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  • Kumare Finale em

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    DHEUEUZRJRZKRTISTI5S6IS56I

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    2 visualizações9 páginas

    Kumare Finale em

    Enviado por

    monumunduri
    DHEUEUZRJRZKRTISTI5S6IS56I

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Baixe no formato PDF ou leia online no Scribd
    Sinalizar o conteúdo como inadequado
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    To get more please visit: www.creativeworld9.blogspot.cc 2 beeen schon ‘Mechanics (the physical scence concerned with she dynamical behaviour of ma rial bodies inthe presence of mechanical disturbances, Since such behaviour is of | imerestto mechanical, civil electrical, chemical seronatical, textile, metallurgical tnd mining engineer, i is appropriate to conclude thatthe subject of mechanis le atthe oreo all engineering analyte “Enginering mechanics refers to a course in mechanics tllred exclusively for engincers. san featues of Such a couse ate: 1. The subject matter isnot presented as rigorously asa couse in analytical or aniomatie mechanics may demand. 2, On tie othe hand, the conte ave wot just a Seis of eppications es npiod by Applied Mechanics but a thorough grounding ofthe basic principles o- sgzther with engineering applications. 43, The course ic intgrated 1 provide a sound foundation in engineeing act 44 The course comprises the foundation for a number of courses tha are 10 be ‘ult upon i Some of them are shown in Fig. 1.2 To get more please visit: www.creativeworld9.blogspot.cc nginaring Mecho Wha and Wy? 3 13 DINFEAENE FORMULATIONS OF MECHANICS ‘The subject of mechanics has been deat with by a numberof scientists om Agchimeder QX7-212 i.) to Rinstin (1978-1058). Apart from the historical de ‘velopment of the subject, the following three broad clasifizations have come to {ayn view ofthe dllerent axioms and peinetpes employed 1. Classieal mechanics 2 Quantum or wave mechanics 3. Rolaivisic mechanics ‘Tho subject of cctcal enchants om the chanical Cosinttons tnd by Galilee, Kepler, Newion and Euler. The laws of linear motion duc to Newton and © In of angular motion due to Euler have stod the test of ine remarkably wll ‘Thace are valid forthe dynamic behaviour of most ofthe observable bode. Alt ative foundations to classical mechanics wre provided by Lagrange in tems of the Lagrangian equation and by Harton ints of he canonical equations. Later, the ‘prncinleof least action’ on the basis of variational concepts was propesed the single principle governing the behaviour of bodies is most circumstance. The wor ‘lasial therefore, is justifiable with respect oils dictionary meaning (Classi w Tudtinally mcept, lng stubs, evelet standard ‘The classical pattem breaks down fora body approaching the speed of Hight on the one hand and for parle of size comparable with atoms onthe ater. His for theta reanns thatthe rte of en stom rosined unexplained until the principle ‘of Quantum Mechanics were framed and the problems of very highspeed bodies Femained a mystery unl the formulation of the special and general thecees felatvity hy Alhert Einstein in the went century. Relativistic mechanics is based upon novel concepts of space and time, mass snd energy. andthe frame of reference. “able 1.1 gives the ne of the sckenits in rfation a ther renptive regimes ‘of mechanics. The regimes of diffrent formulations in mechanics ste represented schematically in Fig. 13 esate resents taal bss) Newtontan Mechanles Fig. 13, Regimes of Mechanles To get more please visit: www.creativeworld9.blogspot.cc 4 ening Meco “Table Lt Plomeers of Methane ‘Gama or Chal Mecha Telarc Waie Mechanics Mechanics ‘Sehaings = Nrcaiaie Tarte (18871961) = Niven (1ust-1926) Broglie Newton (1642-1727) inuein 192-1968) iret furans by (U8781955), Lagiange (17361813) Bene ain (105.1865) «97. 1973) DAtembes (1717-1783) acd 18D 851 CContttions mail by Kepler (71-1630) 707-1783) Baler Coo Further advances have not diminished the valve of the Newtonian or classical ‘universal ime and absolte distance’ concep exept fr sting the upper bound. ‘The bulk of the engineering work ess upon the foundation of classical mechatics and iti, therefor, important wo lay utmost emphasis on the teaching of classical ‘mechanics ta engineers 1.4. FOUNDATIONAL CONCEPTS ‘The axiomatic faundations af mechanics, have the fllowing ingredient: Undefined terms __p., Defined ‘Axioms ‘Theorems and concepts > entities, >> and laws > and prnciphes Some trans amd voncops cas te abnoitely fined bu are developed for axiomatic thinking and matsal understanding. Examples of such classical terms ae pin, lie and plane; space, tne and mater: mass, force and enerey. ‘Space refers to the unlimited general expanse of physical dimensions in which all material objets are located. Measurements and location in space involve the ‘concepts ol point direction, length and displacement. A pont, or example, i jus. an exact indication of a location in space, requiring wo space at al for sll. Fine refers to the sequence of evens. I related to the convents of fore. after and Simultaneous occatence of two or tore evens. Measurement of tine is made with the help of « lock, avis vefets to the substance of which pista! bjcus we composed, the constituent substances are indeed the atoms and molecules. The quantity of mater associated with an object is measured as its mass, A physical object may consist of matar which is uniformly or non ifr distribute. Bod ‘es with the same quantity of mater or the same mass can pases diferent shapes and sizes depending upon the dsiibution of mater in them To get more please visit: www.creativeworld9.blogspot.cc wnaring Mecha ha ad Wy? § DDetined entities incluge momentum, momento afore, impulse, work, equi nm, rig hoy, ee Aso an the relatory univerealentmente rating nde Fined conceps and defined concepts. Examples of axioms are Newion's 2 law, laws oF tton and te I of gravitation ‘Theorems and principles are derived from the axioms. Theorems and principles can he proved. Examples of principles are Work Enera principle, Lami's theorem land Impulse-Momentum principle. 1.5. FRAMIS OF REFERENCE, INERTIAL AND MOVING Tuts necessary 1 refer the motion ofa ody understudy wo some datum or reference space and clock. reference frame, therefor, consists ofa space and a clock 10 ‘measure ime. A reference frame shouldbe such tht the relive lation of any 040 pins inthe reference frame should remain invariant. A reference frame i called {fixed frame of reference of absolute fame if each point onthe fame i at absolute ‘es Ii impossible o locate fixed frame of reference im the universe. Rectangy- lar Cartesian anor can be embedded in a frame of reference. The origin and orienta ‘dom ot anes ean be acordin to convenience. ‘A relerence Irae is termed 3s moving frame of reference 1 each point onthe frame isnot at reat A moving fame may he inertial now-inrial. An inert frame is one which moves ata constant velocity, i. the velocity ofeach point ‘emified on the trae isthe same and remain constant. Obviously, an inerat frame ean move ina straight line at constant speed. nother words an inertial fame «am be defined asa frame which does not have any acceleration. Am ner frame is dso knowa os Galilean fume, "Tho nao of vest of a bay refer tthe abwcnce of motion relative (0 some coonlinate system. By absolute rest we mean a state offxednes in space. Such a Sale could provide an absolut reference forthe motion of other cbjcts. However, it ie doubefl if any such reference ennte im the solar stom or nthe entire univers. Iris, therefore, appropriate o speak of relative rest ofa body with refer. ence toa moving ame ef reference. A reference Irame ted on the earth both am apeenaimation ofthe retcrame anda eoavesintchice for ll earthed bec for most engineering applications. A beter choice from the pot of view of phys ‘ls and mathematilams would be the cere ofthe ean, sol system, glaxy, ta 0 09. 6 IDEALISATION OF BODIES A body isa distinct mass, continuously distributed over a volume V enclosed in a ssrface S. An element of body is refered to occupy a small volume AV and havea ‘aval ase di ‘The words ‘hody' and ‘system’ are often used interchangeably. By general con- sensus, 2 body implies single material configuration and a system refers 10 8 ‘combination of hodion, Foe example, a ear is tid to bee body if we wore to To get more please visit: www.creativeworld9.blogspot.cc 6 ister Mechanics consider the whole aru single lamp of ass but dhe ars refered 0 as system ‘of engine, chassis and wheel if we were to identify thes items collectively Temay be understood thatthe mathematical modeling of sysem sould be one forthe specific purpose in view: diferent mathematical medels of «sytem are made for diferent objectives’ of analysis, For example, an aeroplane may be tegarded a5 (8) a concentrated mass wih negligible dimensions forthe purpose oF tracing is trjectory when is tying sky-high (0) merely a wing Wiha large span forthe analysis of is liting characteristics. (ea ditrbuted mass system forthe salty analysis unde different Tight conditions and (2) adorable shell or the puijene of ealulaons ofthe sain when subjected wo ifren pease ine an ouside the cabin, Different idealisations of bodies boar standard nomenclature and have specific Impliations. These are: 1. Particle 2. System of parices Continua Risid body Deformable body Solid Particle When the dimensions or sizeof a body are considered to be negligible and are lnelevant to te description of is motion, the body 1s modeled asa particle. A ancl 2 point master material point nthe aust ense A fay i there fore, represented as pace i ts dimensions ae small compared 10 the coordi ates scribing ste a te in Fi. Fig. 1A Crterta af Mealisation of Bodies Examples cricket ball as viewed by a spectator; a distant aeroplane tracked by ‘ground observer; a stelle orting the earth and seen by an observer om the ‘cath; a planet a son from another plane. To get more please visit: www.creativeworld9.blogspot.cc eatneerng Mechanics hat aml Why? 7 are dealt with together, system of particles is constiued. A system of purtles is an Kealislon of 8 calletion of point masses. A body or a set of bodies is, therefore, epresented a5 a tystem of particle each part of the bey or each bay nividally Quai ta he represented bya particle. A sysem of particles may comprise arg ollection or a ‘deformable collection in accordance withthe rite of rigid or deformable bodes ‘whe folio, Examples illad balls obscrved by a viewer in the gallery: son cath moon 55 ‘em; elctron-proton-netron nature of atom. Continuum When the microscopic nalure of matter is dsegarded and properties of the sub- stance are defined assuming a continuous distribution of mas, the embodiment of actions ofthe molecules and atoms are conveyed by the concepts of density. pres sure and temperature which simplify our stay considerably ‘The mass density pats pont Fn 3 comingum is defined as the rao ofthe mass lement tothe volume AV enclosing the point, inthe limit when AV tends to p= jn, a= ae aay Th isto yn ris fit ay ig i, m= [ew ut shore p. the density of he continuum may be onstan oF may vary continuously With the space coordinates. 'A body may, therefore, be represented as a continuum if the approximations shout the continity of macs and the continoean nvaion ofthe physial varias ‘are acceplabl in terms of analysis and ress. 'A cornu may be argid Or a defonnadle medium iy accordance with the

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