiments?
Your answer:
Porque se aadieron el numero suficiente de transportadores de glucosa para que todo la glucosa sea reabosrbida a la
sangre, por lo tanto no hubo presencia de glucosa en la orina que sera excretada.
4. A person with type I diabetes cannot make insulin in the pancreas, and a person with untreated type II diabetes does not
respond to the insulin that is made in the pancreas. In either case, why would you expect to find glucose in the person's
urine?
Your answer:
En ambos casos se tiene una deficiencia para que las celulas del organismo puedan permitir el ingreso de glucosa, por lo
que la concentracion de glucosa en sangre aumenta. Al ver un numero limitado de transportadores de glucosa en el tubulo
proximal, no toda la glucosa podra ser reabsorbida, y gran parte sera excretada por la orina.

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page 4

Exercise 9: Renal System Physiology: Activity 6: The Effect of Hormones on Urine Formation Lab Report
Pre-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.
1. Which of the following has a role in altering the urine volume and concentration?
You correctly answered: d. all of these
2. The total solute concentration surrounding the tubule lumen refers to the solutes in
You correctly answered: b. the interstitial space.
3. Aldosterone is produced in the
You correctly answered: c. adrenal cortex.
4. ADH promotes the renal reabsorption of
You correctly answered: a. water.
5. Aldosterone promotes renal reabsorption of __________ and secretion of __________.
You correctly answered: c. NaCl, potassium

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page 1

Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question 1: What will happen to the urine volume (compared with baseline) when aldosterone is added to the distal
tubule?
Your answer : b. The urine volume will decrease.
Predict Question 2: What will happen to the urine volume (compared with baseline) when ADH is added to the collecting
duct?
Your answer : b. The urine volume will decrease.
Predict Question 3: What will happen to the urine volume and the urine concentration (compared with baseline) in the
presence of both aldosterone and ADH?
Your answer : b. The urine volume will decrease and the urine concentration will increase.
Stop & Think Questions:
Why is the concentration in the urinary bladder 100 mOsm?
You correctly answered: c. No ADH has been added to this nephron.
In the presence of aldosterone, what component of the tubule fluid moves out of the distal tubule and into the interstitial
space?
You correctly answered: a. NaCl
In the presence of ADH, why did the urinary potassium concentration increase?
You correctly answered: c. The water volume in the urinary bladder is decreased, increasing the concentration of solutes
such as potassium.
In the presence of both ADH and aldosterone, why did the urinary potassium concentration increase?
You correctly answered: c. There was more potassium secretion into the distal tubule and more water reabsorption in the
collecting duct.
Experiment Data:
Potassium Conc.
in Urine
6.25
10.42
62.37
65.37

Urine Volume

Urine Conc

Conc. Grad.

Aldosterone

ADH

201.00
180.90
16.86
12.67

100
100
1200
1200

1200
1200
1200
1200

absent
present
absent
present

absent
absent
present
present

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page 2

Post-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.
1. If there has been a significant loss of fluid from the body, the kidneys will generate __________ urine.
You correctly answered: d. hyperosmotic
2. If you drink a large volume of water, the kidneys will generate __________ urine.
You correctly answered: b. hypo-osmotic
3. In response to dehydration, ADH will be released from the
You correctly answered: c. posterior pituitary gland.
4. In response to abnormally low plasma osmolality, aldosterone will increase
You correctly answered: a. sodium reabsorption along the distal tubule and the collecting duct.

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Review Sheet Results

1. How did the addition of aldosterone affect urine volume (compared with baseline)? Can the reabsorption of solutes
influence water reabsorption in the nephron? Explain. How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Al aadir aldosterona el volumen de orina decrece. Esto se debe a que la aldosterona a nivel del tubulo distal promueve la
reabsorcion de sodio y la secrecion de potasio. Este intercambio de electrolito hace que el agua tienda a pasar al intersticio
por osmosis, reduciendo asi el volumen final de orina. Entonces la reabsorcion de solutos influye en la reabsorcion de agua
en las nefronas.

2. How did the addition of ADH affect urine volume (compared with baseline)? How well did the results compare with your
prediction? Why did the addition of ADH also affect the concentration of potassium in urine (compared with baseline)?
Your answer:
Al agregar ADH, se aumenta la permeabilidad del agua a nivel del tubulo colector, por lo que el agua va a pasar desde el
tubulo renal al intersticio, por lo que el volumen de orina va a disminuir. Al reducir la cantidad de agua en orina, aumenta la
concetracion de potasio.
3. What is the principal determinant for the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex?
Your answer:
EL principal determinante de la liberacion de aldosterona es una disminucion de la presion arterial. Esto es detectado por
las celulas de la arteriola aferente, que liberan renina. La renina convierte el angiotensinogeno en angiotensina I. Las
ceulas del organismo convierte la angiotensina I en angiotensina II y esta indica a la corteza suprarrenal liberar
aldosterona.
4. How did the addition of both aldosterone and ADH affect urine volume (compared with baseline)? How well did the
results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
AL aadir ADH y aldosterona a la vez el volumen de orina disminuye aun mas, esto debido a que el ADH hace que se
reabosrba agua a nivel del tubulo colector y la aldosterona promueve la reabsorcion de agua por osmosis debido a el
intercambio que se da entre sodio y potasio.
5. What is the principal determinant for the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland? Does ADH favor the
formation of dilute or concentrated urine? Explain why.
Your answer:
El principal determinante para la liberacion de ADH es el nivel de osmolaridad de los fluidos corporales y el volumen y
presion del sistema cardiovascular. Su funcion es insertar acuaporinas en el tubulo colector, de esta forma se reabsorbe
mas agua. Por lo tanto el ADH hace que se concentre la orina, porque reduce la cantidad de agua que contiene.

6. Which hormone (aldosterone or ADH) has the greater effect on urine volume? Why?
Your answer:
El mayor efecto en el volumen de orina fue por la adicion de ADH ya que afecta directamente en la permeabilidad de agua
al insertar acuaporinas en el tubulo colector, de esta forma se puede reabsorber mayor cantidad de agua y mantener la
homeostasis en el organismo.
7. If ADH is not available, can the urine concentration still vary? Explain your answer.
Your answer:

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Si no hay presencia de ADH, la concetracion de la orina dependera especialmente del volumen y la osmolaridad de la
sangre que entra al rion. Sin ADH no se dar la reabsorcion de agua, por lo que la orina saldra mas diluida. Tambien la
concentracion de solutos dependera de la gradiente de concetracion que se de entre le tubulo renal y el espacio intersticial.

8. Consider this situation: you want to reabsorb sodium ions but you do not want to increase the volume of the blood by
reabsorbing large amounts of water from the filtrate. Assuming that aldosterone and ADH are both present, how would you
adjust the hormones to accomplish the task?
Your answer:
Si se busca reabsrober ion sodio sin disminuir el volumen de orina se tendria que aumentar la cantidad de aldosterona
liberada y reducir el efecto del ADH.

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