Faculty of Business, Economics & Accounting

Department of Business Studies

HELP Bachelor of Economics (Hons) Year 1

INTERNAL SUBJECT DETAILS

Semester 3, 2016
Subject:

ECO 158
History of Economics Thought

Subject Lecturer/Tutor:

Ms Sridevi R.K.Narayanan
Telephone: 03-2716 2000
Fax:
03-2093 5311
Email:
sridevi.n@help.edu.my

Consultation:

Please e -mail for appointment

PRE-REQUISITE(S)
ECO155
ECO157

Microeconomics I
Macroeconomics I

SYNOPSIS
This course is concerned with studying the evolution of economic ideas in a historical
context. The focus is also on how past analytical contributions have shaped
contemporary economic theories and applications. The course covers a broad range of
topics, which includes pre-mercantilism &mercantilism thoughts; classical &
neoclassical thoughts; socialist, historical, welfare& institutionalism thoughts;
Keynesian & neo-Keynesian thoughts; monetarist thoughts; and business cycles, as
well as, past present theories of economic growth & development.
OBJECTIVES
The main objectives of this subject are to expose students to a selected range of
economic ideas and theories, and their fundamental assumptions and evolution into
dominant explanations for effective understanding of current economics and economic
activities.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
On successful completion of the subject, students will be able to
i.
ii.
iii.

understand the fundamental assumptions and rationale of selected economic

theories,
appreciate the context for the emergence of such economic ideas, and
appreciate the application of economic concepts, theories and models in todays real world.

REQUIRED READING
Brue, S. L., & Grant, R. G. (2013), TheEvolution of Economic Thought (Eighth
Edition), USA, South-Western, Cengage Learning.
ADDITIONAL READINGS
Canterbery, E. R. (2011),A Brief History of Economics, (Second Edition), Singapore,
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte.Ltd.
Butcherholtz, T.G.(2007), New Idea from Dead Economists, (Second Edition),London,
A Plume Book.

Roncaglia, A. (2005), The Wealth of Ideas: A History of Economic Thought, UK,

Cambridge University Press.
Samuels, W. J., Henderson, W., Johnson, K. D., & Johnson, M. (2004), Essays on the
History of Economics, London, Routledge.
Ekeland, Jr., R. F. & Herbert, R. F. (1997), A History of Economic Thought & Method,
(Fourth Edition), Singapore, McGraw-Hill.
Read other relevant texts, research publications on history of economic thought and
related areas.
(Refer to the latest publications, if and when available).
Note 1:
Since text books on history of economic thought are comparatively limited in
HELP Library, at this point in time, you should make attempts to visit other
libraries in Kuala Lumpur, e.g., The Malaysian National Library& University of
Malaya Library, to carry out the necessary readings.
Note 2:
Relevant and useful articles can be found in appropriate international economic
journals. Take advantage of the EBSCO Host, the electronic library, made
available by HU. There are extensive sources for this subject on the internet, e.g.,
http://cepa.new.
school.edu/het/,andhttp://www.economics.mcmaster.ca/ugcm/3113/.

Subject Outline /Teaching Plan

Department
Lecturer

: Business Studies
: Sridevi RK Narayanan

Week /
Lecture

Week 1
Lecture 1

Subject Code: ECO 158

Subject Title: History of Economics Thought

Topics

(i)
(ii)

Only the relevant

chapters from the
Required Reading
are indicated here.*

Aims , Learning Outcomes and Structure Course Outline

of Subject
Brue & Grant
An Introduction to the Study of History Chapter1
of Economic Thought

Week 2
Lecture 2

Pre-classical School: The Thoughts of the

Mercantilists and the Physiocrats

Brue & Grant

Chapter 2

Week 3
Lecture 3

Classical School (1): The Thoughts of Adam

Smith; Thomas Robert Malthus

Brue & Grant

Chapters 3, 5 &6

Week 4
Lecture 4

Classical School (2): The Thoughts of David

Ricardo; Bentham; Senior; Mill

Brue & Grant

Chapters 7 & 8

Week 5
Lecture 5

Classical School (3): The Thoughts of Selected

Socialists and Karl Marx

Brue & Grant

Chapters 9 & 10

Week 6
Lecture 6

Historical School: The Thoughts of List; Roscher;

Schmoller; Max Weber; Webs

Brue & Grant

Chapters 11, 12 & 13

Marginal School (1) / Neo-classical School: The

Thoughts of Jevons; Manger; von Wiser; von
Bohm-Bawerk; Edgeworth; Clark

Brue & Grant

Chapter 14

Week 7

Week 8
Lecture 7

Mid Term Break

Week 9
Lecture 8

Marginal School (2) / Neo-classical School

(Including the Use of Mathematics): The Thoughts
of Marshall; Pigou; Walas; Pareto; Leontiff

Brue & Grant

Chapters 15, 16, 17 &
18

Week 10
Lecture 9

Institutional School &Welfare Economics School:

The Thoughts of Velben; Wesley Mitchell;
Galbraith // Pareto; Pigou; Ludig Von Mises,
Oscar Lange; Arrow; Buchnan; AmartyaSen

Brue & Grant

Chapters 19 & 20

Week 11
Lecture 10

Keynesian School: the Thoughts of Keynes; Hicks;

Hansen; Samuelson; the New Keynesians

Brue & Grant

Chapter 21 & 22

Week 12
Lecture 11

Chicago School / Monetarist School: The Thoughts

of Wick; Fisher; Hawtry; Friedman; Lucas

Brue & Grant

Chapter s 16 & 24

Week 13
Lecture 12

Economic Growth and Development School: The

Thoughts of Harrod&Domar; Solow; Schumpeter;
Nurse; Arthur Lewis; Theodore Schultz; Gunnar

Brue & Grant

Chapter 23

Myrdal; Michael Todaro; and MuhamadYunus

Week 14

Revision

Continue revising all

areas covered during
Lectures 1-12

Note: * Students ought to read the relevant chapters of the other texts indicated
under additional readings.

ASSESSMENT:
There are 2 assessment items for this subject.
Assessment Items

Value

Due Date

1. Assignment

50%

TBC

2. Final Examination (Closed Book)

50%

Examination period 26 November10 December 2016**

REQUIREMENTS:
To gain a pass in this subject, students must

Achieve a passing grade in the final examination i.e. score a minimum of 25

marks out of 50 marks if there is an examination for this subject.

Attempt ALL areas of assessment; and achieve a total result of 50% or better
overall.

** - Please check on the notice board and My Acel for the actual date. HELP
University reserves the right to make any changes to the above where appropriate.

ASSIGNMENT (ESSAY) DETAIL

Marks: 50%
Requirement: A group Essay
Length: 2500words
Essay Topic:
Discuss any ONE of the following topics and discuss the differences and
similarities between these schools of the thoughts and its relevancy at the time of
its conception and with contemporary economic issues.
1.Mercantilism versus Physiocrats
2.Keynesian versus Classical
3.New Institutional Economics versus Socialism

Given this requirement, your essay must include

(i)
an examination of the main thoughts of the chosen topic above
(ii)
a discussion of the chosen Schools contributions.
(iii) a comparison and contrasting of their key thoughts and concepts; and its relevance
to contemporary economic issues.
The essay must be properly structured and written according to academic writing
conventions. You must give a well-focused title for your essay.
Aims of Assignment
The aims of this assignment are to enable you to demonstrate your proper
understanding and capacity to examine, analyse, discuss and present your responses to
the issues under consideration in a logical and clear flow of views and arguments.
Grading System
Given the aims of the assignment, your work will be graded taking into account the
extent to which you have performed as indicated below.

Demonstrated that you understand the issues that need to be discussed.

Answered the essay requirements set, kept to the topic and covered only relevant
issues.
Taken a critical orientation that recognizes, considers and weighs-up competing
viewpoints.
Shown in the content of the assignment that you have read widely the relevant
literature.
Expressed other peoples ideas in your own words and gone beyond what they have
said on the topic by adding your own ideas, opinions and experiences.
7

Been clear and concise in your views and arguments.

Structured your assignment into a clear flow of arguments or reasoning that makes
sense and is persuasive.
Paid attention to the rules of writing in relation to paragraphing, punctuation,
spelling, etc.
Kept to the word limit.
Made appropriate citations in the text and presented references and or bibliography
properly using the Harvard referencing system.

Requirement for a Pass Grade

To obtain a pass mark, you must demonstrate that you have:

understood and addressed the assessment task;

a basic understanding of relevant concepts, issues and debates;
gone beyond mere description;
presented the work in a properly written, coherent, and supported manner; and
referenced your discussion according to the required Harvard referencing
guidelines.

Turnitin Details
Class ID:
Password: eco123

IMPORTANT NOTES:
1. See Appendix A (pages 11-14) for a fuller understanding of the
Departments Academic Integrity policy.
2. See Appendix B (pages 15-17) for additional information on the required
essay (coursework).

Assignment No.: __

Assignment Cover Sheet

Student Information (For group assignment, please state names of
all members)
Name

Grade/Marks

ID

Office
Acknowledgement

Module/Subject Information
Module/Subject Code
Module/Subject Name
Lecturer/Tutor/Facilitator
Due Date
Assignment Title/Topic
Intake (where applicable)
Word Count

Date/Time

Declaration
. I/We have read and understood the Programme Handbook that explains on plagiarism, and I/we
testify that, unless otherwise acknowledged, the work submitted herein is entirely my/our own.
. I/We declare that no part of this assignment has been written for me/us by any other person(s) except
where such collaboration has been authorized by the lecturer concerned.
. I/We authorize the University to test any work submitted by me/us, using text comparison software,
for instances of plagiarism. I/We understand this will involve the University or its contractors copying
my/our work and storing it on a database to be used in future to test work submitted by others.
Note:1) The attachment of this statement on any electronically submitted assignments will be deemed
to have the same authority as a signed statement.
2) The Group Leader signs the declaration on behalf of all members.

Signature:

Date:

mail:

Feedback/Comments*
Main Strengths

Main Weaknesses

Suggestions for improvement

Student acknowledge feedback/comments

Graders signature

Students signature:

Date:

Date:

Note:

1)A soft and hard copy of the assignment shall be submitted.

2)The signed copy of the assignment cover sheet shall be retained by the marker.
3)If the Turnitin report is required, students have to submit it with the assignment. However, departments may allow
students up to THREE (3) working days after submission of the assignment to submit the Turnitin report. The
assignment shall only be marked upon the submission of the Turnitin report.
*Use additional sheets if required.

10

APPENDIX A

Department of Business Studies

ACADEMIC INTEGRITY
Honesty and Responsibility
Academic integrity is an important tenet for HELP University. In pursuit of the highest
standards of academic integrity, the Department of Business Studies holds it students to
the highest ethical standards defined by the Rules and Regulations section of the
Academic Handbook. All students at the Department of Business Studies are subjected
to and are bound by the Student Academic Misconduct Rule to assure academic
honesty. Students are required to sign a pledge on the assignment cover sheet before
submitting your assignments to the Administration Office of the Faculty of Business,
Economics & Accounting.
What is Plagiarism?
Plagiarism is academic dishonesty or academic theft, and it is a serious academic
offence. Plagiarism includes, but is not limited to, the followings:
1. quote, paraphrase or summarize someone elses ideas, theories or data, in whole
or in part, without appropriate acknowledgement
2. borrow ideas, opinion or words, in whole or in part, from other sources without
properly crediting the author(s)
3. use any facts, statistics, diagrams or graphs, in whole or in part, without
acknowledging the source clearly
4. claim or imply original authorship of someone elses ideas, theories or data, in
whole or in part, as your own
5. employ or allow someone to help to revise, amend or write your work and pass
off as your own original work
6. collaborate with or allow other students to copy your work
7. draw on sources more than what you have acknowledged by citations
While a student is not discouraged to discuss an assignment with his/her friends or
classmates, the work he/she submits must be done by the student alone. If a student
shares his/her assignment with other students and they plagiarize it, the student is as
guilty as those students who plagiarized his/her assignment. All parties to plagiarism
are considered equally guilty. Under no circumstances should a student be involved in
collusion with other students unless he/she is permitted to work on an assignment
jointly by the lecturer/tutor. If a student is unsure what constitutes plagiarism, he/she is
obliged to consult the lecturer/tutor on the matter before submission of his/her
assignment.
When and How to Reference?
Knowing when and how to cite is a students responsibility. If he/she is in doubt or
need more help on this matter, the student may consult the lecturer/tutor. The following
list comprises some of the sources a student will need to reference. The list is by no
means exhaustive, but simply consists of the most common sources used by students to
complete their work.
11

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Books
Chapters in books
Journal articles
Conference papers
Newspaper articles
Magazines
Websites
Study guide

Students are advised to cite in the following cases [1]:

1. When he/she quotes two or more words verbatim, or even one word if it is used
in a way that is unique to the source
2. When he/she introduce facts that he/she have found in a source
3. When he/she paraphrase or summarize ideas, interpretations, or conclusions that
he/she find in a source
4. When he/she introduce information that is not common knowledge or that may
be considered common knowledge in your field, but the reader may not know it
5. When he/she borrow the plan or structure of a larger section of a sources
argument (for example, using a theory from a source and analyzing the same
three case studies that the source uses)
6. When he/she build on anothers method found either in a source or from
collaborative work in a lab
7. When he/she build on anothers program in writing computer code or on a notcommonly-known algorithm
8. When he/she collaborate with others in producing knowledge
In general, a referencing system requires two parts:
1. In-text citations
This is information about a source within the text of an assignment.
2. List of references
This is a list of all sources a student has used to research his/her assignment. It
is alphabetically arranged by author surname and appears immediately after the
last page of an assignment.
Different faculties or departments may have different requirement on how referencing
for an assignment should be done. The various formats used for in-text citations and list
of references are available in the following websites:
1. Harvard System (http://www.adelaide.edu.au/library/guide/gen/harvard.html)
2. Chicago Style (http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/index.html)
3. American Psychological Association or APA Style (http://www.apastyle.org)
4. Modern Language Association of America or MLA Style (http://www.mla.org)
Once a student has selected a referencing style for his/her assignment, he/she must
follow the same style consistently throughout the assignment. We strongly suggest that
the student consults the lecturer/tutor about which method to use before submission of
his/her assignment.

http://www.yale.edu/bass/writing/sources/plagiarism/warning.html, accessed May 18, 2008.

12

What are the Procedures and Penalties for Plagiarism?

When a lecturer/tutor encounters a possible case of plagiarism, the lecturer/tutor shall
report the matter to the Head of the Department, who then initiates an investigation on
the matter. The following procedures would be carried out:
1. The lecturer/tutor shall provide evidence that substantiates an academic offence
has occurred. The following documentations must be ready prior to reporting of
alleged plagiarism:
a. Copy of the alleged plagiarized assignment
b. Copy of the source material (e.g. articles, websites, newspaper, etc.)
c. Report of plagiarism
d. Any other information that would support the claim of plagiarism
2. If the evidence warrants an accusation of academic offence, the Head of
Department shall establish a Board of Inquiry comprising 3 academic staff. The
Department shall provide all necessary documentations, including report on
prior academic offences if applicable, to the Board of Inquiry.
3. The Board of Inquiry shall put the matter to the student in writing and give
him/her an opportunity to respond to the accusation within 3 working days.
4. The student will be required to attend a meeting with the Board of Inquiry.
After meeting the student, the Board of Inquiry shall decide whether or not the
alleged plagiarism has occurred. The following documentations shall be
submitted to the Head of Department at the end of the meeting:
a. Findings of the investigation
b. Recommended action(s) to be taken or imposed
5. The Head of Department shall review the Board of Inquirys report with
supporting evidence and shall decide on an appropriate action(s) based on the
recommendation of the Board of Inquiry.
6. The decision of the Head of Department shall be put in writing to the student.
Copies of all documentations will be retained in the Department.
7. If the student feels that he/she has been unfairly accused or treated, the student
may appeal to the Head of Department within 5 working days.
8. The Head of Department shall review the appeal and the final decision will be
communicated to the student in writing and a copy will be kept with the
Department. Once a determination of plagiarism and penalty has been made by
the Head of Department, the investigative process will be deemed to have ended
and the student will not be allowed to appeal.
Possible penalties for plagiarism range from mark reduction for the assignment to
expulsion from the University. The student will not be allowed to make up the
assignment. If plagiarism has been found to have occurred, the Department will take
action(s) as determined by the forms of plagiarism implicated:
1. Complete plagiarism
Verbatim copying another persons work without acknowledgement
1 st offence : A grade of F in the subject and a warning letter will be
issued
2 nd offence : Expulsion from the University at the discretion of the Head of
Department
2. Substantial plagiarism
Near-verbatim copying another persons work by simply altering the order of
the sentences or the format of presentation or by changing a few words or
phrases without acknowledgement.
13

1 st offence

Zero mark on the assignment and a warning letter will be

issued
2 nd offence : A grade of F in the subject and a warning letter will be
issued
rd
3 offence : Expulsion from the University at the discretion of the Head of
Department
3. Minimal plagiarism
Acknowledgement is made but paraphrasing by changing and/or eliminating
some words
1 st offence : Deduction of 50% of available marks on the assignment and a
warning letter will be issued
2 nd offence : A grade of F in the subject and a warning letter will be
issued
3 rd offence : Expulsion from the University at the discretion of the Head of
Department
4. Unintentional plagiarism
Insufficient acknowledgement by not applying citation or quotation marks
correctly
1 st offence : Deduction of up to 50% of available marks on the assignment
and a warning letter will be issued
nd
2 offence : A grade of F in the subject and a warning letter will be
issued
3 rd offence : Expulsion from the University at the discretion of the Head of
Department
Pleading ignorance or unintentional plagiarism does not constitute valid reasons for
plagiarism and will not avoid the penalties from being imposed. Excuses for acts of
plagiarism such as the following, but not limited to, will not be entertained:
1. I dont have time to do the assignment
2. I have too many assignments due on the same day
3. I dont know, I really didnt do it
4. I am not aware
5. I dont understand what plagiarism means
6. I have no intention to plagiarize
7. I forgot to cite the reference
8. I forgot to include the bibliography
9. My English is not good
10. My lecturer/tutor did not explain to me
11. In my country, it is alright to copy someone elses work
12. My friend copied my assignment when I let him/her to look at my assignment
13. My friend copied my assignment when I allow him/her to use my laptop
14. I did my assignment in the computer lab, someone must have copied my work
15. I asked my friend to submit my assignment and he/she copied my work
16. I discussed my assignment with my friends, so our answers are the same/similar
17. Even though I do not have in-text citation but I have bibliography/reference list
Students should be reminded that it is their responsibilities to take due care throughout
their written work to effectively reference or cite when they use others ideas from any
source.

14

Appendix B

HELP University
(Department of Business Studies)
Bachelor of Economics (Hons) Core Subject
Year 1
History of Economic Thought
Subject Code: ECO 158
Lecturer/Tutor: Ms Sridevi Narayanan

[Additional Information on Essay (Coursework) for Semester 1 2016]

Note the following additional requirements for the assignment:
1. Give a well- focused title for your essay.
2. The response should be of2500 words, plus or minus 10%.
3. The write-up must be structured properly, written coherently and presented in
an appropriate form. Normally, the assignment presented for assessment should
have
Title Page
The title given for the write should reflect the content of the write-up.

Summary page (a summary of approximately 125 words)

The summary should be a brief and concise preview of the essay based on its
objectives, analysis, findings and conclusion.

Content page
In this page the parts of the write-up together with the page numbers should be
listed.

The write-up should be structured as follows

o Introduction
The introduction should provide a perspective of the write-up for the
examiner(s). It must contain a clear statement of the objectives of the write-up.
o Main Content
The main content of the write-up should contain the examination, explanation,
comparison & contrast and discussion of the requirements of the write-up. It is
normally made up of a number of sections depending on the issues required
to address. All the sections in the main write-up should be given proper and
effective headings and sub-headings.
15

o Conclusion
The conclusion should contain a brief overview of the examination and
discussion in the context of the objectives of the essay. It should draw together
the relevant parts of the essay to produce a coherent position.
o References/Bibliography
They should record the publications (books & journal articles) read and used
for the report. The record should be presented alphabetically by authors name,
using the Harvard system.
o Appendices
This section contains the additional information that is felt necessary but could
not be included in the essay because of the word count constraint.
4. When supporting facts, figures and/or strong statements in the text, Harvard
referencing system must be properly used.
5. The essay should be word-processed using font size of 12 on A4 white papers.
Also, the typing should be one and a half spaced with 25mm margins.
6. On the last page of the report, the computer generated word count should be
included.
7. The write-up should be paginated and bound as required by the Department of
Business.
8. The required assignment feedback form for this assignment, which is obtainable
from the Business Departments office, should be included in front of the writeup. The front cover page of your assignment must contain your ID number, subject
name & code, and lecturers/tutors name. Also, the declaration that the report is
your own work duly completed, signed and dated.
9. To ensure that your essay is not classified as plagiarised work, it is the requirement
of HU that you should include the turnitin report, when submitting the report
for assessment. For the ECO 158 Assignment (Coursework), you are required
to attach the full turnitin report. Visit the website www.turnitin.com and use the
following Class ID and Password to generate the required report for this subject:
Class Name: History of Economic Thought
Class ID:
Password: eco123
10. The write-up should be handed to the departments office on the above specified
date and time. Failure on your part to submit the assignment in time as required,
would result in the imposition of a penalty of 10% of the assigned mark for each
working day the assignment is delayed (See the relevant clauses of the
HELPs/Departments Programme Handbook(s), which is available on the
HELPs/Departments website). Also note that if your assignment is submitted
16

without the turnitin report, it may not be marked and a zero shall be entered in
the mark sheet.
11. If you are unable to submit the assignment on time because of extenuating
circumstances, then request for the extension of the submission date, in accordance
with the HUs/Departments rules and regulations.
Marking Scheme
This assignment shall be marked over 100% and reduced to its proportion of 50% of
the final subject assessment. The awarding of the marks for the essay shall be as
follows:
1) First Requirement of Essay
15 %
Examination of the chosen schools main thoughts
2) Second Requirement of Essay
25 %
Comparison and contrasting of the thoughts of the Two schools.
3) Third Requirement of Essay
30 %
Discussion of the relevance of their contributions to
contemporary economics and economists
4) Structure & Presentation of Essay
30 %
(Proper structure, English usage, flow of arguments, in-text
citations, word limit, range of readings& bibliography
presentation)
_____
Total 100 %

Business Departments Grading System

Note: The HU grading system shall apply when the assignment and examination scripts
are assessed.

17

DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS STUDIES

SEMESTER X, 20XX
SAMPLE FINAL EXAMINATION
Subject Code

ECO158

Subject Name

HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT

This examination carries 50% of the total assessment for this subject.
Examiner(s)

Moderator(s)

MS SRIDEVI RKN
Day

:
Time :

Date :
Time allowed :

2 HOURS

INSTRUCTION(S):
1. This examination consists of FIVE (5) questions:
Answer ANY TWO (2) questions in the answer book provided.
2. This is a CLOSED BOOK examination.
3. Students are NOT permitted to retain this examination paper.
4. Students MUST pass this examination to pass the subject.

(This examination paper consists of 5 questions in XX printed pages, including cover page)

18

Answer ANY TWO (2) questions

Question 1
a) Explain the main tenets of the Keynesian School of thought.

(30 marks)

b) Discuss any two (2) of Keynesian inter-related macroeconomic ideas with relevant
diagrams to support your explanation.
(20 marks)

Question 2
a) Carefully explain the main tenets of the socialist views and how these views
differed from the capitalist.
(30 marks)
b) What are the different forms of socialism and discuss how each of these forms
attempted to address the problem of growing poverty among the workers and
masses.
(20 marks)

Question 3
a) What are the main ideas put forward by the mercantilists?

(30 marks)

b) How is the mercantilists idea relevant in todays economy and discuss the
relevance in the context of any 2 countries that you know.
(20 marks)

Question 4
a) Critically evaluate the major principles of institutional school of economic thought.
(30 marks)
b) Discuss how the institutional school of thought have influenced and impacted
modern economists.
(20 marks)
Question 5
Write short notes to explain the following:
a) Suppose the natural rate of saving just equals the bank rate of interest. Will inflation
or deflation occur, according to Wicksell?
(10 marks)
b) Suppose society becomes more impatient; its members desire to consume more
goods today than wait to consume it in the future. What will be the impact on
equilibrium interest rate, according to Fisher?
(10 marks)

19

c) What do you understand by the notion of fear of goods in context to the

Mercantilist views on trade?
(10 marks)
d) Discuss all 4 of the Marshallian concept of economic theory
Supply and demand analysis
Consumer and producer surplus
Elasticity od demand
Economies of scale
(20 marks)

**END OF EXAMINATION PAPER**

20