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Chapter 6
1 B;[1]
2 C;[1]
3 D;[1]
4 a
adenine
sugar
cytosine
sugar
guanine
sugar
[1]
sugar
[1]
c
thymine
uracil
sugar
[1]
5 nucleotide:
a molecule made up of a pentose sugar, a
phosphate group and a nitrogenous base;
nucleic acid:
a polymer of nucleotides / a polynucleotide;
[2]
6 labels should include:
parent molecule;
daughter molecules;
parent / old strand acts as template;
new strands made from nucleotides binding to
old strands by complementary base pairing;[4]
7 MetPheProAsp[stop];[2]
8
mRNA
codon
tRNA
anticodon
UUA
AAU
AAT
UUG
AAC
AAC
CUU
GAA
GAA
CUC
GAG
GAG
CUA
GAU
GAT
CUG
GAC
GAC
[6]
Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology Cambridge University Press 2014
a X mRNA;
9 a
gene mutation / substitution;[1] 12
Yribosome;
b
Val / valine;[1]
Z (poly)peptide chain / chain of amino acids;
c
sickle cell anaemia;[1]
[3]
[Total: 3]
b
from left to right;
10
a many amino acids have more than one triplet
increasing length of polypeptide chain;[2]
[Total: 5]
code;
so sequence of amino acids is unchanged;[2]
a the DNA in the spleen and thymus of the
b
adding or deleting three nucleotides may add 13
same organism is the same;
or remove the coding for one amino acid;
the same genes are present in both organs;
this may not affect the final shape of the
[2]
protein;
b
the DNA in different species is different;
adding or deleting one nucleotide affects the
different genes are present;[2]
arrangement of all subsequent triplets;
c
DNA has double helix / is double stranded;
this frameshift may alter the coding of
the numbers of A and T, and of C and G, are
all amino acids following the addition or
similar because A pairs with T and C pairs
deletion;
with G;[2]
a triplet may be altered to a stop signal;
[max.4] d
the DNA is single stranded;
[Total: 6]
no base pairing occurs;[2]
[Total: 8]
11
Transcription
Translation
nucleus
ribosome (in
cytoplasm)
Molecule used as a
template in process
DNA
(in cytoplasm)
Molecule produced
by process
mRNA
polypeptide /
protein
Component
molecules
(monomers) used in
process
RNA
nucleotides
amino acids
RNA
polymerase
tRNAs / enzyme
(peptidyl
transferase)
/ ribosomal
RNA (rRNA)
/ ribosomal
protein
Molecule used
as a template
in process DNA
mRNA