248A

reinforcement. Optimum geometrical design parameters lot

the single foundation are examined and variation in group
efficiency with centre-to-centre spacing determined for the
twin foundations.

Foundations
See also: 934162
934326
Exact probabilistic solution of two-parameter bearing capacity
for shallow foundations. Note
Easa, S M
Can Geotech J V29, N5, Oct 1992, P867-870
An extension is presented to the probabilistic solution of Cherubini (1990) for ultimate beating capacity of shallow strip
foundations on cohesionless soils, which includes the soil unit
weight as a random variable, in addition to effective friction
angle. The exact solution is verified using Monte Carlo simulation and sensitivity to the coefficient of variation of soil density is examined.
934327
Use of airbag system for instrumentation of lateral load tests
on previously installed pipe piles. Technical note
Kramer, S L
Geotech Test J V15, N4, Dec 1992, P399-403
A simple and inexpensive system for measurement of deflected
shape of laterally loaded pipe piles is presented. An inclinometer and a strain gauge column are held against the inner wall
of a previously installed hollow pile by an inflated bag. Load
tests on small and large diameter steel piles demonstrate the
reliability of the system.

934328
Stochastic approach for settlement predictions of shallow
foundations
Zeitoun, D G; Baker, R
Geotechnique V42, N4, Dec 1992, P617-629
Settlement and differential settlements are evaluated for shallow foundations on a random elastic soil medium with a constant Poisson's ratio and random shear modulus characterised
by average value, standard deviation and autocorrelation
function. The covariance matrix of displacement is calculated
using the stochastic integral formulation, which is less computationally intensive than the classical stochastic finite element method. Settlements and differential settlements between
beams on three supports are evaluated as an example.
934329
Bitumen slip coated trial piles and prototype underreamed trial
pile at Angel Square, lslington
Whitworth, L J; Turner, A J; Lee, R G
Ground Engng V26, N1, Jan~Feb 1993, P28-33
Proposed tunnelling beneath the Angel Square site (30m of
London Clay over Woolwich and Reading Beds) would
severely affect the performance of the originally specified parallel sided piles. A decision was made to slip coat the piles to
minimise negative skin friction in the London Clay and to
support the loads on the bases of underreamed piles at the top
of the Woolwich and Reading Clay. Preliminary design, construction of piles, and load testing are described. Final pile
design is illustrated.
934330
Interference effect of two dosely-spnced shallow strip
foundations on geogrid-reinforced sand
Khing, K H; Das, B M; Yen, S C; Purl, V K; Cook, E E
lnt J Geotech Geol Engng VIO, N4, Dec 1992, P257-271
Results are presented from laboratory model tests on bearing
capacity of single strip foundations and closely-spaced pairs of
strip foundations on sand, with and without layers of geogrid

934331
Mechanisms of shaft friction in sand from instrumented pile
tests
Lehane, B M; Jardine, R J; Bond, A J; Frank, R
J Geotech Engng Div ASCE VlI9, N1, Jan 1993, P19-35
Two field piles, equipped with instrumentation developed at
Imperial College to measure shear stresses and radial effective
stresses at a number of levels along the shaft, were installed by
fast jacking and load tested in a medium dense quartz sand.
Stresses developed in a given soil horizon depend both on distance from the pile tip and initial state of the soil. Radial
effective stress changes during loading are associated with soil
fabric set up during installation and dilatancy at the soil-pile
interface. Operational angle of friction correlates well with
results of laboratory interface shear tests.
934332
P-ultimate for undrained analysis of laterally loaded piles
Murff, J D; Hamilton, J M
J Geotech Engng Div ASCE VII9, NI, Jan 1993, P91-107
The ultimate unit resistance which can be exerted by the soil
against the pile is an important element in analysis of laterally
loaded piles. The problem of finding this value is three dimensional and nonlinear. An efficient approximate solution is
presented, based on the upper bound method of plasticity. It
considers a soil wedge in the near surface with plane strain
deformation at depth. Parametric effects including soil
strength inhomogeneity are examined, and predicted failure
values are compared to results from centrifuge tests.
934333
Leaning Tower of Pisa: geotechnical theory and model tests
Grabe, J; Gudehus, G
Soils Found V32, N3, Sept 1992. P130-136
The Leaning Tower of Pisa was constructed in three phases,
beginning in 1173, 1272, and 1360 respectively. Movement
data are available only from the start of this century. Historical development of inclination is reconstituted, considering
that ground failure occurred after each construction phase.
Model tests (1:130) have been carried out to examine the failure mechanism and probability of failure. Failure is certain
without further disturbance if angle of inclination increases
from the current value of 5.5 deg to 5.7 deg. Conservation
should therefore proceed carefully.
934334
Offshore pile system reliability
Tang, W H; Gilbert, R B
Proc 6th ASCE Speciality Conference on Probabilistic
Mechanics and Structural and Geoteclmical Reliability,
Denver, 8-10 July 1992 P228-231. Publ New York. ASCE,
1992
Pile foundations for offshore structures are usually designed
on the basis of plastic yield of a single pile, which does not
immediately result in collapse of the entire foundation. An
analysis is presented to evaluate the probability of single pile
yield and system collapse and to assess existing design methodology. Three structures designed according to industry standards are considered, and effects of water depth, pile
configuration, and load direction examined. It is concluded
that design based on the critical pile is appropriate.

1993 Pergamon Press Ltd. Reproduction not permitted