Cambridge International AS Level Biology

Answers to end-of-chapter questions

Answers to EOCQs
Chapter 4

1 C; 

[1]

The mark schemes, suggested answers and

comments that appear in this CD-ROM were written
by the author(s). In examinations, the way marks
would be awarded to answers like these may be
different.

2 D; 

[1]

3 D; 

[1]

Notes about mark schemes

A or accept indicates an alternative acceptable
answer.
R = reject. This indicates a possible answer that
should be rejected.
; The bold semi-colon indicates the award of 1 mark.
/ This indicates an alternative answer for the same
mark. The alternatives may be separated from the
rest of the answer by commas.
( ) Text in brackets is not required for the mark.
Underlining This is used to indicate essential
word(s) that must be used to get the mark.
AW means alternative wording. It is used to
indicate that a different wording is acceptable
provided the essential meaning is the same, and is
used where students responses are likely to vary
more than usual.
AVP means additional valid point. This means
accept any additional points given by the student
that are not in the mark scheme, provided they are
relevant. But accept only as many additional points
as indicated by the bold semi-colons, e.g. AVP;;
means award a maximum of 2 extra marks.
ORA means or reverse argument and is used when
the same idea could be expressed in the reverse
way. For example: activity increases between pH
2 and pH 5 ORA means accept activity decreases
between pH 5 and pH 2.
max. This indicates the maximum number of marks
that can be given.

4 Information for constructing this table can be

found on pages 7273.
Suggested mark allocation:
phospholipids:[2]
cholesterol:[4]
glycolipids:[3]
glycoproteins:[3)
proteins:[3]
[Total: 15]
5 a
Information for answering this question can
be found on page 77 and in the answer to
Question 4.8.
Award 1 mark for each term correctly used[14]
b
Information for answering this question can
be found on page 00 and in the answer to
Question 4.8.
Award 1 mark for each term correctly used[15]
[Total: 29]
6 a
A phosphate head (of phospholipid);
B fatty acid tail(s) (of phospholipid);
C phospholipid bilayer / membrane;[3]
b
Award max. of 2 marks: 2 or 3 correct answers
1 mark, 4 correct answers 2 marks
i hydrophilic
ii
hydrophobic
iii
hydrophobic
iv
hydrophilic;
[2]
c
ions move by diffusion;
channel has shape which is specific for
particular ion;
channel is hydrophilic / water-filled / allows
movement of polar substance;
ions move down concentration gradient;

[max. 3]

Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology Cambridge University Press 2014

Cambridge International AS Level Biology

d
both intrinsic proteins;
both have specific shape;[2]
e
channel proteins have a fixed shape / carrier
proteins have a variable shape;[1]
f
width of C measured in mm;
mm converted to m and m converted to
nm;
correct formula used magnification: M = I/A =
width of C/7 accept mm, m or nm;
correct answer in nm;[4]
[Total: 15]

Answers to end-of-chapter questions

8 Award 1 mark for each correct row

Feature

Cell wall

Cell
membrane

is the thickness
normally
measured in nm
or m?

nm

location

surround some
cells / not animal
cells / only outside
/ surrounding cells

surround all
cells / may be
found inside
cells

chemical
composition
accept any
statements
that serve to
distinguish
between cell
wall and cell
membranes.
Examples are
given.

contains cellulose
in plants,
peptidoglycans
/ murein in
prokaryotes, (chitin
in fungi) / contains
a strengthening
material / contains
a polysaccharide
(or polysaccharidelike substance) AW

phospholipids,
protein,
(sometimes)
cholesterol

permeability

freely permeable

partially
permeable

function

mechanical
strength

selective
barrier AW

fluid or rigid

rigid

fluid

7
Process

Uses
energy

Uses
Specific Controllable
proteins
by cell

diffusion

osmosis

facilitated
diffusion

active
transport

endocytosis
and
exocytosis

[20]
NB: It could be argued that facilitated
diffusion is controllable, because the number
of channel proteins in the membrane can
affect the rate.

[6]
9 description:
rate of entry of water is rapid at first but
slows down gradually;
until rate is zero / no further entry of water
or water enters until water potential of
cell = water potential of pure water = 0
(=equilibrium);
exponential / not linear;
rate depends on / proportional to, difference
in water potential between cell and external
solution;
[max. 3]
explanation:
water (always) moves from a region of higher
water potential to a region of lower water
potential;

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Cambridge International AS Level Biology

Answers to end-of-chapter questions

NB: This is similar to the effect of substrate

(in this case) by osmosis;
concentration on rate of enzyme activity.
through partially permeable cell surface

[max. 5]
membrane of cell;
[Total:
12]
as cell fills with water, cell / protoplast
expands and pressure (potential) increases;
11

a the living contents of a plant cell;[1]
until water potential of cell = zero / water
b i at 90% = 22kPa (accept 21 or 23kPa), at
potential of pure water;
95% = 100kPa, at 100% = 350kPa;[1]
cell wall rigid / will not stretch (far), and
prevents entry of more water;
ii
change 9095 % = 78kPa (accept 77 or
cell is turgid;
[max. 5]
79kPa);
[Total: 8] change 95100% = 250kPa;[2]
iii
as water enters the cell, the cell wall is
10

a the greater the concentration difference, the
stretched / protoplast pushes against cell
greater the rate of transport;[1]
wall;
b
(net) diffusion and facilitated diffusion only
cell wall is (relatively) rigid;
occur if there is a concentration, difference /
gradient, across the membrane
water cannot be compressed;
or
therefore pressure builds up more and
at equilibrium / if no concentration
more rapidly (for given volume of water)
difference, there is no, net exchange /
/ small increase in amount of water has
transport across membrane / rate of
large effect on pressure; AW
[max. 2]
transport, is same in both directions; AW
(This could be compared with pumping up
active transport can occur even if no
a bicycle tyre pressure increases much
concentration difference;
more rapidly for a given amount of air
because molecules / ions are being pumped;
towards the end due to the elastic limit of
AW[3]
the tyre being reached.)
c i active transport;[1] iv
350kPa;[1]
ii
active transport depends on a supply of
c i zero (kPa);[1]
ATP;
ii
86%;[1]
provided by respiration;[2]
iii
incipient plasmolysis;[1]
d
graph for diffusion is linear / straight line
iv
water potential = solute potential;[1]
(with no maximum rate);
v
= s + p;[1]
purely physical process / not dependent
on transport proteins / channel or carrier
vi
the cell continues to lose water /
proteins;
protoplast continues to shrink;
graph for facilitated diffusion is a curve with a protoplast pulls away from cell wall =
maximum rate; AW
plasmolysis;
facilitated diffusion depends on presence
shrinks until equilibrium is reached;
of, transport proteins / channel or carrier
when water potential of cell = water
proteins;
potential of outside solution;
as concentration increases, the receptor
solute potential gets lower / more
sites of these proteins become more and
negative;
more saturated / the more saturated these
become, the less the effect of increasing
because cell contents becoming more
concentration;
concentrated;
[max. 5]
rate reaches a maximum when all, transport
d
only a small amount of water is needed to
/ channel or carrier proteins, are working at
bring about a large change in pressure;
full capacity / when all receptor sites are, full
because the cell wall is (relatively) rigid;
/ saturated;
Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology Cambridge University Press 2014

Cambridge International AS Level Biology

Answers to end-of-chapter questions

this is not enough to significantly change the

concentration of the cell contents; AW[3]
[Total: 20]
12

a if it were diffusion, there would be (net)
movement of ions from a region of
higher concentration to a region of lower
concentration until equilibrium is reached
when concentration inside = concentration
outside; AW[1]
R because concentrations different inside
and outside
b
active transport;
active transport involves pumping ions
against a concentration gradient;[2]
c
if respiration is inhibited, no ATP is produced;
active transport uses ATP as energy source;
active transport stops;
diffusion continues;
ions move down concentration gradients by
diffusion until equilibrium reached; [max. 4]
[Total: 7]

Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology Cambridge University Press 2014