International Journal of Movement Education and Social Sciences Vol. 2 No. 1 (March, 2013) www.ijmess.

org ISSN: 2278-0793

EFFECT OF SAND PLYOMETRIC AND RESISTANCE TRAINING ON SELECTED BIO MOTOR ABILITIES OF
BASKETBALL PLAYERS
(Received on: 12 Jan 2013, Reviewed on: 16 Feb 2013 and Accepted on: 19 March 2013)
Susanta Kumar Panda, Sports Officer, NIT Mizoram, Mizoram,
Alpana Panda, Scholars Home Sr. Sec. School, Rajpur Road, Dehradun, Uttarakhand
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of Sand-Plyometric and Resistance training on selected BioMotor Performance of male Basketball Players. The subjects for this investigation (N=30) were collegiate athletes with at
least two years of varsity experience. The experimental groups had received a six week sub-maximal training program,
specially designed to accomplish the need of basketball players. All the subjects were measured primarily for selected BioMotor Performance variables by administering specific tests. Test-Retest method was administered to determine the effect
of highly specialized short term Training program(s) on specific performance related parameters of athletes. For testing
statistical significance, primarily the obtained data was treated with Analysis of Co-variance (ANCOVA) and further to
access the significant improvement within training groups, Level of Significance Difference (LSD) was employed at 0.05
level of significance. Finally some of the Bio-Motor abilities like Coordinative Ability and Flexibility showed insignificant
response to both the type of training modules. Whereas Explosive Strength, Acceleration Speed, Agility and Aerobic
Capacity showed significant response to both the modules of training. Further in the light of statistical outcome, Plyometric
Training has showed better biological response towards adaptation process of Bio-Motor Abilities in comparison to that of
Resistance Training.
Keywords: Bio-Motor Ability, Sand-Plyometrics, Biological Response and Performance Adaptation.
Introduction
Fitness has been a concern of man from pre-historic time.
Primitive man was either fit for fighting or was subdued by
others. Long back Darwin had noticed that it was survival
of the fittest, may it be the question of man, plant, insect,
animals. Nature selected the fittest for survival and ejected
the weaklings who were made to perish. One major field of
fitness is sports and games. It is to the human body what
tuning is to engine. It enables us to perform up to our
potential. Fitness can be described as a condition that
helps us look, feel and do our best. More specifically it is
The ability to perform daily tasks vigorously and alertly,
with energy left over for enjoying leisure times activities
and meeting emergency demands. It is the ability to
endure, to bear up, to withstand stress to carry on its
circumstances. The modern era has brought for many
blessings in the form of technological advancements, high
standards of living, and dream world of comforts, high
achievements and new challenges. The high level of
physical fitness is most important for achieving a higher
level of efficiency in technique and tactics in most of the
sports. The performance in most of the sports is
determined by many factors, among which the following
three factors can be considered as most important
variables namely Bio-motor Ability (Physical Fitness),
Intelligent execution of technique (Skill ability), hereditical
and physical characteristics (Anthropometric Measures).
Panda Susanta Kumar and Panda Alpana
32

During the last few decades, athletics particularly long

jumping has gained tremendous popularity all over the
world with the improvement in the quality of performance in
competitions and increasing awareness of the significance
of athletics and games for the development and welfare of
the human being after its introduction in modern Olympic
Games. The improvement in jumping records in various
International competitions (Asian and Olympic) in the past
thirty years has witnessed a dramatic change in the
positive direction. This has attracted the attention of the
various educationists and sports scientist to analyse the
causes for this bloom. Finally researchers of all over the
globe anonymously agreed with the fact that innovative and
scientific evolution of various specialized training methods
is the major cause for the better performance of athletes.
They also conclude that execution of highly specialized,
Supervised and Scientifically designed training methods
also accelerates the Biological Adaptation capacity, in
other words biological transfer of training of an athlete.
However in a very short time, such strictly quantitative
categories of modern training methodologies were
accepted and it was commonly thought that they perfectly
described motor performances in the context of sports and
in particular sports training, so that a large section of the
sports literature of the 1970s deals with various methods
for their development. In particular, the physiological basis,
assumed in Zaciorskijs work to support the adoption of the

International Journal of Movement Education and Social Sciences Vol. 2 No. 1 (March, 2013) www.ijmess.org ISSN: 2278-0793

category muscular strength as the reference point for

motor activity, are connected to the research carried out in
Milan by Prof. Rodolfs team on the physiology of similar
work.
The quantitative categories of modern training
methodologies includes various forms training but most
importantly Plyometric Training and its variations like sand
plyometrics, aquatic plyometrics etc. and Resistance
Training and its variations.
The lower impact on the musculoskeletal system induced
by either plyometric exercise or any other exercise might
be useful to reduce the stress of intensified training periods
on both musculoskeletal and neuroskeletal systems of
human body. Compared to a firm surface sand helps in
reducing Muscle Soreness and lessen Joint Impact. It
enhances Vertical Jump Height, Sprinting Ability
(Acceleration Speed), Balance, Agility and Core Stability
with reduced chances of some selected Sport Injuries.
Though as all the other popular games and sports
basketball performance is also depended upon the same
set of factors but when we talk about excellence in
performance the performance variables has to be carefully
checked and accurately executed during the training
phase. Time is also considered as one of the most
important factor in every athletes career. Therefore sports
scientists and researchers work restlessly to develop such
a training method that accelerates the adaptation process
of homosepians and improves the performance in short
span of tome legally, without associated with
pharmacological applications, which certainly produces a
development of the neuron-muscular function. Many sport
scientists also have worked in the same area with an aim
to get better performance adaptation by combining two or
more than two different forms of training. The present study
also indicates the same type of research.
Method and Procedure
The methodology which has been used in this study was
that a total of 30 (thirty) collegiate athletes having 2 (two)
years varsity experience were selected randomly and
divided randomly into 3 (three) groups i.e. Control Group,
Experimental Group I (Sand-Plyometric) and
Experimental Group II (Resistance) as per the
requirement of the study. Primarily all the athletes were
tested upon various selected direct and in-direct
parameters of Bio-Motor Abilities that influence
performance of basketball players like Explosive Strength,
Acceleration Speed, Coordinative Ability, Agility, Aerobic
Capacity and Flexibility. Further the experimental groups
had received a highly specialized and well supervised Six
Week Sub-Maximal Training Program as shown in Table
1 and Table 2 respectively.

Panda Susanta Kumar and Panda Alpana

33

Table-1
SAND-PLYOMETRIC TRAINING SCHEDULE FOR
EXPERIMENTAL GROUP-I
Plyometric Week 1 Week 2 Week 3
Training

Week 4

Week 5

Week 6

Jump and
Tuck

3*10
(90)

3*15
(90)

3*20
(90)

3*20
(70)

3*25
(75)

4*20
(75)

Standing
Broad
Jump

2*10
(120)

2*15
(120)

2*15
(100)

3*15
(120)

3*15
(100)

4*10
(90)

Hops

2*
2*
2*
2*
2*
3*
5(10)90 7(12)90 10(20)100 10(25)100 10(25)80 10(20)80

Resisted
Box Jump

3*10 3*10 3*10

(10)150 (15)150 (15)120

3*10
(15)90

3*15
(15)150

3*15
(15)120

Sets*reps (times rest between sets) in seconds (for Jump

and Tuck and Standing Broad Jump)
Sets*reps/ at (distance in (m)) times rest between sets
(for Hops)
Sets*reps/ at (Additional Resistance in (Kg)) times rest
between sets (for Resisted Box Jump)
Table-2
RESISTANCE TRAINING SCHEDULE FOR EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP-II
Resistance Week Week Week Week Week Week
Training
1
2
3
4
5
6
Sit-Ups

3*30
(120)

3*35
(120)

3*40
(120)

3*40
(110)

3*45
(110)

3*45
(100)

Pull-Ups

3*10
(120)

3*12
(120)

3*14
(120)

3*14
(110)

3*15
(110)

3*15
(100)

Bench
Press

3*10
(120)

3*12
(120)

3*14
(120)

3*16
(120)

3*18
(110)

3*20
(100)

Squat

3*20
(120)

3*22
(120)

3*24
(120)

3*26
(120)

3*28
(110)

3*30
(100)

Sets*reps (times rest between sets) in seconds / in bench

press and squat resistance will be sub-maximal)
Soon after the successful completion of respective training
programs the pre-administered tests were re-administered
carefully in almost similar conditions and the obtained data
were processed statistically by implementing Analysis of
Co-Variance (ANCOVA) and Level of Significant Difference
(LSD) at 0.05 Level of Significance.

International Journal of Movement Education and Social Sciences Vol. 2 No. 1 (March, 2013) www.ijmess.org ISSN: 2278-0793

Results and Discussion

To determine the effect of sand-plyometric and resistance
training on selected bio-motor abilities of male basketball
players Analysis of Co-Variance (ANCOVA) test was
employed and further to access significant improvement
Level of Significant Difference (LSD) test has been
employed. The level of significance was set at 0.05 in both
the cases.
Analysis of Co-Variance of the means of Control and
Experimental groups (I & II) in selected Bio-Motor Abilities
of Basketball Players were computed and data pertaining
to that have been presented below in Table 3.
Table 3
ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE OF PRE-TEST, POST-TEST AND
ADJUSTED POST TEST ON
BIO-MOTOR ABILITIES
Variables

Explosive
Strength

Accelerati
on Speed

Coordinati
ve Ability

Agility

Aerobic
Capacity

Flexibility

Source of
Variation

Sum of
Squares XY

Sum of
Squares
YX

Between

63.733

266.202

133.101

Within

-103.4

-167.369

-6.437

Total

-39.666

98.833

Between

6.564

6.605

3.302

Within

8.139

-14.914

-0.573

Total

14.703

-8.309

Between

1.035

1.568

0.784

Within

6.913

-14.352

-0.552

Total

7.948

-12.784

Between

19.733

73.714

36.857

Within

85.279

-292.872

-11.264

Total

105.013

-219.158

Between

413162.933

2883093

1441546

Within

-2689207.9

-3513628

-135140

Total

-2276045

-630535

Between

10.873

0.016

0.008

Within
Groups

91.976

8.088

0.311

Total

102.85

8.105

MSS YX

Figure 1 Graphical representation of obtained F-value for

Bio-Motor Abilities and tabulated F-value.

F-value

Table 3.1
20.676*

TESTING SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCE AMONG

ADJUSTED POST MEANS

Explosive
Strength
Acceleration
Speed

25.78

RESIST
ANCE
GROUP
20.85

8.83

7.28

7.37

0.7

Agility

19.82

17.67

14.7

3.09

Aerobic
Capacity

2698.13

1845.14

338.01

VARIABLE

5.757*

1.42

3.682*

PLYOMETRIC
GROUP

2585.41

CONTRO
L
GROUP
15.56

CD AT
5%
LEVEL
2.33

The obtained data from Table 3.1 shows SandPlyometric training shows better impact on all the selected
Bio-Motor Abilities than that of Resistance Group and
Control Group.

10.667*

Conclusion
Under the conditions that prevailed and within the
limitations imposed by the type of subjects and the
variables selected for this study, the following conclusion
may be drawn. Sand-Plyometric Training can be used as
an effective training mean to enhance some elements of
Bio-Motor Abilities like Explosive Strength, Acceleration
Speed, Agility and Aerobic Capacity, which acts as an
essential element that influence Athletic performance as
well as performance indicator for Basketball and other
major games and sports. In Comparison to SandPlyometric Training, Resistance Training has showed less
significant results, it showed better result than that of
Control Group. Therefore in some cases Resistance
training may be given along with Sand-Plyometric Training

0.025

TAB. F.05 (2, 26) = 3.37

The obtained F-value is significant at 0.05 level of
confidence in case of Explosive Strength, Acceleration
Speed, Agility and Aerobic Capacity. Therefore Level of
Significant Difference was resorted to find out the
significance of ordered adjusted final means, which is
shown in Table 3.1.

Panda Susanta Kumar and Panda Alpana

34

International Journal of Movement Education and Social Sciences Vol. 2 No. 1 (March, 2013) www.ijmess.org ISSN: 2278-0793

for better results. In the light of conclusion drawn and within

the limitations of the study, it can be revealed that our body
systems have been gifted by nature to accommodate and
adopt themselves and change the functions according
within the physiological limits.
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