Nghien curu Ion giao.

So 0 - zuus

24

' . . ! ,

',1-

VE s a CAN THIEP CUA HONG Y SPELLMAN

: (''-, I

TRONG THOI KI CHIEN TRANH VIET NAM

(i

NGUYEN QUANG HLTNG*

am 1975, dat nfldc dUde thd'ng nhat

sau hdn 20 nam chien tranh khdc
het. Tfl thap nien cud'i the ki XX, Viet
Nam ludn dat tdc do phat trien kinh te
cao, ddi sdng nhan dan dUde cai thien,
qua trinh hdi nhap qud'c te dien ra ngay
cang sau rong. Trong hoan cinh dd, Nha
nude Viet Nam dang phai dd'i mat vdi
nhieu van de nhfl hau qua chien tranh,
nan tham nhflng, thiic hien chinh sach
dam bao quyen tii do dan chii, tii do tdn
giao,v.v... Day la li do khien mot so'ngUdi
Viet Nam trong nUdc va ngoai nUdc kich
dong cdng dong qud'c te, cd xuy cho sii can
thiep ciia nUdc ngoai vao nhflng van de
ciia nUdc minh. Bai viet nay phan tich sii
can thiep ciia Hong y Spellman trong thdi
ki chien tranh Viet Nam, qua dd nhan
manh mot thiic te rang: Bdi cinh qud'c te
la vd cflng quan trong, nhflng rdt cuoc chi
cd ngudi Viet Nam mdi cd the giai quyet
nhflng van de ndi bo ciia nUdc minh.
I. HONG Y SPELLMAN
NGHIA CONG SAN

VA

CHU
.

TrUdng hdp Hong y Spellman phai dat

trong md'i quan he gifla Giao hdi Cdng
giao va chu nghia cdng s i n gifla the ki
XX trong bd'i cinh qud'c te thdi ki chien
tranh lanh gifla PhUdng Tay tU ban chii
nghia va khdi cdng sin. Trong mot sd'
cdng trinh trUde day, chung tdi da phan
tich lich sU cua md'i quan he gifla Giao
hoi Cdng giao va chu nghia cong s i n d
Chau Au, nhflng cd sd va ban che lich sii

ciia quan niem mac xit ve tdn giao'". Xet

ve phfldng dien nghien cflu, ban than cac
nha kinh dien la nhflng nha chinh tri va
each mang. khdng phai la nhflng nha
triet hoc tdn giao nhfl I. Kant, G.W.F.
Heghen. cflng khdng phai la nhflng
chuyen gia nghien cflu ve xa hdi hoc tdn
giao nhfl E. Durkheim, M. Weber, Day la
diem can Iflu y khi danh gia hoc thuyet
mac xit ve tdn giao. D i u the nao. thiic te
la tfl gifla the ki XIX, Giao hdi Cdng giao
khdng man ma vdi phong trao cdng nhan
cac nude Chau Au. Tda Thanh phin
khang hoe thuyet mac xit d hai diem
chinh: Thfl nhat, trong khi Giao hdi Cdng
*. PGS.TS., Khoa Triei hgc, Truang Dai hgc Khoa
hgc Xa hdi va Nhan van, Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Noi.
1. Nam 1843, trong tac phaim Phe phdn triet hoc phdp
quyen ciia Heghen. Led ndi ddu. C. Mac khang dinh:
'Tdn giao la thudc phien ciia nhan dan". Nam 1848, C.
Mac va Ph. Angghen md dau Tuyen ngdn ciia Ddng
cong sdn nhu sau: "Mdt bdng ma dang am anh Chau
Au: bdng ma chu nghia cdng san. Tai ca cac the luc ciia
Chau Au cu dang tim each trir khir bdng ma dd. Giao
hoang va Nga hoang (...), ddu da lien hgp lai thanh
mdt lien minh than thanh de trir khir bdng ma dd." C.
Mac va Ph. Angghen. Tuyen ngdn ciia Ddng cong sdn,
trong: C. Mdc vd Ph. Angghen. Todn tap. Tap 4, tr.
595. Nhu vay. nhirng ngudi sang lap chu nghia cdng
san liet Giao hoang va Giao hgi Cdng giao the gidi
vao "danh sach cac the luc Chau Au cu" ddi lap vdi
phong trao cdng san. Xem: Nguy6n Quang Hung. Vdi
suy nghi ve quan mem ciia C. Mdc vd Ph. Angghen ve
ton gido. Tap chi Nghien cii:u Tdn giao, sd 5/2005, tr.
3 - 1 0 : Nguygn Quang Hung, Nguydn Thi Bach Yen.
Quan he triet hoc - tdn gido: tif Tdx Au cdn dai tdi
Viet Nam hien nax. Tap chi Nghien cti'u Tdn giao, sd
5/2006, tr. 21-31."

Nguydn Quang Hung. Ve su can thiep cua Hong y Spellman...

giao dflng ve phia nhflng ngfldi hflu sin,
bao ve quyen tfl hflu tai san nhfl mot
quyen bat k h i xam pham cua mdi ngUdi
dan thi ehu nghia Mac lai dflng ve phia
giai cap vd s i n va nhan dan lao ddng, cd
xuy cho mot xa hdi cdng hflu tai sin. ThU
hai, trong khi Cdng giao la mot tdn giao
doc thin, thd phung Dflc Chfla Ba Ngdi,
thi chu nghia Mac lai chii trfldng xay
dflng mot xa hoi cdng s i n duy vat va vd
thin. Nhfl vay, tuy hoc thuyet cdng s i n
do C. Mac, Ph. Angghen va V.I. Lenin
sang lap va giao li Cdng giao deu chfla
dflng nhflng gia tri nhan dao cao ca,
mong mudn mot tfldng lai tot dep cho
nhan loai'^', nhflng theo cac each thflc,
con dudng trai ngUdc nhau.

25

La mdt nhan vat chd'ng cdng dac biet

cua Giao hoi Cdng giao the gidi nhflng
nam 1940, 1950, trong nhieu trUdng hdp,
Spellman da khoac chiec ao Hdng y de
can thiep vao cdng viec ndi bd nhieu qud'c
gia. Vi Hong y nay trd thanh mot nhan
vat ndi tieng trong Giao hdi Cdng giao the
gidi va trong quan he qudc te bdi dng cd
md'i quan he td't vdi nhieu tdng thdng Hoa
Ky nhu Harry Truman, D. Wight
Eisenhower va Lyndon Johnson. Nhd dd,
dng trd thanh mot nhan vat cd i n h hUdng
Idn trong chinh tri PhUdng Tay.

Md'i quan he gifla Giao hoi Cdng giao

va chii nghia cdng san cang trd nen cang
thing sau Cach mang thang Mudi Nga
nam 1917. Ben canh nhflng nd life vi boa
binh, di d i u trong cac phong trao phan
chien vi sii thinh vUdng chung ciia nhan
loai, Tda Thanh e ngai chu nghia cdng
sin, ban hanh nhieu thdng diep ve van de
nay, dien hinh la Divini
Redemptoris.
Sau Chien tranh The gidi lin thU hai,
trong bdi cinh chien tranh lanh gifla
PhUdng Tay va khd'i cdng sin, lap trUdng
chd'ng chu nghia cdng s i n cua Tda Thanh
cang the hien rd dudi trieu cua Giad
hoang Pio XII (tri vi 1939-1959). Nhflng
hoat ddng chinh tri ciia Hong y Spellman
nam trong khung canh dd.

Gifla Giao hoang Pio XII va Spellman

cd mdi quan he dac biet. Nam 1936,
Spellman thap tflng Hong y Pacelli trong
chuyen tham Hoa Ky. Trong chuyen di
nay, vdi sfl xep dat ciia Spellman, Pacelli
da dUdc Tong thd'ng Hoa Ky Roosevelt
tiep kien va mdi quan he gifla ba nhan
vat nay tfl dd trd nen than tinh. Nam
1939, Hong y Pacelli dUdc b i u lam Giao
hoang lay nien hieu Pio XII. Tfl day, con
dUdng sfl nghiep cua Spellman len nhu
dieu. Ngay sau dd, Spellman dUdc bd
nhiem lam Tdng Giam muc Tdng Giao
phan New York. Cung nhu Giao hoang
Pio XII, Spellman bay td lap trUdng
khdng thoi hiep vdi chu nghia cdng sin.
Nam 1946, vi Hong y nay da nhan manh
den sU cin thiet phii chd'ng cong ngay
trong ldng nUde My. Nam 1949, dng
khang dinh rang, Hoa Ky chi cd the vflng
manh khi nd xoa sach cac chi bd cdng s i n

Spellman, ten that la Francis Joseph

Spellman, sinh nam 1889 d Whitman,
Bang Massachusetts, Hea Ky. Sau khi td't
nghiep pho thdng d Fortham, dng theo
hoc d North American College, mot Dai
chiing vien d Roma va thu phong linh
muc nam 1916. Tfl nam 1925, Spellman
lam viec vdi tU each la tuy vien (Attache)
d Vatican, dac trach quan he gifla Hoa Ky
va Tda Thanh. Nam 1932, dng trd thanh
Giam muc Giad phan Boston va dUdc
phong chflc Hong y nam 1946.

2. Hd Chi Minh da nhan thay rd nhirng di6m tuong

ddng v6 li tudng gitra cac hgc thuyet tren khi ndi:
"Tdn giao ciia Giesu cd uu di6m cua nd la long nhan
ai cao ca. Chii nghia Mac cd uu diem ciia nd la
phuong phap lam viec bien chirng. Chii nghia Tdn
Dat Tien cd uu diem cua no, chinh sach ciia no thich
hgp vdi didu kien nude ta. Khdng Tir. Giesu. Mac,
Ton Dat Tien chang cd nhirng diem chung dd sao?
(...) Tdi cd gang lam ngudi hgc trd nhd ciia cac vi
ay". Tran Dan Tien. Nhiing mau chuyen ve ddi hoat
ddng ciia Hd Chii tich. Ban Trung van ciia Truang
Niem Thirc. Nxb Tam Lien, Thugng Hai, trong: Hd
Chi Minh ve vd'n de tdn gido. tin iigudng. N.Kb
KHXH, Ha Ndi 1998, tr. 185.

26
d nUdc minh. Ong da bay td lap trfldng
cua minh trdng cudc tranh luan vdi Nghi
si McCarthy nam 1953 nhfl sau: "Neu ed
the tdi mudn bd sung them mot tfl neu
nhu Nghi si McCarthy ndi vdi chung tdi
ve nhflng ngUdi cdng s i n va ve each thflc
cua cong s i n . Tdi mudn ndi rang tdi
khdng chi chd'ng lai ehii nghia cdng s i n
ma tdi cdn chd'ng ci phUdng phap cua
nhflng ngUdi cdng sin"'^'.
La linh muc tuyen uy, tfl nam 1942
cho tdi cudi ddi, Spellman di tham cac
ddn vi quan ddi My dang hien dien d
nhflng chien trUdng ndng bdng d Chau
Au, d Trieu Tien va Viet Nam vao nhflng
dip Le Giang sinh. Vi Hong y nay trd
thanh cd' van than can ciia Giao hoang
Pio XII trong nhflng van de dd'i ngoai,
lam mUa lam gid trong Giao hoi Cdng
giao the gidi va cd i n h hUdng rat Idn tdi
chinh phii Hoa Ky khi dd tdi mflc cd biet
danh la "vi Giao hoang ngUdi My"
(American Pope). Trong bdi cinh chien
tranh lanh gifla Phfldng Tay va khdi cdng
sin dang hoi cao diem, nen chinh tri nUdc
My nhflng nam 1950-1960 thflc sfl da hi
chi phdi bdi lap trfldng dieu hau ciia cac
vi tong thd'ng Harry Truman, D.
Eisenhower, John Kennedy, Lyndon
Johnson. Day cflng la thdi ki vang sdn
trong quan he gifla chinh quyen My vdi
Tda Thanh bdi nhflng nd liic cua
Spellman. Vi Hong y nay td ro sfl ung ho
chinh quyen My trong cuoc chien tranh d
Trieu Tien. Ong di khap ndi, co xuy cho
cac che do doc tai dan ap phong trao canh
t i d cac nUdc. "La nhan vat chd'ng cdng tdi
tan xUdng tuy, dng nhin nhan chii nghia
Mac nhu mot ke thu chinh ciia ci Hoa Ky
va Vatican, va hien nay, vao nhflng nam
1960, vi Hong y nay bat man vdi Tda
Thanh bdi vi Giao hoang mdi [Paul VIXQH] ndi ve hoa binh d Viet Nam treng
khi Hoa Ky dang theo dudi cuoc chien
chdng lai chu nghia cdng sin, Vi Hong y
nay da nd liic lam moi dieu cd the de chd'ng
lai cai ma dng ta goi la hiem hoa cua quan

Nghien cun Ton giao. So 6 - 2008

Dd. Vdi muc dich sii dung quyen liic ciia
minh, Spellman ldi keo Giao hoi cua dng
theo hfldng cua ngfldi My"'*".
Vdi nhflng boat ddng eiia Spellman dUdc
sfl hau thuan cua Giao hoang Pio XII. theo
mot sd' nha nghien cflu trong nhflng nam
1950, Tda Thanh cdn e ngai chu nghia cdng
sin hdn ca chinh quyen My va cac nfldc Tay
Au, lam gia tang sfl ddi diu gifla PhUdng
Tay vdi khdi cdng sin, day chien tranh lanh
tdi dinh cao cua nd.
II. SI/ CAN THIEP CUA HONG Y
SPELLMAN

VAO

CHIEN

TRANH

VIET NAM
La ngUdi cd vu nhiet thanh thuyet
Ddmind, Spellman quan tam tdi Viet
Nam tfl d i u nhflng nam 1950 khi chien
tranh Ddng Dudng l i n thfl nhat dang hoi
cad diem. Sau viec thanh lap nfldc CHND
Trung Hoa, vi Hong y nay cflng vdi nhieu
nhan vat chop bu trong chinh quyen My
da can thiep vao Ddng Dfldng nham tao
ra hang rao ngan chan i n h hfldng cua
chu nghia cdng s i n d Ddng Nam A. Ong
phe phan Hiep dinh Geneva nam 1954 ve
Viet Nam, khdng tan thanh viec tdng
tuyen cii toan qud'c d c i hai mien Nam Bac, cho dd la sii thda hiep vdi chii nghia
cong s i n : "Neu ung ho tat ci nhflng dieu
trong Hiep dinh Geneva thi cd nghia la
gidng tieng ken bao hieu cham bet nhflng
khat vong ve tfl do dang chay bdng d
Ddng Nam A! Dd cflng cd nghia la sfl phan
bdi dd'i vdi hang trieu ngfldi dan Ddng
Dudng, nhflng ngUdi dang phai chflng kien
sfl khiing khie'p do sfl thd'ng tri ciia cdng sin
cuong tin mang lai"'*'.
De cap tdi sfl can thiep cua Spellman
tdi lich sii Viet Nam giai doan nay khdng
the khdng n h i c tdi md'i quan he ciia dng
3. John Cooney. Cardinal Spellman. New York
1984, p. 219.
4. John Cooney. Sdd, tr. xvi.
5. Dan theo: Scheer. The American Pope. Francis
Cardinal Spellman. New York 1969, tr. 18.

Nguy6n Quang Hung. Ve su can thiep ciia Hong y Spellman...

ta vdi chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem.
Khdng phii la ngfldi duy nhat, nhflng rd
rang vai trd eiia vi Hdng y nay trong viec
dUa Ngd Dinh Diem len nam quyen d
Mien Nam Viet Nam la dieu khdng the
phu nhan. Qua Giam muc Ngd Dinh
Thuc, vi Hong y nay biet tdi Ngd Dinh
Diem. Theo J. Buttinger: "Hong y
Spellman, ngUdi ma Diem biet tdi qua sii
gidi thieu cua anh trai minh cd le la ngUdi
My diu tien de xUdng y tudng chinh phu
Viet Nam phii dUdc lanh dad bdi nhan
vat Cdng giao Ngd Dinh Diem""'*. Ong da
can du trong viec ngUdi My gay ap liic de
ngUdi Phap nhat tri viec Bio Dai bd
nhiem Ngd Dinh Diem lam Thii tudng
ngay 14/6/1954.

27

trong cua chinh quyen My neu tren, trong

dd cd Hong y Spellman, chinh quyen Ngd
Dinh Diem trong budi dau trflng nfldc khd
cd the tru vflng trUdc nhflng ddi thii la liic
lUdng than Phap d Mien Nam khi dd nhU
cac liic lUdng cua Cad Dai, Phat giao Hda
Hao, Binh Xuyen va cac liic lUdng cua
tudng Nguyen Van Hinh.

Mot cau hdi dat ra, Spellman giflp dd

chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem trUdc het vi cai
gi? Vi dflc tin Kitd giao hay vi ngfldi My?
Thai dd cua vi Hong y nay ddi vdi anh em ho
Ngd nhflng ngay thang cudi cflng ciia chinh
quyen Ngd Dinh Diem giup chung ta sang
td dieu nay. Khdng chi chinh quyen J.
Kennedy, ma ca Hdi Nhflng ngfldi ban My
vi Viet Nam cung bd rdi anh em ho Ngd
Hdn the nfla, Spellman da lam bet sflc trong nhflng phut lam chung. Spellman da
minh ciing cd' chinh quyen Ngd Dinh khdng ddn tiep Ngd Dinh Thuc trong
Diem trong giai doan trflng nfldc. Nhin chuyen vi giam muc nay tren dudng sang
nhan lan sdng ngUdi di cU vad Nam sau Roma tham dii Cdng dong Vatican II ghe
Hiep dinh Geneva, ma da p h i n la ngUdi cua Hoa Ky vao thang 9-10/1963 nham giii
Cdng giao, nhU mot cuoc trd'n chay khdi tda nhflng bat dong gifla chinh quyen
chii nghia cdng sin, di tim tfl do, dng da Kennedy vdi anh em ho Ngd. Trong khi dd,
CO xuy cho dan di cfl trong luc Tda Thanh tfl khi nam quyen tdi luc bi lat dd bdi cuoc
khdng cd lap trUdng rd rang ve van de dio chinh ngay 1/11/1963, chinh quyen Ngd
nay. Nam 1955, trong chuyen vieng tham Dinh Diem khdng he thay doi lap trUdng
Mien Nam Viet Nam, vi Hong y nay da chd'ng cdng cflng nhfl lam phUdng hai tdi
chuyen qua to chflc Cflu trd Cdng giao dflc tin Kitd giao. Sud't 8 nam cam quyen,
Qud'c te (Catholic Relief Service) tam sec anh em ho Ngd chii yeu diia vao sfl iing ho
100.000 USD hd trd cho dan di cU. Nam ciia Giao hoi Cdng giao Mien Nam khi dd,
1955, dng gia nhap hoi nhflng ngUdi My lay Ding Cin Lao lam ndng cot.
ling ho chien tranh Viet Nam vdi cai ten
Nhflng vi anh em ho Ngd trd nen khdng
Hoi Nhflng ngfldi ban My vi Viet Nam de sai bao ddi vdi chinh quyen Kennedy,
(The American Friends of Vietnam) bao nen trong chuyen Ngd Dinh Thuc sang
gom nhieu chinh tri gia ndi tieng khi dd Hoa Ky, Spellman khdng nhflng tay chay
nhu Bo trudng Ngoai giao John Foster Ngd Dinh Thuc, ma cdn de nghi ci Giam
Dulles, Giao sU Dai hoc Michigan Wesley muc Fulton Sheen cai quan Giao phan
Fishel, cac nghi si Lyndon Johnson, Mike New York bd rdi vi Tdng Giam muc Tdng
Mansfield, Eugene McCarthy, Richard Giao phan Hue. Nhflng vd'n la mot ngUdi
Nixon, Chanh an Tda an Tdi cao Lien bang quen cua Ngd Dinh Thuc, Giam muc
Wilham Douglas va nhieu ngUdi khac.
Fulton Sheen da khdng nghe theo
Spellman, van mdi cdm Ngd Dinh Thuc.
Nam 1957, trong chuyen tham Hoa Ky,
Ngd Dinh Diem da cd cuoc gap vdi Hong y 6. Joseph Buttinger. A smaller dragon. Vietnam: A
Spellman. Neu nhU khdng ed sii hau thuin political History. Preager Publishers. New
'
:
va trd giflp die liic ciia cac nhan vat quan York/Washington, p. 385.

28
Neu Spellman khdng bi bd rdi trong nhflng
ngay t h a n g cudl cflng, ket cue ciia a n h em
ho Ngd khdng tdi mflc bi t h i m nhfl vay.
Thiic te la, vi H o n g y n a y da dfldc t h d n g
bao trfldc ve ke hoach d i o c h i n h lat do
chinh quyen Ngd D i n h Diem, nhflng da
khdng lam gi de cflu che do n a y " \
Dfldng nhien, mot t r o n g nhflng li do
ma Spellman b a t b i n h bdi chinh quyen
Ngd Dinh Diem q u a diia vao cac liic lUdng
Cdng giao va dieu dd tao r a mot a n tUdng
khdng td't ve Giao hdi Cdng giao'^'. NhUng
dieu dd cflng k h d n g du de t h a n h m i n h
mot thiic te la S p e l l m a n u n g ho a n h em
ho Ngd k h d n g b a n vi nhflng ngfldi Cdng
giao Mien N a m Viet N a m k h i dd, m a
trUdc bet vi q u y e n ldi cua H d a Ky, vi cuoc
chien chd'ng chii n g h i a cdng s i n ciia dng
ta. Vdi q u a n he t h a n t i n h vdi chinh quyen
Kennedy, sd p h a n cua a n h em ho Ngd cd
le se khac neu n h u vi H o n g y n a y thiic sii
vi quyen ldi cua ngudi Cdng giao va dflc
tin Kitd giao. Cai m u H o n g y va nhflng ldi
rad g i i n g " b i o ve dflc tin Kitd giao" cua
Spellman chi la cai vd tdn giao be ngoai.
Dieu nay cang the hien rd sau khi chinh
quyen Ngd Dinh Diem sup dd'. Hong y
Spellman la ngfldi co vfl nhiet t h a n h cho
viec chinh quyen Lyndon Johnson leo t h a n g
chien t r a n h d Viet N a m vdi viec de quan vao
Mien Nam va nem bom Mien Bic. Bat chap
\aec nan n h a n chien t r a n h da p h i n la dan
thudng, trong dd cd c i dan Cdng giao, vi
Hong y nay coi chien t h i n g ap dao quan sfl
dd'i vdi nhflng ngfldi cdng s i n la giii phap
duy n h a t cho cuoc chien d Viet Nam, "Neu
chung ta xem xet d i i n tien lich sii can thiep
cua dng ta thi se t h a y viec Spellman tiep tuc
ling ho m a n h me chinh sach cua My d Viet
Xam khdng cd gi ngac nhien c i . Ve p h a n
minh, Johnson mudn ldi dung sfl hieu chien
ciia vi Hong y. Vdi viec 6 at dfla quan ddi
My t h a m dfl vao cuoc chien thi phong trao
phan dd'i sfl hien dien cua h'nh My d Viet
Nam cang dang cao. Vi Td'ng thd'ng nay
mud'n nhflng nd liic cua dng dfldc Chfla che

Nghien cun Ton giao. So 6 - 2008

chd, va Spellman, hdn bat cfl n h a n vat nao
khac cua Giao hdi, cdng k h a i coi cuoc vien
chinh cua J o h n s o n la mot h a n h vi dao dflc
(...) Spellman luc nao cung cho r a n g nhiing
quyet dinh cua Tdng thd'ng la dung dan"'^'.
Vao dip Le G i a n g s i n h n a m 1966,
S p e l l m a n tdi Sai Gdn t h a m cae ddn vi
q u a n ddi My. Tfldng My W e s t m e r e l a n d
dich t h a n r a p h i trfldng T a n Sdn N h a t
ddn vi H o n g y. S p e l l m a n iing ho viec Hoa
Ky n e m bom M i e n Bac Viet N a m va goi
nhflng ngfldi l i n h My la " t h a n h gUdm cua
Chua". C h i e n t r a n h Viet N a m , theo dng,
la cuoc chien bao ve n e n v a n m i n h . Lap
t r u d n g ciia S p e l l m a n cdn cfle doan hdn ca
q u a n diem eiia n h i e u c h i n h tri gia Hoa
Ky k h i dd. O n g tin tfldng r a n g , nhflng
ngfldi l i n h My d Viet N a m k h d n g chi bao
ve q u y e n ldi c u a nfldc My, m a c i phuc vu
Dflc Kitd'^'^'. T r o n g ddt vieng t h a m Viet
N a m r a y k h i dfldc hdi: "Ngai nghi gi ve
nhflng dieu m a ngfldi My d a n g l a m d Viet
N a m " ? Vi H o n g y n a y da t r i ldi la dng
"hoan t o a n " u n g ho "moi cai d a n g dien
ra". O n g d a n giai cau ndi cua mot vi anh
hflng h a i q u a n d t h e ki XIX: "Cd le dat
nfldc cua tdi b a e gid cung dung". Va du
d u n g h a y sai t h i dd cflng la "To qud'c
tdi"'"'. T r o n g mdt budi t h u y e t giang,
S p e l l m a n ndi vdi nhflng ngfldi linh My
r i n g , ho la "nhflng ngfldi linh T h a p tfl
c h i n h " t h a m dfl vao cuoc chien cua "Dflc
Kitd" chd'ng lai Viet cdng va nhflng ngUdi

Bic Viet'^^'.
7. Hai nam sau khi chinh quyen bi sup dd va anh em
hg Ngd bi giei hai. Spellman da bay td sir luyen tiec
doi vdi hai nhan vat nay.
8. John Cooney. Sdd, tr. 244.
9. John Cooney. Sdd, tr. 299.
10. Kreis Bensberger. Die Christen und der Krieg in
Vietnam, em Memorandum deutscher Katholiken.
Matthias Gruenewald Verlag. Mainz 1969, p. 40.
11. Francis Thomas Ritt. The Bishops and
Negotiation Now. in: Quigley E. Thomas (ed.).
American Catholics and Vietnam. Michigan 1968, p.
110.
12. John Cooney. Sdd, tr. 306-307.

Nguy6n Quang Hung. Ve su can thiep cua Hdng y Spellman.

Nen nhd rang, tfl d i u nhflng nam
1960, lap trfldng ciia Tda Thanh dfldi
trieu cac vi giao hoang Gioan XXIII (tri vi
1959 - 1963) va Paul VI (tri vi 1963 1978) da cd sfl thay dd'i. Sau viec dflng ra
lam trung gian gifla Lien Xd va Hoa Ky
trong viec giai quyet cuoc khiing being
ten Ilia d Cuba nam 1961, Tda Thanh
hieu rang chien tranh the gidi (neu de
xay ra) thi se khdng cdn la mot cuoc chien
tranh vdi nhflng vu khi thdng thfldng
nfla. Ci Hoa Ky, Anh, Phap, Lien Xd va
Trung Qudc deu da trd thanh nhflng nfldc
sd hflu vu khi hat nhan. Neu de xay ra
mot cuoc chien tranh hat nhan thi dd se
la mot t h i m hoa cho ci nhan loai. Them
vao dd, trong mot the gidi hien dai da tdn
giao, da dan tdc cin cd mot thai do mem
deo hdn trong chinh tri qud'c te va trong
quan he vdi cac td chflc tdn giao khac. Do
vay, tiep theo Thdng diep Pacem in terris
ciia Giao hoang Gioan XXIII, Cdng ddng
Vatican II da xac dinh lap trUdng cua Tda
Thanh san sang ddi thoai vdi cac tdn giao
khac, phan biet sii khac nhau gifla mot
hoc thuyet vdi nhflng ngfldi theo hoc
thuyet dd. Tda Thanh gifl lap trfldng
khdng thda hiep vdi chii thuyet cdng sin
ve mat li thuyet, nhflng cdi md ddi thoai
vdi nhflng ngfldi mac xit va ci nhflng
ngfldi vd t h i n d cac nfldc Chau Au va cac
qud'c gia trong khdi cdng sin.
Lap trUdng tren cua Tda Thanh dUdc
nhieu ngUdi iing ho vi nd md ra mot vien
cinh lam diu tinh hinh cang thing qud'c
te, cho thay nhflng nd liic cua Tda Thanh
trong nhflng van de ve hda binh, xac dinh
vi tri ciia Giao hoi Cdng giao trong the
gidi hien dai. Nhflng bat chap nhflng
chuyen bien trong lap trUdng cua Tda
Thanh, Hong y Spellman vin duy tri
quan diem bao thii cua minh, khdng thda
hiep vdi khdi cdng s i n . Ong cdn phe phan
ca lap trUdng cua cac giao hoang Gioan
XXIII va Paul VI trong van de nay. Do
vay, vi the ciia Spellman trong Giao hoi

29

Cdng giao the gidi gid day suy giim,

khdng cdn dUdc lam mUa lam gid nhu
dudi thdi Giao hoang Pio XII. Vi Hong y
nay da bat binh vdi Tda Thanh trong dip
Giao hoang Paul VI vieng tham Hoa Ky
thang 10/1965, bdi vi Giao hoang nay da
keu goi "hda binh bang moi gia" cho Viet
Nam. "Vi Hong y da tflc gian khi Dflc
Giao hoang khang dinh rat rd Ngai rat
lay lam vui mflng nhin thay dam phan
hda binh, chfl khdng phii la mot chien
thang cua Hoa Ky (,,.) Cdn Spellman thi
dat sfl mang hda binh cua Giao hoang
vao the bat ldi. Dai Phat thanh Matxcdva
dUa tin vi Hong y da chd'ng lai nhflng ldi
keu gei hda binh ciia Giao hoang cho Viet
Nam""'^'. Do vay, mac diu Spellman
mudn gifl Giao hoang vieng tham lau
hdn, nhflng Giao hoang Paul VI da gifl
khoang each vdi vi Hong y nay.
Cflng trong dip vieng tham Mien Nam
Viet Nam tren day, trfldc sfl hien dien
ciia khoang 3.000 linh My tai Da Nang,
Spellman ndi: "Khdng the chap nhan neu
khdng gianh dfldc chien thang hoan toan
(...) Trong dip Le Giang sinh, Spellman
ndi trong mot Thanh le Misa ddn giin vdi
mot cai bing go trfldc hang nghin binh
linh rang: "...Tdi tin rang cuoc chien d
Viet Nam nay la cuoc chien vi nen van
minh. Tdi cho rang, dd la sfl bao ve, gin
gifl khdng chi dat nfldc chung ta, ma ci
mot nen van minh". Vao ngay 28/12/1966,
tai Manila, thu dd cua Philippines, mot
sd' nha bao da hdi: Ngai am chi dieu gi
khi Ngai hoan toan bac bd hda binh thdng
qua dam phan. [Cau t r i ldi cua Spellman
la - NQH] Hda binh nghia la chien thang
hoan toan [cua ngUdi My - NQH]"'"'.
Trong bdi cinh cuoc chien d Viet Nam
vao thdi diem gifla nhflng nam 1960 dang
ngay cang ac liet vdi sfl hien dien cua hdn
niia trieu quan My, lap trUdng tren day
13. John Cooney. Sdd, tr. 306-307.
14, John Cooney. Sdd, tr. 306-307.

30
ciia Spellman da cd tac ddng rat Idn tdi
quan dm My va lap trUdng quan phUdng
ciia nhieu chflc sac Giao hdi Cdng giao
Mien Xam khi dd. Xd dfldc tudng
Westmoreland hudng flng vdi tuyen bd':
"Chung ta dang chien dau trong cuoc
chien cua Dflc Kitd"'^''\ :., : ,...,Mac d i u vay. Hong y Spellman da
phai nem trai khdng it nhflng that bai
ciia minh. Dfldng thdi, dng da phai chflng
kien sfl sup dd ciia chinh quyen Ngd Dinh
Diem, ngfldi ma dng tflng nang dd. Ben
canh dd. dng cdn phii chflng kien sfl that
bai ciia Nghi si McCarthy, ngfldi ma dng
giii gam nhieu hi vong. Tfl nhflng nam
1960, dng d i n dan hi cd lap ngay trong
Giao hdi Cdng giao the gidi. Thai do dieu
hau ciia Spellman la muc tieu cdng kich
ciia nhflng ngUdi phan chien My tdi mflc
nha thd Idn ciia dng d New York thudng
xuyen bi ho "vieng tham" vdi nhieu gach
da. Nhflng ngfldi bieu tinh p h i n chien d
My goi cuoc chien d Viet Nam la "cuoc
chien ciia Spellman". Spellman thdi chflc
vi Tdng Giam muc Tdng Giao phan New
York nam 1966 p h i n vi tudi cao, nhflng
chu yeu la do nhflng bat dong gifla vi
Hong y nay vdi Giao hoang Paul VI va
chet nam 1967 trong sfl hoan hi ciia
nhflng ngudi phan chien My. Tiep theo dd
la sii sa liy ciia chinh quyen Johnson
trong cuoc chien d Viet Nam. Gia nhU
Spellman cd the sd'ng tdi nam 1975,
chflng kien that bai t h i m hai ciia chinh
quyen My, de lai "hoi chflng Viet Nam"
ma may thap ki sau nhieu ngUdi My vin
khdng mud'n nhic lai, thi cd le dng se rut
ra nhieu bai hoc khdng chi cho rieng
minh, ma cho ci nhieu ngUdi My. Gia
nhu Spellman cd the chflng kien sfl vd
nghia ciia cuoc chien tranh, chflng kien
viec nhieu ciiu chien bmh My sau nay ndi
len nhflng ldi sam hdi vi nhflng gi ho da
lam d Viet Nam thi cd the dng se thay dd'i
quan diem ciia minh chang?

Nghien cmi Ton giao. So 6 - 2008

Phan tich sfl can thiep tren day cua
Hdng y Spellman cang lam chflng ta rd
hdn tac ddng ciia bdi canh qudc te ddi vdi
cuoc chien d Viet Nam. Mac dfl Spellman
khdng phai la dai dien cho Giao hdi Cdng
giao the gidi, nhflng lap trfldng ciia dng ta
cd tac ddng Idn tdi Giae hoi Cdng giao.
Thflc te, trong van de chien tranh va hda
binh, hang giao pham cua Giao hdi Cdng
giao d Mien Nam Viet Nam khi dd chiu
anh hudng bdi quan diem eiia Spellman
hdn la ciia Giao hoang Paul VI'"''.
Nhflng phan tich tren day cung cho
thay mot sfl can thiep thd bao tfl ben
ngoai tdi lich sii Viet Nam. Dfldng nhien,
sfl ung he ciia cdng dong qudc te trong
nhflng trfldng hdp cu the nhat dinh la vd
cflng quan trong, nhflng da p h i n ngUdi
nUdc ngoai can thiep vao Viet Nam trUdc
het khdng p h i i vi ldi ich ciia ngUdi Viet
Nam, ma vi ldi ich eiia chinh ho. Tac ddng
cua cdng dong qud'c te trong nhflng dieu
kien lich sii cu the nhat dinh se cd tac
ddng tich cflc dd'i vdi tien trinh phat trien
cua dan toe Viet Nam, thuc day chflng ta
hdi nhap qudc te vi sfl thinh vfldng ciia
dan tdc minh cung nhfl ciia nhan loai,
nhUng neu dd la sfl can thiep thd bao thi
tat yeu vap p h i i sfl p h i n ddi kien quyet
tfl chinh phii va nhan dan Viet Nam"''./.

15. David R. Georges. The Vietnam war: A

Christian perspective, in: Michael P. Hamilton. The
Vietnam war: Christian perspectives. Michigan
1967. p. 48.
16. Xem: Piero Gheddo. Die Katholiken und
Buddhisten in Vietnam. Muenchen 1969.
17. Carl Thayer, chuyen gia vd Viet Nam ciia Hgc
vien Qudc phdng Australia, td ra rat am hi6u tam li
ngudi Viet Nam. Ong khdng nghi "phong trao dan
chu lai cd mot siic hap dan nao d Viet Nam. Trong
tang lap trung luu khdng cd han mdt tap hop cir tri
cam thay hg bi ap bii'c, hay sd lugng nhti'ng cam tinh
vien chiu tac ddng cua phong trao dan chii cung
khdng Idn". Bai tra ldi phdng vien BBC, ngay 7
thang 3 nam 2007.