Environmental Impact Assessment Solar PV Park

Nagalamadike Hobli, Pavagada Taluk, Tumkur

February 2016

Page 0 of 65

Table of Contents
I.

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 4
A.

Background - Indias Solar Program ................................................................................................................ 4

B.

Project Overview .............................................................................................................................................. 4

C.

Approach to Environmental Study ................................................................................................................... 5

D.

Structure of Report........................................................................................................................................... 7

II.

Project Description ........................................................................................................................................ 0

A.

Electricity generation using PV technologies ................................................................................................... 0

B.

Fundamental Terminology ............................................................................................................................... 1

1.

C.

Insolation, Irradiance and Irradiating ........................................................................................................... 1

The proposed PV plant .................................................................................................................................... 2

III.

Proposed Layout Plan ................................................................................................................................... 6

A.

Site / Layout Alternatives ................................................................................................................................. 6

B.

Water supply pipelines / Drainage System ...................................................................................................... 7

C.

Access Roads .................................................................................................................................................. 8

D.

Transmission Lines .......................................................................................................................................... 8

E.

Waste Storage Areas ....................................................................................................................................... 9

F.

Warehouse and Construction Camps .............................................................................................................. 9

IV.

Legal Requirements..................................................................................................................................... 10

A.

State Pollution Control Board Regulations..................................................................................................... 10

B.

Indian Labour Laws........................................................................................................................................ 11

C.

Land Availability / Procurement for Sub-projects ........................................................................................... 12

1.

Karnataka State Solar Policy 2014- 2021 ................................................................................................. 12

2.

Land Reforms Act Karnataka ................................................................................................................. 12

D.

World Bank Group Safeguard Requirements ................................................................................................ 13

1.

E.

World Bank Safeguard Requirements ....................................................................................................... 13

IFC Performance standards ........................................................................................................................... 14

1.

Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks & Impacts ......................................... 15

2.

Labour and Working Conditions ................................................................................................................ 15

3.

Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention........................................................................................... 15

4.

Community Health, Safety and Security.................................................................................................... 15

V.

Public Participation Process ...................................................................................................................... 16

A.

Identification of Key Stakeholders.................................................................................................................. 16

B.

Public Participation Process Adopted ............................................................................................................ 16

1.

Initial Consultations Fixing of Lease Rentals.......................................................................................... 16

Page 1 of 65

C.

Consultation and Public Involvement ............................................................................................................. 16

D.

Key Issues identified during field visits / consultations................................................................................... 19

VI.

Baseline Description of the Study Area..................................................................................................... 23

A.

Biophysical Environment................................................................................................................................ 23
1.

Location ..................................................................................................................................................... 23

2.

Climate ...................................................................................................................................................... 23

3.

Geology ..................................................................................................................................................... 25

4.

Topography ............................................................................................................................................... 25

5.

Agricultural Potential ................................................................................................................................. 26

6.

Ground water resources (Hydrogeological)............................................................................................... 26

7.

Surface Water ........................................................................................................................................... 29

8.

Flora and Fauna ........................................................................................................................................ 29

9.

Soil Characteristics.................................................................................................................................... 30

B.

Archaeological and Cultural Resources ......................................................................................................... 31

C.

Social Environment ........................................................................................................................................ 31

1.

Population, Gender and Age ..................................................................................................................... 31

2.

Land Ownership Status ............................................................................................................................. 32

3.

Employment .............................................................................................................................................. 33

4.

Land Use classification for 10 kms zone ................................................................................................... 35

5.

Land use classification for selected villages .............................................................................................. 36

VII.

Potential Environmental Impacts ............................................................................................................... 38

A.

Construction Phase Impacts .......................................................................................................................... 38

1.

Water Resource Impacts Surface Water ................................................................................................ 38

2.

Water Resource Impacts Ground Water ................................................................................................ 39

3.

Vegetation Clearing and grubbing Operations .......................................................................................... 39

4.

Lighting ...................................................................................................................................................... 40

5.

Proposed Access Roads and Existing Road Network ............................................................................... 40

6.

Waste ........................................................................................................................................................ 40

7.

Noise ......................................................................................................................................................... 41

8.

Air Quality .................................................................................................................................................. 41

9.

Terrestrial Ecology .................................................................................................................................... 41

10.

Other Construction Impacts....................................................................................................................... 42

11.

Social Impacts ........................................................................................................................................... 42

B.

Operation Phase Impacts .............................................................................................................................. 42

1.

Water Resource Impacts (surface and ground water) ............................................................................... 42

Page 2 of 65

2.

Site Impact Assessment ............................................................................................................................ 42

3.

Access Roads ........................................................................................................................................... 43

4.

Waste Generation ..................................................................................................................................... 43

5.

Noise ......................................................................................................................................................... 43

6.

Air Quality .................................................................................................................................................. 43

7.

Social Impacts ........................................................................................................................................... 43

C.

Retro-fitting / Decommissioning Phase .......................................................................................................... 43

1.

Water Resource Surface and Ground Water ......................................................................................... 43

2.

Air Quality .................................................................................................................................................. 43

3.

Noise Quality ............................................................................................................................................. 43

4.

Site Impacts............................................................................................................................................... 44

5.

Waste generation ...................................................................................................................................... 44

6.

Terrestrial Impacts..................................................................................................................................... 44

VIII.

Environmental Management Plan .............................................................................................................. 45

IX.

Insitutitional Arrangements for Implemenation fo EMP ........................................................................... 49

X.

Annexures Soil Bearing Capacity Calculation ....................................................................................... 50

XI.

Annexure - NOC from State Forest Department ....................................................................................... 51

XII.

Annexure - Meeting Minutes Lease Rent Finalization ........................................................................... 52

Page 3 of 65

I.

INTRODUCTION

A.

Background - Indias Solar Program

The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) is a major initiative of the Government of India to promote
ecologically sustainable growth while addressing Indias energy security challenge with active participation from the
states. It will also constitute a major contribution by India to the global effort to meet the challenges of climate change.
The objective of the Mission is to establish India as a global leader in solar energy, by creating the policy conditions for
its large scale diffusion across the country as quickly as possible. The Mission had set a target, amongst others, for
deployment of grid connected solar power capacity of 20,000 MW by 2022 to be achieved in 3 phases (1000 MW in
first phase up to 2012-13, 9000 MW in second phase from 2013 to 2017 and 10,000 MW in the third phase from 2017
to 2022). Currently, the Government of India is considering to substantially scaling up targets of solar capacity additions
in the country to 100 GW by year 2022.
The mission aims at reducing the cost of solar power generation in the country and to achieve grid tariff parity by year
2022 through (i) long term policy measures; (ii) large scale deployment goals; (iii) aggressive R&D; & (iv) domestic
production of critical raw materials, components and products. Currently the mission is in Phase - 2 (2013 2017) of
its implementation. Phase-I of JNNSM (2010-13) has generated huge interest in the solar sector wherein Gird
connected and off-grid projects were commissioned throughout the country. Achievements of Phase-I have exceeded
the target set for the period.
The Phase-2 of Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission focuses more on a state-led solar power growth through
setting up of solar ultra-mega power projects, solar parks & facilities, and promoting new financing models for
implementation through private sector participation. The success of JNNSM and state solar policies will proceed on
the basis of the technology advancements and cost reduction, which will be necessary for achieving the target of 20,000
megawatts of grid-connected solar power.
World Bank (WB) - India intends to partner in the efforts of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE),
Government of India (GoI) to rapidly scale-up the solar installations in the country through a long term engagement in
the program.
India is endowed with vast solar energy potential. About 5,000 trillion kWh per year energy is incident over Indias land
area with most parts receiving 4-7 kWh per sqm per day. Hence both technology routes for conversion of solar radiation
into heat and electricity, namely, solar thermal and solar photovoltaic, can effectively be harnessed providing huge
scalability for solar sector projects in India. Solar also provides the ability to generate power on a distributed basis and
enables rapid capacity addition with short lead times. From an energy security perspective, solar is the most secure of
all sources, since it is abundantly available. Theoretically, a small fraction of the total incident solar energy (if captured
effectively) can meet the entire countrys power requirements. It is also clear that given the large proportion of poor
and energy un-served population in the country, every effort needs to be made to exploit the relatively abundant
sources of energy available to the country. While, today, domestic coal based power generation is the cheapest
electricity source, future scenarios suggest that this could well change.

B.

Project Overview

The Government of Karnataka (GoK) through Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Limited (KREDL) has
identified about 12000 acre land falling under five revenue villages in Pavagada Taluk (Tumkur District) for development
of a 2000 MW solar park. The Pavagada Taluk has been declared as amongst the most backward taluks of Karnataka
as per the findings of the Dr. Nanjundappa's Report, 2014). The proposed solar park in Pavagada Taluk may prove to
be helpful in overall development of the region.

Page 4 of 65

Development of Solar Park at Pavagada Taluk in Tumkur District shall be undertaken by a JV company M/s. Karnataka
Solar Power Development Corporation Ltd (KSPDCL) which has been formed by KREDL and Solar Energy
Corporation of India Ltd. (SECI).
After signing of the consent letters and lease agreements with land owners, turnkey tenders will be floated by KSPDCL
for creating infrastructure like Road, Water, Layout along with 8 Nos. of 220/66 kV pooling stations to evacuate the
power generated by the solar developers. The work will be executed through eligible EPC (Engineering, Procurement
& Construction) contractor.
It has been envisaged to develop 40 blocks of 50MW capacity each. Plots will be allotted through bidding to eligible
solar developers for installing their panels under plug and play model and generate power.
The power generated at the Solar Park will be evacuated to the Central Grid by M/s Power Grid by constructing
400/220kV station. The LTA (Long Term Access) and Grid connectivity applications have been submitted by KSPDCL
to M/s Power Grid for according approval to evacuate the power generated at Solar Park to CTU (Central Transmission
Utility) grid.
The project intends to transform the existing fallow land / rain fed agricultural land parcels to accommodate the
proposed solar power park, associated infrastructure and services. Map (Refer: Figure 1) below shows the location
and regional linkages of the proposed solar park site.

Figure 1: Regional Settings for the proposed solar PV park site

C.

Approach to Environmental Study

Solar projects in India do not require a prior regulatory environmental clearance. However, it is also understood that
large-scale projects like these will definitely have some environmental and social impacts and these impacts need to
be avoided as far as possible. In case, unlikely to be avoided, such impacts need to mitigated or managed.

Page 5 of 65

M/s Knight Frank (India) Private Limited (KFIPL) was appointed by World Bank for the Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment study for the proposed project.
The scope of the work for the current ESIA study is limited to 600MW Solar-PV Park being developed by (National
Thermal Power Corporation) NTPC. The blocks allocated to NTPC are from B27 till B38 (as per the revised layout).
The proposed blocks fall under two villages i.e. Thirumani and Rayacharlu. The socio-economic questionnaire surveys
and public consultations conducted under the study were limited to households likely to be impacted due to the project
falling under the above mentioned two villages. The study approach adopted by the team is presented in the below
self-explanatory flow chart below (Refer: Figure 2)

Figure 2: Approach adapted to EIA Study

Page 6 of 65

D.

Structure of Report

Chapter-1 provides a brief about the Indias solar program and proposed project context. A broad approach to the EIA
study is also presented above in the chapter;
Chapter 2 provides a brief on the technology aspects of Solar PV Park along with the basic requirements for setting up
a solar PV park.
Chapter 3 provides the details about the proposed layout plan for the solar PV Park and the changes that were
undertaken by KSPDCL during the course of EIA study to address technical concerns.
Chapter 4 provides an insight into the national and state regulatory provisions along with WB Group compliance
requirements for the proposed Solar PV Project.
Chapter 5 elaborates on the stakeholder identification process adopted and a brief of the public consultations under
taken to capture the local residents / stakeholders perceptions.
Chapter 6 describes the baseline social and environmental conditions for the proposed solar PV park site and its
immediate vicinity.
Chapter 7 identifies the potential adverse environmental impacts due to the proposed project during the various stages
of project along with its severity levels.
Chapter 8 provides details of the proposed mitigation measures along with the responsible agency for implementation
of the proposed mitigation measures.

Page 7 of 65

II.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

A.

Electricity generation using PV technologies

In photovoltaic technology the power conversion source is via photovoltaic modules that convert light directly to
electricity. Solar panels produce direct current (DC) electricity, so solar parks need conversion equipment to convert
this to alternating current (AC), which is the form transmitted by the electricity grid. This conversion is done by inverters.
PV systems produce energy by converting solar irradiation into electricity. A PV system consists of PV panels that
encase the solar cells. Solar cells are solid-state semiconductor devices that convert light into direct-current electricity.
The top layer of the silicon portion of a solar panel is made from a mixture of this silicon and a small amount of
phosphorous, which gives it a negative charge. The inner layer, which constitutes the majority of the panel, is a mix of
silicon and a little bit of boron, giving it a positive charge.
The place where these two layers meet creates an electric field called a junction. When light (or photons) hits the solar
cell, before it gets to the silicon crystal to make electricity it passes through a glass cover on the panel and an antireflective coating, which stops photons from reflecting off of the panel and being lost. The photons are absorbed into
the junction, which pushes electrons in the silicon out of the way. If enough photons are absorbed, the electrons are
pushed past the junction and flow freely to an external circuit.
To convert the Direct Current (DC) to Alternating Current (AC) an inverter will be used. The AC energy can then be
used to power anything that uses electricity. In fact, they are just larger versions of the cells used in solar calculators.
The front surface of the solar panel is toughened glass with an anti-reflective coating to maximise the light captured by
the solar cells and reduce glare back towards the atmosphere. The PV panels are predominantly black in appearance
when viewed directly from the front; however, from close-up, a grid of silver contacts is clearly visible.
Panels are framed with anodised aluminium, and will be mounted as sub-arrays on frames of anodised aluminium and
hot-dipped galvanised steel. Figure 3 depicts the operational solar PV panels at the Pavagada project office installed
on the roof-top by KSPDCL.

Figure 3: Solar PV Panels operating on rooftop

In simplified terms it can be stated that the operation of a PV park entails the production of power through the conversion
of solar energy to electricity. The PV power generation process is primarily self-sufficient and is not in need of constant
supervision or management attention. The input requirements for PV power generation include:
I.
II.
III.

Solar radiation
Water for cleaning operations
Equipment to convert / transfer solar energy to electricity

The outputs to be generated include:

Page 0 of 65

I.
II.
III.
IV.

Electricity power
Solid waste generation from administrative / temporary housing / construction camps
Liquid waste / effluent (non-hazardous)
Waste water from washing of PV panels

Operation of the facility will entail the regular maintenance of the site and infrastructure, management of waste facilities
and the replacement of consumable items and/or damaged equipment to ensure that the plant operates optimally. This
maintenance will as far as possible should be scheduled to times that the plant is not operational to improve productivity.
Unscheduled repairs and maintenance will likely occur as a result of breakdowns and emergency situations.

B.

Fundamental Terminology
1.

Insolation, Irradiance and Irradiating

When considering PV technology, it is important to understand the fundamental terminology. Insolation is a generalpurpose word for incident solar radiation. It is a measure of solar radiation energy received on a given surface during
a given time, typically in kWh/m2/day or kWh/m2/year.
Sun rays can be scattered by vapour or dust particles in air before reaching the Earths surface, this is known as diffuse
irradiation. Only the parallel sun rays normal to the receiving surface can be concentrated, and this is the portion known
as Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI), which has the SI unit of W/m2. In the solar power industry, irradiation with time
duration (typically in the form of Wh/day or kWh/year per unit area) is often used interchangeably with irradiance.
For consistency to international preference, DNI in this document will refer to Direct Normal Irradiation, with the unit of
kWh/m2/day or kWh/m2/year, the same with insolation for measuring energy. The solar radiation map (Refer Figure 4)
depicting the average annual DNI values for the proposed solar park location is depicted below as per the NREL
database:

Figure 4: Annual DNI value for the proposed site

Page 1 of 65

C.

The proposed PV plant

The proposed 2000MW solar park will be developed in multiple lots of 250 or 500MW capacities each which will help
reduce the project implementation duration. For each 250MW solar power capacity block, one pooling sub-station of
66/220Kv is proposed in which 2 x 150MW step-up transformers are considered. 250MW block is further sub-divided
into 50MW sub blocks.
The park is likely to have fixed axis (inclined at latitude) facing south PV panels with a tilt angle of 150 due South. The
annual Global solar irradiance is 2008 kWh/m2 for the proposed site as per the DPR. The average block size would be
250 acres.
The total number of PV modules for 50MW is estimated at 166,668 units for Canadian Solar-CS6X-300P and 499,995
units for FS-3100 solar PV models respectively. The total area of 12,000 acres is approximately divided into 40 blocks
and ancillary infrastructure.
The solar park facility will also include ancillary infrastructure in support of the power plant including water abstraction
/ bore wells, waste management systems, power lines, roads, warehouse and storage facilities, administration &
operations building, temporary housing facilities, construction labour camps and sub-station / switching station.
For setting up a utility level solar park facility, the key requirements include: land availability, water, connectivity and
accessibility, meteorology and favourable global irradiance, shadow free area and required infrastructure. A brief of the
above stated basic requirements is stated in the subsequent sub-sections.

a)

Land

The total land (approximately 12000 acres) required for setting up of the proposed 2000MW solar park is being
undertaken on long term lease (for duration of 28 years) from private land owners at an annual rental of 21,000/with an escalation of 5% every two years. Consultations with the majority of land owners reveal willingness to lease
land parcels mainly due to erratic rainfall and loss in agricultural production over the last few decades. The details on
the public consultations are presented in Chapter V of the report.
Site visits reveal presence of a very few scattered tree cover within the proposed site which needs to be integrated in
PV plant design to minimize shading losses without any tree cutting. The site layout has been subdivided into 40
rectangular blocks (50MW each) for maximum efficiency as depicted in the proposed layout plan.

b)

Water

The proposed site falls under the region where rains are uncertain and erratic, cyclic semi dry conditions are very
common. The DPR document states water for construction stage can be met from nearby tanks after necessary
approvals from the panchayat. For construction and operations stages of the project adequate availability of water need
to be ensured. For dusty areas like these, permanent water supply either on site or adjacent to site need to be ensured
to prevent losses on account of soiling during O&M stage. The O&M stage water requirements are mainly intended for
cleaning of PV surfaces and site office requirements. Modules are generally cleaned manually by spraying water and
wiping dust / bird dropping from the surface.
Review of the secondary information available reveals consumption of 3.5 to 5 litres of water per m2 for cleaning of
solar PV surface panel area. Table 1 presents the approximate figures for water requirement during the O&M stage for
one-time cleaning. The frequency of cleaning may vary during different seasons and need to be established based on
the climatic conditions.
Table 1: Calculation of Water Requirements for Solar PV panel cleaning

Technology options
Multi Crystalline

Module Area
Requirement
1,27,92,280 m2

Water-Minimum required

Water-Maximum required

4,47,72,980 Litres

6,39,61,400 Litres

Page 2 of 65

Technology options
Thin Film

Module Area
Requirement
1,43,99,840 m2

Water-Minimum required

Water-Maximum required

5,03,99,440 Litres

7,19,99,200 Litres

As per the DPR document, it has been estimated that a 50MW capacity solar PV power plant comprising of (multi
crystalline 3,19,807 m2 or thin film 3,59,996 m2) solar PV module area will need to be cleaned at least twice in a
month.
Considering the proposed area as a water scarce region with uncertain and erratic rainfall, adequate alternative means
need to be ensured including rain water harvesting / creation of additional tanks or increasing the storage capacity of
the existing tanks, etc to meet the O&M demands. The available technology options for reduction of water requirement
during the O&M stage may also need to be considered.

c)

Project Costs

The DPR consultants have divided the project in two phases as depicted in Table 2. It may be noted that the DPR
consultant has estimated the land cost with 2% escalation instead of 5% escalation every two years.
Table 2: Cost Estimates as per DPR

Capital Cost Components

Units

Cost

Cost

Total Solar park Cost

in Crore

(Phase 1)

(Phase 2)

Land Cost 21,000 Per acre per year with

2% escalation on base year (escalation
after every two years)
Site Development

29.73

30.1

17.5

16.6

Roads & Drainage system

21.6

5.1

Street light

3.39

0.69

Water Supply system

5.85

5.72

Pooling substation

187.08

187.08

Transmission line cost

10

10

Admin Building

11

0
255.29

Total Hard Costs

in Crore

286.15

Total Hard Costs (P1+ P2)

in Crore

541.44

The actual lease rentals for 12,000 acres of land for a period of 28 years with 5% escalation every two years is
9,87,77,10,522.35/- (Rupees Nine Billion Eight Hundred Seventy Seven Million Seven Hundred Ten Thousand Five
Hundred Twenty Two).

d)

Power Evacuation

The voltage would be stepped up to 220kV at the solar project pooling station and again stepped up to 440kV at the
proposed 440kV grid sub-station at Power Grid. The 440kV substation at solar project is proposed to be connected to
Power Grids 765kV station at Madhugiri (located at an aerial distance of 70 kms).

Page 3 of 65

e)

Proposed Layout

Figure 5 depicts the layout of the proposed blocks. The proposed blocks from 1 to 26 are along the main access road
connecting the villages (MDR road) whereas blocks 27 to 40 are proposed to the east of the Thirumani village
settlement.
Many of these land owners have already given their consent for a 28-year term lease of their land for setting up of
proposed Solar Park. Land owners in the vicinity of the proposed site have also expressed their interest in giving land
on lease for solar power plant, which was confirmed during the consultations.
The proposed layout of the blocks which was initially into eight blocks for 250MW each was re-organized into 40 blocks
of 50MW each. This change in layout has been done to avoid certain survey numbers falling under old blocks 7 & 8
with slopes higher than 15-20%. However revised block layout is likely to have adverse impacts on the surface drainage
and runoff which would require adequate mitigation measures.

Figure 5: Revised Layout of the proposed solar PV Park

f)

Site Connectivity

Major components of the proposed solar park would reach the site through ports / railways / airport, therefore proximity
to such transport nodes in vital. The proposed solar PV park site is well connected with Bengaluru via NH-7 (AH-43)
which would be advantageous for movement of heavy machinery and equipments to the proposed site. The last leg of
road connectivity is through the Major District roads / State Highway as depicted in the map (Refer Figure 6). The MDR
/ SH connecting the site are single lane roads with very less traffic volume.
Assessment of access roads from construction, O & M stage requirements revels that there are two connecting links
to proposed site; the road via the state of Andhra Pradesh is a bit longer but in a better condition for movement of
heavy machinery. The link 2, via Pavagada Taluk although a bit shorter but due to poor road surface conditions, the
travel time is longer at present.

Page 4 of 65

Figure 6: Map showing existing site road linkages from AH-43 (NH-7)

Page 5 of 65

III.

PROPOSED LAYOUT PLAN

The location of the proposed solar PV Park has been essentially identified by KREDL which is a state nodal agency of
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Government of India. The preliminary site investigations were under
taken from the point of view of solar PV technologies, appropriate design approach and effective project
implementation.
While selection of site, all ineligible areas were ruled out i.e. biodiversity rich areas, military facilities, existing human
settlements, archaeological restrictions etc. KREDL during the initial stage of the project adopted the following criteria
for selection of site:I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.

The availability and accessibility of primary resources required for the operation of the power plant, such
as sun (i.e. the required Direct Normal Insolation) and water;
Availability of land to locate the site and associated infrastructure;
The availability and accessibility of infrastructure for the provision of services, manpower and social
structure for the construction and operation of the power plant;
The ease of integration of the proposed solar park with central grid; and
General environmental acceptability in terms of social impacts, water utilisation, general ecology, etc.

In order to overcome the hurdles and processes involved in the land acquisition, KREDL opted for the long term lease
model wherein land would be taken on lease for 28-year duration from the land owners. The lease can be extended in
future on mutually agreeable terms.

A.

Site / Layout Alternatives

The original site layout was modified by KSPDCL to address certain technical concerns before the start of the bid
process. The changes in the proposed layout are expected to address certain technical issues as was informed by
KSPDCL. Figure 7 below presents the layout as per the DPR document.

Figure 7: Layout of proposed blocks as per DPR document

Page 6 of 65

KSPDCL, on 11th-Feb-2016 has uploaded a revised layout plan for the proposed solar park on their website
(www.kspdcl.in). As per the revised layout plan the proposed site has been sub-divided into 40 blocks of 50MW each
whereas the previous plan demarcated division of site in 8 Blocks of 250 MW each (with further sub-division in 5 subblocks of 50 MW each).
In the revised layout there has been a shift in the land to be allocated to NTPC under Phase 1 as compared to the
previous layout plan. Blocks 5 (partial), 6 & 7 were originallly proposed for NTPC which as per the revised layout (Refer
Figure 8), blocks 27 till 38 have been allotted to NTPC. It may be noted that the revised layout does not differ much as
far as Blocks 1 to 6 are concerned, however there is a noticeable variation as far as Blocks 7 & 8 are concerned.

Figure 8: Revised Layout of Blocks as notified on 11-02-2016

As part of the agreement between KSPDCL and the private developer, KSPDCL shall develop common infrastructure
in the Solar Park like Internal Transmission System, Water Supply, Road Connectivity, Drainage System and Weather
Stations, Street Lighting for the MDRs etc. Developer shall at its own cost construct and maintain arterial roads with
street lighting to and from MDRs.

B.

Water supply pipelines / Drainage System

As part of the proposed drainage system, KSPDCL plans to provide drainage channels on both sides of the proposed
7-meter and 3.75 meter wide roads. This is going to have serious adverse impacts on the existing natural drainage
unless a detailed hydrological modelling is undertaken to access the required length and number of cross drainage /
parallel drainage structures. (Refer Figure 9 below)
O&M stage, water requirements for cleaning of PV panels / administrative buildings etc. will be met by installation of
bore wells or from surface water bodies as per the DPR document.

Page 7 of 65

C.

Access Roads

The anticipated impacts due to access roads would be more permanent in nature. With the revised layout, the village
settlement Achchammanahalli is surrounded on three sides by the proposed solar PV Park limiting access.
The proposed road cross-sections are presented below. The roads proposed include a 7-meter wide road for all main
roads and 3.75 meter road as internal block roads. The approximate length of 3.75 meter road (10/15 RoW) within the
NTPC blocks is approximately 12 kms and of the proposed 7 meter road (40 meter RoW) is approximately 9 kms. Map
below (Figure 9) of the proposed NTPC blocks depicts the alignment of the proposed roads along with typical crosssection details.

Figure 9: Proposed Access roads as per revised layout (NTPC Blocks)

D.

Transmission Lines

The proposed transmission lines is largely along the proposed 7-meter wide road having 65-metre (both sides) and 40meter corridor (one side) as per the revised layout.
KSPDCL through EPC Contractor is establishing 8 Nos. of 220/66 kV Pooling Sub-stations; Construction of 220kV AC
line for a distance of 18 kms; 220kV DC line for a distance of 6 kms; 220 kV multi circuit line for a distance of 14 kms
from the proposed 220/66kV substation, in solar park to Power Grid station in solar park. Power Grid is establishing
400/220 kV Grid Sub-station at Survey Nos. 56/1, 62 and 63 of Kyataganacharlu village for facilitating evacuation of
2000MW power from Pavagada Solar Park. The above length is for the complete 2000 MW solar PV Park and not just
limited to the NTPC blocks.

Page 8 of 65

E.

Waste Storage Areas

There are no designated waste storage areas as per the proposed layout. The responsibility of the storage,
transportation of waste from site to safe disposal site rests with the developer. Each developer has to designate an
area within its own allotted blocks for temporary storage of waste and its final safe disposal.

F.

Warehouse and Construction Camps

The location of the warehouses and sub-stations are marked on the proposed layout. However the location of storage
areas and camp site has not been identified at this stage by KSPDCL. The developer shall be responsible for setting
up of the labour camps and materials storage as per the guidelines provided in the EMP.

Page 9 of 65

IV.

LEGAL REQUIREMENTS

There is a need to integrate the environmental and social consequences of the development activities and for planning
suitable measures in order to ensure sustainable development of the region. The environmental considerations in any
developmental process are necessary for achieving sustainable development.
Solar Ultra Mega Power Project (Solar UMPP) are not covered under the ambit of EIA Notification 2006 and does not
require prior EIA clearance but these projects would still require consent to establish and operate under the Air and
Water Acts from the State Pollution Control Board ensuring that the site development does not have any adverse
impacts. The withdrawal of ground water and tree cutting if any would attract additional regulatory clearances for the
proposed project. The applicable policy and regulatory framework applicable for the proposed solar PV Park is
elaborated in the following sections:

A.

State Pollution Control Board Regulations

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) notification dated June 02, 2014 classifies solar renewable power projects
of all capacities under the green1 category of industries. The evacuation related activities (responsible for laying power
evacuation line, connectivity to national grid and NOC from relevant departments) would need to be considered
separately for environmental and social impacts. Table 3 below presents a checklist of the likely to be applicable
legislations.
An NOC clearance from the Forest Department stating that no forest area is being impacted due to the proposed solar
park has already been undertaken by KSPDCL. However for trees cutting (if any) within the proposed site, requisite
clearance would need to be undertaken by KSPDCL.
Table 3: Checklist of Applicable legislations
Acts/Rule/Policy

Year

Objective

Applicability to this
Project

Responsible Agency

Environmental
(Protection) Act

1986

To protect and improve the

overall environment.

MoEFCC, GoI; CPCB; State

Pollution Control Board

National Forest Policy

(Revised)

1952/1988

To maintain ecological
stability through preservation
and restoration of biological
diversity.

Water (Prevention and

Control of Pollution) Act

1974

Air (Prevention and

Control of Pollution) Act

1981

To control water pollution by

controlling discharge of
pollutants as per the
prescribed standards.
To control air pollution by
controlling emission of air
pollutants as per the
prescribed standards.

Batteries (Management
and Handling) Rules

2001

All environmental
legislation is covered
in this umbrella Act
NoC has been issued
by Forest Deptt;
For Trees Cutting (if
any), clearance would
be required
NOC for
establishment and
operation during
construction required
Yes, if generators are
used during
construction stage;
NOC for
establishment and
operation during
construction required
Yes, if batteries are
used for storage of
power before being

The Act defines the

requirements for disposal of
used batteries for bulk users.

Forest Department, Karnataka

Karnataka State Pollution

Control Board

Karnataka State Pollution

Control Board

Karnataka State Pollution

Control Board

The industries or projects have been classified in three broad categories viz. Red, Orange and Green in decreasing order of severity of
pollution.
1

Page 10 of 65

Acts/Rule/Policy

The Electricity Act

Year

2003

Permission for storage of

hazardous chemical from
CPCB
Permission for extraction
of Ground water

Objective
The developers in subproject would be likely bulk
users.
Laws relating to generation,
transmission, distribution,
trading and use of electricity,
promotion of efficient and
environmentally benign
policies.
Applicable in case of storage
and Import of Hazardous
Chemical
Applicable for construction
and operations stage

Or Use of Surface water

Applicable for construction
sources for
and operations stage
construction/operation
stage
Acts and Regulations governing LA & Social Issues
Right to fair
2013
Fair compensation for
compensation and
acquisition of immovable
transparency in land
assets; Resettlement of
acquisition, rehabilitation
displaced population due to
and Resettlement Act
LA and economic
rehabilitation of all those who
are affected due to land
acquisition.
2014
Karnataka G.O. on Land
The GO aims to facilities the
Reforms / Land Lease
transfer and conversion of
agricultural land for Solar PV
projects on long term lease
basics
1992
Seventy Third
The Act enables participation
Constitution Amendment
of Panchayat level
Act,
institutions in decisionmaking. Panchayats at the
village level will be involved
for preparation and
implementation of the
project.

B.

Applicability to this
Project
supplied to the central
grid.

Responsible Agency

The national grid

connectivity is being
undertaken as a
separate project and
not covered under
this ESIA scope.
Construction stage
(Prior to initiation of
any work)
Construction &
Operations stage
(Prior to initiation of
installation of Bore
wells and abstraction
of water from such
source)
Operations stage to
meet the O&M
requirements

Power Grid

Yes, if private land

need to be acquired
for solar park.

KSPDCL

Under the current

arrangement land is
being taken on lease
only.
Yes

Yes, for any sub

project located in
panchayat area

Developer

Developer for
construction/operations stage

Developer for
construction/operations stage

KSPDCL

Department of Panchayati Raj,

State Government

Indian Labour Laws

All the workers are governed by the relevant Indian labour laws as stated below Table 4. The Developer shall undertake
the requisite license from Labour Commissioner prior to initiation of any works onsite. KSPDCL shall ensure that the
necessary approvals and licenses have been undertaken by the developer prior to the start of the construction &
operations stage. Some of these are directly relevant during the construction stage of the proposed sub-projects.

Page 11 of 65

Table 4: Applicable Labour Laws

Applicable Acts

Coverage Provisions

Minimum Wages Act 1948

The act ensures minimum wages for each category of

workers
Prohibits employment of children below 14 years of age
Ensure health and safety of construction workers
Ensures Health and safety considerations of workers
Ensure fair compensation in case of injury by accidents
during the course of employment
Ensure basic welfare measures to be made available to the
contract workers by the employer
Ensure safety measures at construction work site and other
welfare measures such as canteens, first-aid facilities,
ambulance, housing accommodation for Workers near the
Workplace etc

Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986

The Labour Act 1988
The Factories Act, 1948
Workmens Compensation Act, 1923
Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act,
1970
The Building and other Construction Workers Act,
1996

C.

Land Availability / Procurement for Sub-projects

If any private land need to be acquired during the course of the project, the same shall be procured within the framework
of The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013
(LA Act 2013) and the state policies on procurement of private land to ensure that there are no adverse impacts on the
owners whose land is being procured under the project.
For the proposed solar PV park project, a long term lease model has been adopted wherein private land parcels are
acquired on a 28 year lease by KSPDCL which would be sub-leased to the developer for generation of solar power.
For this the state of Karnataka has modified the Land Reforms Act and formulated a policy to facilitate the setting up
of a solar UMPP / Park.
1.

Karnataka State Solar Policy 2014- 2021

Under this policy, it is proposed to meet the solar power capacity addition targets through different segments which are
Grid connected utility scale projects and grid connected roof top projects. The following are the key features relevant
to the current baseline study:
I.
II.
III.

IV.

2.

As per the policy document, GoK contemplates to facilitate the conversion of land for solar projects by
amending section-95 of the Land Reforms Act.
GoK contemplates time bound permissions and for vesting Deputy Commissioners with full powers to approve
purchase of agricultural lands u/s 109 of Land reforms Act for Development of Solar projects.
As per the policy, developers will be allowed to start project execution without waiting for formal approval on
filing application for conversion of agricultural land for setting up of solar power projects on payment of
specified fees.
Solar PV projects shall be exempted from obtaining clearances of pollution control board as per the Karnataka
Solar Policy 2014 2021.
Land Reforms Act Karnataka

The Karnataka Land Revenue (Amendment) Act, 2015 (12th August 2015) states that (10) If any occupant of any
agriculture land assessed or held for the purpose of agriculture wishes to divert such land or part thereof for the purpose
of setting up of solar power generation in accordance with Karnataka Solar Policy 2014-21 issued in G.O EN 21 VSC
2014 dated 22.05.2014 which has been approved by State and Central Government and which has been approved by

Page 12 of 65

the Competent Authority, the permission applied for conversion of such land shall be deemed to have been granted for
that purpose so long as they use for purpose for which permission is granted subject to payment of the conversion fine
and all such other fees payable if any, in this regard."
If the government revenue land is recorded as forest land with small and minor trees in the revenue records or it is
defined as a forest land as per Revenue Department, then the applicant will have to take permission, as per provisions
of Forest Conservation Act 1980, from concerned authorities.

D.

World Bank Group Safeguard Requirements

1.

World Bank Safeguard Requirements

The implementation of the World Bank Operational Policies seek to avoid, minimize or mitigate the adverse
environmental and social impacts, including protecting the rights of those likely to be affected or marginalized by the
proposed project. Based on the information collated by the consultants during the study, following OPs are triggered
and would require adequate measures to address the safeguard concerns.
World Bank
Safe Guard
Policies
OP 4.01
Environmental
Assessment

Objective

Applicability

Safeguard
Requirements

The objective of this policy is to

ensure that Bank financed
projects are environmentally
sound and sustainable.

EIA and/or EMP are

being prepared to
mitigate residual impacts.

OP/BP 4.12
Involuntary
Resettlement

The objective of this policy is to

avoid or minimize involuntary
resettlement where feasible,
exploring all viable alternative
project designs. Furthermore, it
intends to assist displaced person
in improving their former living
standards; community
participation in planning and
implementing resettlement; and
to provide assistance to affected
people, regardless of the legality
of title of land

The environmental issues will

be addressed adequately in
advance. An integrated
Environmental Screening and
Environmental Assessment
(EA) with Environmental
Management Plan (EMP) will
be developed to manage
environmental risks and
maximize environmental and
social benefits wherever it is
applicable.
There will be need for limited
land acquisition resulting in:
relocation or loss of shelter,
loss of assets or access to
assets; loss of income
sources or means of
livelihood.

OP/BP 4.11
Physical
Cultural
Resources

This policy aims at assisting in

the preservation of cultural
property, historical, religious and
unique natural value-this includes
remains left by previous human

This policy applies to all

components of the project
that result in involuntary
resettlement, regardless of
the source of financing
including projects that are
carried out, or planned to be
carried out,
contemporaneously with the
project.
This policy may be triggered
by sub-projects where
cultural property, historical,
religious and unique natural
value-this includes remains

Page 13 of 65

The project does not

envisage any involuntary
resettlement. The land is
being taken on a long
term lease for 28 years.
All owners have given
consent.

Resettlement Action Plan

in consultation with the
community and project
authorities

Application to be
submitted to ASI in case
any impact is envisaged
due to the project
including chance finds.

World Bank
Safe Guard
Policies

E.

Objective

Applicability

inhabitants and unique

environment features, as well as
in the protection and
enhancement of cultural
properties encountered in Bankfinanced project.

left by previous human

inhabitants and unique
environment features may be
affected due to project.

Safeguard
Requirements
The impact on such
features have been
integrated with EIA /
EMP

IFC Performance standards

As per the proposed implementation arrangements under the project, the private developer shall play a lead role in the
success of the project implementation and shall be undertaking the setting up of infrastructure for energy generation.
The IFC performance standards apply to private sector projects and provide instruments to manage the operations of
projects in an environmentally and socially acceptable manner. The performance standards are designed to help avoid,
mitigate, and manage risks and impacts as a way of doing business in a sustainable way, including stakeholder
engagement and disclosure obligations of the client in relation to project-level activities. The following performance
standards are applicable:
Table 5: Applicable Performance Standards

Performance Standards
Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks & Impacts / PS 1
Labour and Working Conditions / PS 2
Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention / PS 3
Community Health, Safety, and Security / PS 4
Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement / PS 5
Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources / PS 6
Indigenous Peoples / PS 7
Cultural Heritage / PS 8

Applicability
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No

Performance Standard 1 establishes the importance of

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

Integrated assessment to identify the environmental and social impacts, risks, and opportunities of
projects;
effective community engagement through disclosure of project-related information and consultation with
local communities on matters that directly affect them; and
Clients management of environmental and social performance throughout the life of the project.

Performance Standards 2 through 8 establish objectives and requirements to avoid, minimize, and where residual
impacts remain, to compensate/offset for risks and impacts to workers, Affected Communities, and the environment.
While all relevant environmental and social risks and potential impacts should be considered as part of the assessment,
Performance Standards 2 through 8 describes potential environmental and social risks and impacts that require
particular attention.
Where environmental or social risks and impacts are identified, the client is required to manage them through its
Environmental and Social Management System (ESMS) consistent with Performance Standard 1.
Performance Standard 1 applies to all projects that have environmental and social risks and impacts. Depending on
project circumstances, other Performance Standards may apply as well. KSPDCL is encouraged to apply the ESMF to
all their solar PV sub-project activities, regardless of financing source.

Page 14 of 65

The sub sections below provide a brief the objectives of each of the performance standards:
1.

Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks & Impacts

The objectives of the performance standard 1 are:

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
2.

Identify and assess environmental and social impacts in the projects area of influence.
Avoid, minimize, mitigate or compensate for adverse impacts.
Ensure that affected communities are engaged on issues that may affect them.
Promote improved environmental and social performance through effective management systems
Labour and Working Conditions

The objectives of the performance standard 2 are:

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
3.

Establish, maintain and improve the worker-management relationship.

Promote fair treatment and equal opportunity for workers, in compliance with national laws.
Protect workforce by addressing child labour and forced labour.
Promote safe working conditions and protect / promote the health of workers
Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention

This Performance Standard outlines a project-level approach to resource efficiency and pollution prevention and control
in line with internationally disseminated technologies and practices. The objectives of the Performance Standard 3 are:
i.
ii.
iii.
4.

To avoid or minimize adverse impacts on human health and the environment by avoiding or minimizing
pollution from project activities.
To promote more sustainable use of resources, including energy and water.
To reduce project-related GHG emissions.
Community Health, Safety and Security

While acknowledging the public authorities role in promoting the health, safety, and security of the public, this
Performance Standard 4 addresses the clients responsibility to avoid or minimize the risks and impacts to community
health, safety, and security that may arise from project related-activities, with particular attention to vulnerable groups.
The objective of Performance Standard 4 is:
i.
ii.

Avoid or minimize the risks to, and impacts on, the health and safety of the local community over the project
life cycle, from both routine and non-routine circumstances.
Ensure that the safeguarding of personnel and property is carried out in a legitimate manner that avoids or
minimizes risks to the communitys safety and security.
.

Page 15 of 65

V.

PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROCESS

KREDL/KSPDCL has ensured participation of the land owners and other stakeholders from the project initiation stage
and this has helped gain confidence of the locals and their active participation in the consultation process. The process
involved procurement of land on lease and not acquisition which has also led to wider acceptance and participation of
the village land owners.

A.

Identification of Key Stakeholders

For setting up a 2000 MW solar PV park, an estimated area required would be to the tune of 12,000 acres (5 acres per
MW of solar PV generation). A cluster of five villages (i.e. Thirumani, Balasamudra, Vollur, Kyathaganacherlu,
Rayacharlu) falling under Pavagada tehsil have been selected by KSPDCL.
The land owners and the landless labourers working in the agricultural parcels falling under these five villages are the
key stakeholders. The proposed NTPC blocks fall under two villages i.e. Thirumani and Rayacharlu. The current study
focused on the active participation of the stakeholders from the above mentioned two villages.

B.

Public Participation Process Adopted

1.

Initial Consultations Fixing of Lease Rentals

A general meeting was held on 28-09-2015 presided by the Deputy Commissioner of Tumkur District. The key
participants included: Minister of Petroleum; Chitradurga MLA; Local MLA (Urgappa); District Panchayat Members
(Tumkur); Taluk and Gram Panchayat Members; District Commissioner, Tumkur; Development Officers KREDL;
Madhugiri Sub-Division Officers; Joint Director of Agriculture Department; Executive Engineer KPTCL; Assistant
Director, Horticulture Department; Administrative Officer, KREDL; Tahsildar, Pavagada and Landowners from the five
villages.
The participants were made aware about the proposed project, to set up a 2000 MW solar PV park in the area falling
under the five revenue villages. The land would not be acquired instead would be taken on lease for 28 years after
getting the necessary consent from land owners. Participants expressed their willingness to offer their land parcels on
lease. The consultation process resulted in the following pronouncements:
1.

The lease rent was fixed at 21,000/acre as annual rentals after dialogue with all the participants.

2.

Graveyard and other important structures shall be

protected.

3.

If land has a bore well or any valuable tree, extra

compensation shall be provided.

4.

Escalation of 5% in annual rent every 2 years.

5.

Registration Cost to be borne by the KSPDCL.

6.

Lease Period of 30 years.

7.

All approvals shall be taken by the KSPDCL.

The details of the proceedings are attached as Annexure XII to this report for reference. The market value of the land
in this area is estimated at 35000/- per acre at the time of these consultations.

C.

Consultation and Public Involvement

In addition to the socio-economic surveys being conducted under the current EIA study, separate focus group
discussion with various stakeholders, informal discussions were conducted by the team to gauge general perception

Page 16 of 65

about the project and other social / demographic issues associated with the proposed project. Figure 10 below shows
a snapshot of the questionnaire surveys being undertaken by the team along with informal consultations.

Figure 10: Snapshot of the socio economic surveys

Prior to the start of the socio-economic surveys, local enumerators were selected for field work, meeting with people.
Local enumerators are selected to have similar dialect of language of PAP and enumerators. This also helped to make
the participation of local people in the process of survey. Resource persons were identified in each adversely affected
village to facilitate consultation. These resource persons informed local people about the project and project related
information to the affected people.
As mentioned above, consultations were held with the people living in the affected villages. Individual consultations
were also done with the PAPs during the socio-economic surveys. The following (Table 6) FGDs were undertaken by
the team during the last week of Jan 2016. This was conducted to generate awareness regarding land lease process,
compensation for assets & lease rent and record any concerns/issues of stakeholders. (Refer Figure 11 below).

Figure 11: Snapshot of the FGD's

Page 17 of 65

Table 6: FGD proceedings held during the course of study

Date of
FGD

Address and
Location

No. of
Participant
s
10

Project brief,
social issued
discussed
Discussed
about solar
project and its
advantages

05.02.201
6

Near Canara Bank

Thirumani

05.02.201
6

Near Sri Anjeneya

Temple, Thirumani

10

Discussed
about the
merits and de
merits about
the project

05.02.201
6

Bus stand road ,

Thirumani

12

1. People
mentioned
about political
injustice

05.02.201
6

New colony,
Thirumani

1. Mainly
looking for
jobs.

05.02.201
6

Dr. B R Ambedkar
Colony

14

1. Discussed
bout the
fluoride
content in the
water.

05.02.210
6

Near Govt.
Primary school,
Thirumani

16

Page 18 of 65

Concerns and suggestions and their view for

the project in favour or not in favour
1. People were aware about the project.
2. Majority of respondents were aware of the
project benefits to them, mainly annual rent
and other indirect benefits.
3. The participants did not have any concerns
./ issues due to the project.
4. General observation: The people felt it was
good to have the solar park in the village, as
it is a backward area. With the solar park
village will become economically better.
5. The people were explained about
vulnerability assistance.
1. The people were in support of the project.
2. Everyone is aware of the project.
3. Meeting about project was held in village
4. Overall people were looking for
employment opportunities so that the village
develops economically.
5. People were explained about the
vulnerability benefits.
1. 60% of the people are in favour of the
project 40% are not in favour.
2. 90% of the people are aware of the
project.
3. People want development for the village.
The water in the village has fluoride content.
People want pure drinking water.
1. People are in favour of the project.
2. 40 % knew of the project.
3. 50% of the people are aware of the project
benefits due to the meeting held in the
village.
4. The people said last year there was
drought due to which there is high level of
unemployment. If the project helps them with
jobs it will help the economic situation of the
people.
1. Because of the drought the whole area has
suffered, that is why they are supporting the
project, in hope of jobs. With jobs the people
hope the area will improve.
2. Not everyone is aware of the project or the
project benefits.
3. 80% of the people are on favour of the
project.
1. Overall everyone knew about the project
and the project benefits.
Commonly everyone was looking for job
opportunities

Table 7: FGD focusing women stakeholders held during the study

Date of FGD

Address and
Location

No. of
Participants

Project brief
provided / social
issued discussed

concerns and suggestions and their

view for the project in favour or not in
favour

05.02.2106

Behind pre
metric boys
hostel,
Thirumani

10

1. Discussed
about job
opportunities
within the area

05.02.2016

Near Bus
stand,
Thirumani

12

1. People were
mostly talking
about the high
fluoride content in
the water and
asked for safe
drinking water

1. The women were for the project.

2. Non land losers were looking for jobs
as those working as agricultural
labourers will lose work within the
project area.
3. Vulnerability benefits were discussed
1. People know about the project as a
meeting was held in the village about it.

05.02.2016

ST Colony,
Thirumani

12

05.02.2106

Behind
Govt.
hospital,
Thirumani

11

1. Discussed
about need for
regular power and
employment
opportunities
1. Discussed
about fluoride
content in water
and employment
opportunities

2. Overall they know about the benefits.

3. Since the area is dry and drought
prone people are looking for
employment opportunities.
4. People are in favour of the project
1. People are in favour of the project
and they are aware of the project

1. Women said the economic condition

of most is poor. Everyone is looking for
jobs.
2. 50% of the people are not aware of
the project.

Public consultations for Rayacharlu are to be included ..

D.

Key Issues identified during field visits / consultations

The key issues / observations are presented below pictographically showing the location within the blocks. Maximum
number of existing structures both pucca and semi-pucca was observed in Block 5 (DPR layout) during the field visits
as depicted below in the figures. One sensitive receptor (school) and a private orchard (banana plantations) were also
observed to be falling within the proposed block boundary-5. However with the revised layout, majority of these
structures are no longer within the proposed solar PV Park.

Page 19 of 65

Page 20 of 65

Page 21 of 65

Page 22 of 65

VI.

BASELINE DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA

A.

Biophysical Environment
1.

Location

The proposed project site is located in the eastern part of Karnataka State between North Latitude 14013 to 140 20
and East Longitude 770 23 to 770 30; falling under five villages (i.e. Thirumani, Balasamudra, Vollur, Kyathaganacherlu
and Rayacharlu) of Pavagada Taluk in Tumkur District. The site is covered by SoI toposheet D43L7 & D43L8 Open
Series. It is 150 kms from state capital of Bengaluru. Uttara Pinakini River flows through Pavagada Taluk.
The proposed site is located at a distance of approximately 30 km from the Taluk headquarters, Pavagada and is
connected by a Major District Road (MDR). There is no rail connectivity currently available for Pavagada Taluk. The
nearest railway link is available at a distance of 100 kms at Anantpur (Andhra Pradesh) and 140 kms at Bellary Junction
(Karnataka). Table 8 below provides a brief description of the project site:
Table 8: Project Site Description

Particular

Description

Project Site Villages:

Kyathaganacherlu, Balasamudra, Vollur, Rayacharlu, Thirumani

Hobli / Tehsil / District /

Nagalamadike / Pavagada / Tumkur (Karnataka State)

Location coordinates

Latitude 14o13 to 14o20 North ; Longitude 77o23 to 77o30 East

Road Accessibility

Linked by MDR to Taluk Headquarters; SH to Tumkur

Nearest Airport

Bengaluru Airport (200 kms)

Land Available

12,000 Acres on long-term lease (28 years)

Proposed Capacity

2000MW park (including 600MW to be developed by NTPC)

Daily
Average
Radiation

Solar

5.35 kWh/m2

Climate

Warm & Humid

Technology

Solar Photovoltaic (PV)

The current environmental and social assessment study focusses on 600MW Solar PV component being developed
by NTPC as part of the 2000 MW Solar Park. The villages falling under the proposed blocks 5 (partial), 6 and 7 being
developed by NTPC are Rayacharlu and Thirumani.
2.

Climate

The climate of the district is semi-arid tropical. The district on the whole receives an average annual rainfall of 687.9
mm in 45 rainy days. The rainfall gradually decreases from the eastern parts of the district to the northern and western
portions.
The district can be further sub divided into three rainfall zones, Pavagada receives the least rainfall under the category
550-650mm. nearly 45-50% of the rainfall is received during June to September (South west monsoon), 25-30%
during October to November (north east monsoon) and 1.5 3% during December to February (cold weather period).
The remaining 15 25% rainfall received in April and May (hot weather period) is useful in preparatory tillage of the
land. However the rainfall is uncertain, erratic and cyclic semi-dry conditions are very common. Winters are generally
mild while summers are quite warm with temperatures rising up to 380C during April and May.

Page 23 of 65

The proposed site location is suitable for solar PV installations due to availability of good sunlight for maximum time of
the year (annual GHI >1900 KWh/m2), gentle sloping land with minimal tree cover / shadow areas.
The winds are predominantly south-westerly during summer monsoon and north-easterly during winter monsoon. The
table 9 depicts the baseline metrological data for Tumkur station. The table below provides details of the mean
maximum & minimum temperatures, humidity and rainfall for Tumkur station.
Table 9: Mean Maximum & Minimum Temperature, Rainfall & Humidity

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

Ma
y

Jun

July

Aug

Sep

Oct

Mean annual
monthly rainfall
36.
107. 135.
mm (1931-1970)
2.8
6.1
7.4
1
96 85.9
2
1 174 151
Mean number of
rainy days
0.3
0.6
0.4
2.6
5.8
5.9
8.2
9.2
8.7
7.8
Mean Monthly Max
temp C (197328.
31.
33.
35.
79)
9
1
8
8 33.5 29.8
27 28.8 28.5 28.4
Mean Monthly Min
18.
17.
23.
temp C
16
1
3
2 21.9 20.6 20.2 20.9 19.6 19.6
Mean Monthly
22.
24.
25.
29.
temperature C
5
6
6
3 27.7 25.2 23.6 24.9 21.1
24
Mean Monthly
relative humidity %
53.
52.
46.
(1973-1975)
7
6
5
53 65.1 71.4 76.8 72.9 76.2
73
Source: India Meteorological Department, Bangalore; Bureau of Economics & Statistics, Karnataka

Nov

Dec

Annual

57.6

7.6

867.7

3.9

0.7

54.1

27.5

27.3

29.5

18.6

16.8

19.4

23.1

22.1

24.5

59.4

55.9

63

The tables 10 gives the seasonal average rainfall (in mm) for Tumkur district, in the last 5 years during the different
seasons:
Table 10: Average Rainfall in MM Tumkur District

Year

Cold Weather Period

(January - February)

2010

2011

Hot Weather Period

(March - May)

South-West Weather
(June- September)

North- East Weather

(October - Dec)

Annual
(January - Dec)

159

403

274

841

149

234

164

549

2012

146

215

112

473

2013

93

380

107

584

2014

133

354

201

690

The tables 11 give the seasonal average rainfall (in mm) for Pavagada Taluk in the last five years during different
seasons:
Table 11: Average Rainfall in MM - Pavagada Taluk

Hot Weather
(March - May)

South-West Weather
(June- September)

North- East Weather

(October - Dec)

Annual
(January - Dec)

Year

Cold Weather
(January February)

201

151

363

209

723

102

149

69

320

0
201
1

Page 24 of 65

Hot Weather
(March - May)

South-West Weather
(June- September)

North- East Weather

(October - Dec)

Annual
(January - Dec)

Year

Cold Weather
(January February)

201

130

219

120

469

11

43

340

111

505

104

202

173

479

2
201
3
201
4

As per the available statistics, Pavagada Taluk received only 320 mm rainfall during year 2011 thereby seriously
affecting the agriculture activities. Year 2006 and 2012 were declared as drought years (approved calamity) in
Pavagada Taluk by the state government due to poor monsoon season.
3.

Geology

The predominant geological formations for Tumkur district as a whole include Archean Complex (Granite, Gneisses
and Schists). The rock types met in the area are of the older metamorphic rocks (biotite schists, hornblende granulites,
pyroxenites and amphibolites), peninsular Gneissic complex (branded biotite gneiss, migmatite, and grey biotite
granite), equivalents of Dharwar Super Group (Hornblende schist, Hornblende granulite, chlorite schist and banned
ferruginous quartzite) and younger intrusive (pink granite, gabbro, pegmatite and quartz vein, dolerite
dyke/prophyrite/porphyritic and Anorthosite-dyke and quartz reefs. The older metamorphic rocks (equivalents of Sargur
group) occur as enclaves of varying shapes and sizes within the peninsular gneissic complex. The peninsular gneissic
complex occupy majority of the area constituting the rock type in the plains with sparse outcrops and occasionally
forming isolated tors. The grey biotite granite component constitutes hill ranges in the eastern part bordering the
schistose terrain.
The alluvial patches are generally seen along the major streams as narrow discontinuous patches particularly in granite
country. It comprises medium to coarse grained sand with silt and clay at many places and is largely controlled by
topography of the basement crystalline in the area.
The entire area is a semi-arid condition. The project site is having weathered loamy red soil. Quartzite, granite,
gneisses, dyke and schist rocks are present.
The allowable bearing pressure, T/m2 is 25 T/m2 for depth of 1 meter below ground level as per the field test results
conducted in Thirumani village. The electrical resistivity tests reveal that the project site is a natural ground and contains
loamy red soil, fine to medium grained soil. The resistance is medium up to 2m depth and is recommended to consider
for the solar power project based on the findings of the soil investigations undertaken by Department of Civil
Engineering (Bangalore University) for KSPDCL. The detailed test results are attached in Annexure XI.:
The proposed site falls under Zone-II as per the latest earthquake zoning map. Zone II is associated with the lowest
level of seismicity.
4.

Topography

The proposed site is reasonably flat for majority of the area with slopes less than 10% except for a few parcels within
blocks 7 & 8 locations. Considering large chunks of proposed land under prior agriculture use, the impacts due to
soiling would be significant during the initial years of operations till adequate ground cover could be established to
control dust pollution. No underground service networks are present in the proposed site as per the available secondary
information.

Page 25 of 65

5.

Agricultural Potential

Major crops grown in the proposed site and its vicinity include Ragi, Groundnut, Paddy, Maize, Cotton, Sunflower, Red
Gram, Castor, and Horse Gram (Refer Figure 12). Agricultural activities in the area are predominantly rain-fed. The
main sources of irrigation are surface water tanks and bore-wells, which are being used only by very few well to do
farmers. The chemical test reveals that the soil is not aggressive to corrosion.
6.

Ground water resources (Hydrogeological)

The area exhibits undulating topography controlled by the granite structures viz residual hills, insel bergs etc. The
ground water occurs in the valley fills, and multi mural joint intersected places. The approximate yield of the wells in
the study area is 800 GPH to 1000 GPH (4000 Litres per hour). The average life of the bore wells is 1-2 years. As the
area receives only 400 mm of average rainfall hence the recharge is also less. The bore wells are sustained only where
the continuous recharge is available like tanks and ponds.

Figure 12: Agricultural practices / crops cultivated in the study area

In general major parts of Tumkur District have depths to water levels 2 to 5 mbgl and 5 to 10 mbgl. The decadal mean
pre-monsoon & post monsoon data (2001 2010) reveals a rise in water level by 0-2 m in most of the study area (Refer
Figure 13). In Tumkur district the pre-monsoon depth to water table (2011) ranges from 1.17 31.70 mbgl whereas
the post-monsoon depth to water level (2011) ranges from 0.26 25.84 mbgl. The long term water level trends (2002
2011) reveals mostly rising trend as per the CGWB data published in the Septembers 2012 report.
Sustainability of ground water resource and its judicious use should be given prime importance while planning for Solar
Park. In critical and over exploited areas artificial recharge and rainwater harvesting measures are recommended to
augment the ground water resources. The study area has been identified as over exploited with regards to ground
water utilization as per CGWB report (March 2009). The current stage of ground water development is at 74% for
Pavagada Taluk. The unit area annual recharge is in the range of 0.07m in Pavagada Taluk. The low value in Pavagada
Taluk is mainly due to the low rainfall in the Taluk when compared with other taluks within Tumkur district.

Page 26 of 65

Figure 13: Decadal Ground Water Fluctuation Map (2001- 2010)

Ground water in younger granites has more fluoride content than the gneisses. The fluoride content increases with
depth in same aquifer. The shallow aquifers are having comparatively low concentration of fluoride. In order to reduce
or control the problem, it is recommended to recharge ground water by way of artificial recharge structures like
percolation tank, desilting of silted tanks, check dams, nalla bunds, farm ponds etc.
High concentration of nitrates, chloride and fluoride is observed in northern and central parts of Pavagada as per the
CGWB findings. As per the CGWB data, high chloride concentrations are observed in central parts of Pavagada; high
concentrations of fluoride is observed in northern part of Pavagada and high concentration of nitrates in major parts of
Pavagada. Figure 14 depicts the selected villages are impacted by high nitrate contents and over exploitation of ground
water for majority of the areas. In such scenarios the withdrawal of ground water through bore wells to meet the O&M
demand for proposed Solar Park would lead to adverse impacts on the already deteriorating ground water conditions.

Page 27 of 65

Figure 14: Ground Water Status & Contamination for Selected Villages
Ground water is a major source of drinking and irrigation purposes. About 90% of the drinking requirements and 86%
of irrigations requirements are met from ground water.

a)

Water Sampling Tests

Water sampling from two surface water bodies and one ground water sample within the proposed project area and its
testing was done an accredited laboratory to establish the baseline scenario. Below is a brief analysis, the test reports
are attached in Annexure -xxxxxxxxx
The analysis of the ground water sample (Refer Figure 15) reveals high concentration of Sodium, Fluoride and alkalinity
parameters.

Water is not potable as Fluoride content in water is above desirable (1.0 mg/l) and permissible (1.5 mg/l) limit.
Alkalinity is found to be above desirable limit of 200 mg/l and below permissible limit of 600 mg/l as per
Drinking water standard IS:10500:2012 and its Amendment No. 1.
pH value observed was 7.8, dissolved oxygen 7.4 mg/l. Water can be used for bathing after treatment so that
BOD level comes down from 5 mg/l to 3 mg/l as per primary water quality criteria for bathing water Table 1 of
The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986, CPCB June 2010.
As per Schedule VI, General standards for Discharge of Environmental Pollutants, water can be used for
irrigation purposes.

The ground water sample analysis reveals that water is not potable but can be used for irrigation.
Two surface water samples were collected within the study area. The sample collected from water body in vicinity of
Balasamudra village has high fluoride content more than desirable limit but less than permissible limit. Water was found
to be turbid in both the surface water samples. Surface water body samples fall under category D as per classification
of surface water in India by Central Pollution Control Board.

Page 28 of 65

Figure 15: Location of sampling points

7.

Surface Water

The study area is dotted with interconnected water bodies which act as a lifeline of the local residents providing water
for various household uses and irrigation purposes. The drainage pattern in the area can be classified as semi dendritic
to dendritic (Refer Figure 16). Overall the area is gently sloping towards north and is well drained. The area is drained
by north flowing Pennar river tributary. The river is not perennial in nature.
Although while demarcation of the proposed blocks, all major surface water bodies have been excluded however
adequate precautionary measures has been built in the EMP to ensure no changes in the drainage occurs due to the
proposed project.
8.

Flora and Fauna

As the rainfall is low in Tumkur district, diversity of flora is not much and the species are restricted to Xerophytic type.
The vegetation here is shrubby, thorny and stunted. Accacia (Jali) and Taddy trees are commonly found in alkaline
soils. Ficus species such as Peepal and Banyan are found in forest as well as in the farms. Same is the case with
Tammarind, Neem, Jack, Pongamia trees.
As the area lies in the plains of the Deccan Plateau, bordering Andhra Pradesh, the wildlife found here is related to the
drier areas like monkey, wild cat, wolf, squirrel, bats, fox, deer, rabbit, wild pig, wild lizard, variety of snakes, frogs and
fishes, peacock, sparrow, crow, eagle, etc. The sighting of wild pigs, deer in vicinity of the village settlement area has
also been confirmed during the public consultations with the village residents.

Page 29 of 65

Figure 16: Drainage Network map for the proposed project site

The forest type in the 10 km area falls under the category of dry deciduous forest types with scrub jungle. The nearest
reserved forest at an approximate aerial distance of 2 kms from the edge of the proposed solar PV park is Ramagiri
West Forest Range (Andhra Pradesh State). No adverse impacts are envisaged due to the proposed solar project.
The forests are open and consist of mixed species varying from dry deciduous to thorny bushes. The common species
found in the area includes Shorea talura (Jalari), Anogeissus latifolia (Dindigal), Pterocarpus marsupium (Honne),
Terminalia tomentosa (karimatti), Terminalia chebusa (Alale), Terminalia arjuna (Tormatti), Tamarindus indica
(Hunise), Tectona grandia (Tega), Santalum album (Gandha), Albizzia labbeck (Bage), Boswellia serrata (Dhupa),
Hardwickia binata (Mummara), Acacia Catechu (kaggali), Wrightia tinctoria (pale), Canthium pervijlorum (kare),
Dodonia viscoss (bandre), cassia agriculate (thangdi), Cassia Fistula (Kakke), Albizzia amera (chujjalu).
Underground vegetation and grasses are very scanty. Regeneration in dry tract is very poor. Casuarina species are
grown in farm forestry in uplands and gravelly soils.
9.

Soil Characteristics

The eastern part of the Tumkur District is characterized by red sandy soil and red loamy soil. These types of soils are
generally severe to moderately erosion prone. Red sandy soils are suitable for the growth of Ragi, Jowar, Millets and
Oil Seeds under rain fed conditions. The irrigated areas of red loamy soils are favourable for Paddy, Sugarcane and
Vegetables. Map below (refer Figure 17) depicts the soil classification map of the study area villages.

The soil samples from three different locations within the proposed site (Refer Figure 15) were collected. The
analysis of the soil samples reveals, mildly alkaline soil type, deficient in organic matter. Electrical Conductivity in
the soil was observed to be normal in all three samples. The soils can be categorized as red sandy and loamy
with shallow depth. The detailed physical and chemical analysis of the soil samples is attached in Annexure xxxxxxxx

Page 30 of 65

Figure 17: Soil classification map.

B.

Archaeological and Cultural Resources

The field visits conducted to the proposed NTPC project site revels that
there are no evident archaeological and cultural heritage sites within
the proposed site and in its immediate vicinity.
During the field visits, it was found that a temple is under renovation
which is falling within B35 block located at geographic coordinates
14.247222N; 77.484722E. The survey number of the land parcel is
226 (Rayacharlu) and is under government ownership.
If during construction any archaeological remains are found, the EMP
elaborates on the procedures to be adopted by the developer / civil
works contractor.

C.

Social Environment
1.

Population, Gender and Age

The proposed project extent is spread across the jurisdiction of five

revenue villages. As per Census 2011, there were a total of 2417
households and the population of 10,294 with an average household size of 4. The average sex ratio in these villages
is 941, which ranges from 897 to 1015 across these five villages. The Literacy Rate is quite low at 55.35% and during
the consultations in the villages, it has been found that even amongst the literates, the level of literacy is quite low with
hardly 1% of the population having a graduation degree. The village-wise details are given in Table below.

Page 31 of 65

Name of Village

Number of
Household

Population

Average HH
Size

Sex Ratio

Literacy Rate

Thirumani

515

2,193

4.26

897

62.79

Balasamudra

165

914

5.54

928

61.49

Vollur

590

2448

4.15

905

53.27

Kyathaganacherlu

611

2380

3.90

1015

50.67

Rayacharlu

536

2359

4.40

953

52.95

2,417

10,294

4.26

941

55.35

Total

Over 40% of the population falls under the marginalised section of the society with nearly 22% falling under the category
of Scheduled Caste and 18% under the category of Scheduled Tribe as shown in Table below.

Name of Village

SC Population

% of SC

ST Population

% of ST

Thirumani

402

18.33

358

16.32

Balasamudra

284

31.07

156

17.07

Vollur

663

27.08

289

11.81

Kyathaganacherlu

465

19.54

693

29.12

Rayacharlu

446

18.91

415

17.59

2,260

21.95

1,911

18.56

Total

During the consultations in the project villages, it has been found that though there is nearly 18% and ST population is
very minimal and fall under the category of marginal and small farmers including the landless. These sections are
predominantly dependent on the agriculture labour requirements in the land belonging to large land owners. The ST
population in the project villages are a part and parcel of the dominant society / culture and does not practice any
traditional lifeways / systems.
2.

Land Ownership Status

The total geographical area of the five villages in the project is about 10,333 Ha. As per the discussions with the local
people, about 20% falls under the non-agricultural use including abadi, water bodies, roads, community facilities and
amenities etc; and the balance area is under agriculture use, with only about 5% of the total area is being irrigated by
tanks / bore well.
The proposed site area of about 4994 Ha, comprising of about 4811 Ha private land and about 183 Ha of government
land has been included in the project as shown in Table below. The land included under the project is nearly 50% of
the total land under these villages that measures about 10,333 Ha. The break-up of land-holdings under the five
categories as per the Karnataka classification of land holding sizes for farmers clearly shows that the land holding of

Page 32 of 65

marginal and small farmers is merely 15%, whereas the number of land owners under these categories account for
nearly 45% as shown in subsequent Table giving the break-up of number of owners under the five categories.
Name of Village

Land Holding
Marginal
(Below 1
Ha)

Small (1 to 2
Ha)

Private Land
in Ha

Government
Land in Ha

Thirumani

34.68

90.48

155.76

381.19

539.12

1201.24

139.59

1340.83

Vallur

16.63

55.90

187.97

440.12

106.33

806.94

806.94

Balasamudra

68.93

169.02

240.52

211.68

32.51

722.65

14.78

737.43

Rayacharlu

57.17

160.44

392.72

629.58

303.96

1543.87

28.45

1572.32

Kyathaganacherlu

23.51

26.18

42.97

86.64

357.38

536.68

536.68

Total

200.93

502.01

1019.93

1749.21

1339.30

4811.39

182.81

4994.20

4.18

10.43

21.20

36.36

27.84

100.00

Percentage

Semimedium
to 4 Ha)

(2

Medium
to10 Ha)

(4

Large
(Above
Ha)

10

Total
in Ha

Land

There are approximately 1422 landowners whose land is getting impacted under the proposed 2000 MW solar PV
Park. The actual number of land owners (approximately 629 land owners) whose land is getting impacted by
the NTPC blocks is provided in table below:
Village Name

Number of Land owners

Marginal
(Below 1 Ha)

Thirumani

Small
(1 to 2 Ha)

Semi-Medium
(2 to 4 Ha)

Medium
(4 to10 Ha)

Large
(Above 10 Ha)

Total

90

87

85

81

48

391

(49.81 Ha)

(125.97 Ha)

(221.81 Ha)

(487.43 Ha)

(718.90 Ha)

(1603.94 Ha)

71

63

49

50

238

(38.08 Ha)

(92.50 Ha)

(139.81 Ha)

(329.51 Ha)

(70.52 Ha)

(670.43 Ha)

Total

161

150

134

131

53

629

Percentage

26%

24%

21%

21%

8%

100%

Rayacharlu

Land owners from Thirumani and Rayacharlu villages have already given their consent and land lease agreements are
being currently being prepared by KSPDCL.
3.

Employment

The Work Force Participation Rate in these villages is 54.32%, with male and female participation rate of 60.56% of
47.70% respectively, as per Census. It is important to highlight here that the main workers are only about 80% of the
total workers, whereas the balance over 20% are marginal workers.

Page 33 of 65

Name of Village

Work Force Participation Rate

Main Workers as % of Total Workers

Total

Male

Female

Total

Male

Female

Thirumani

49.66

60.29

37.80

98.99

99.43

98.21

Balasamudra

55.80

56.33

55.23

93.33

95.51

90.95

Vollur

52.08

56.11

47.64

59.45

66.30

50.54

Kyathaganacherlu

56.30

62.32

50.38

79.78

88.86

68.71

Rayacharlu

58.41

65.48

51.00

78.81

83.44

72.57

Total

54.32

60.56

47.70

79.88

85.31

72.56

The distribution of workers given in Table below clearly shows that nearly 86% of the total workers are dependent on
agriculture out of which only about 40% are cultivators whereas the remaining 46% are dependent on agriculture labour
workers:.
Name of Village

Cultivators

Agriculture Labour

HH Industry and Other Services

Thirumani

30.03

51.79

18.18

Balasamudra

73.14

25.10

1.76

Vollur

41.33

49.18

9.49

Kyathaganacherlu

37.54

45.07

17.39

Rayacharlu

38.24

47.68

14.08

Total

40.36

46.14

13.50

During the consultations in these villages, it has been confirmed that a very large percentage of population is working
as agriculture labour on the land belonging to the medium and large farmers with male and the female labour getting
Rs. 200 and Rs. 150 per day respectively. One of the critical issues would be the impact of the project on the agriculture
labour/ landless and especially on the marginalised sections of the society including the SC and ST population.

Page 34 of 65

Figure 18: Informal Public consultations at village level

4.

Land Use classification for 10 kms zone

Area in Ha.
(GIS Database)

Land cover

Agriculture, Crop land

50480.200

62.81%

Agriculture, Plantation

526.696

0.66%

2320.853

2.89%

661.007

0.82%

19096.541

23.76%

291.051

0.36%

51.791

0.06%

904.950

1.13%

Forest

2129.462

2.65%

Surface Water Bodies

3905.835

4.86%

80371.831

100.00%

Wastelands, Barren rocky

Wastelands, Gullied/Ravinous Land
Wastelands, Scrub Land
Wastelands, Salt Affected Land
Mining area
Built-up, Rural

The land use / land cover (year 2011-12) classification for the 10 kms buffer (Refer Figure 19) revels that majority of
the area falls under agricultural land and a quarter of total land is classified as waste lands. Designated forest areas
constitute just 2.6% of the total area followed by surface water bodies constituting another 5% of the total area.

Page 35 of 65

Figure 19: Land use / land cover classification for 10 kms buffer along proposed site

5.

Land use classification for selected villages

The Land use / land cover data for year 2011-12 reveals that 80% of the total land falling under the five villages falls
under the agricultural crop land. Approximately 10% of the total village area falls under the Barren land of various kinds
as depicted in Figure 20 below. The land use / Land cover areas for the five selected villages as per the GIS database
is depicted below:
Land Use / Land Cover Classification
Agriculture, Crop land
Agriculture, Plantation
Barren/uncultivable/Wastelands, Barren rocky
Barren/uncultivable/Wastelands, Gullied/Ravine Land
Barren/uncultivable/Wastelands, Scrub Land
Barren/uncultivable/Wastelands, Salt Affected Land
Built-up, Rural
Wetlands/Water Bodies, Reservoir/Lakes/Ponds
Wetlands/Water Bodies, Rivers/Stream/Canals
Total Area

Page 36 of 65

Area in Ha
(GIS Database)
8226.180
169.555
2.920
559.918
538.177
43.148
132.384
486.924
73.454
10,236.10

Percentage
Distribution
80.36%
1.66%
0.03%
5.47%
5.26%
0.42%
1.29%
4.76%
0.72%
100%

Figure 20: Land Use / Land Cover Map for the selected villages

Page 37 of 65

VII. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

The impacts due to the proposed project can be classified as pre-construction stage impacts, during construction stage
and post construction i.e. operation stage impacts. The proposed project is expected to have a life span of 25 -28
years, post which either the operations continue with upgrades/ repairs else rehabilitation of the site would be required
to regain its old status.
The following sub section is structured according to the main issues and effects resulting from the proposed project
activities across the following project phases:
1.
2.
3.

A.

Construction Phase Impacts: this shall involve all activities related to planning and actual civil works on site
prior to the commissioning of the plant operations
Operations Phase Impacts: this shall involve the commissioning stage and the power generation stage
Retrofit or Decommissioning phase Impacts: Post the completion of 28 year land lease tenure,
determination as to whether the project would be retrofitted to operation for next 25-30 years tenure. If
retrofitting doesnt turn out to be feasible, then decommissioning activities would need to be undertaken
including safe disposal / recycling of defunct PV panels. The anticipated impacts during the decommissioning
stage are similar to construction stage impacts.

Construction Phase Impacts

The impacts during the constructions stage of the project would be inherently temporary in nature but may have long
lasting impacts e.g. pollution of water bodies that may last long after construction is over. Construction stage impacts
would potentially include:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.

Impacts on surface and ground water sources

Disturbance of flora and fauna during to clearing and grubbing operations
Increase in traffic volume in the vicinity of the construction site
Windblown dust / exhaust emissions
Increased Noise pollution due to movement of heavy machinery on-site
Litter / waste pollution and disposal
Increased inflow of people / man power

A comprehensive EMP has been prepared and presented in subsequent chapter to regulate, mitigate and minimize
the impacts during the construction / operation / decommissioning phase.
1.

Water Resource Impacts Surface Water

The infrastructure facilities (substation, transmission lines, warehouse etc) of the proposed solar PV along with the
proposed solar PV block layout would have an impact on the surface water bodies.
Although the proposed block layout has excluded all large water bodies, however certain non-perennial drainage
channels feeding these surface water bodies could be altered during to clearing and grubbing operations. The
topographic alterations particularly in NTPC blocks B31, B34, B37 and B38 (refer Figure 21) could lead to adverse
impacts on the surface runoff. Similarly the proposed road connecting proposed blocks B31 to B40 is cutting across
non-perennial drainage channels. KSPDCL shall ensure that the adequate number, type and location of needed
culverts are constructed so as to ensure that the surface runoff to the water bodies is not adversely impacted.
The water requirements during the construction stage shall be mainly for civil works and temporary labour camp sites
being setup. The DPR states that the water requirements for construction stage shall be fulfilled from the nearby surface
water bodies after taking due approvals from the village panchayat.
The reduction / alteration of surface water runoff are considered as a significant adverse impact from the proposed
project and permanent in nature.

Page 38 of 65

Figure 21: Map highlighting impacted drainage due to proposed block layout

2.

Water Resource Impacts Ground Water

As described in the baseline, the study area has been identified as over exploited with regards to ground water
utilization as per CGWB report (March 2009). The current stage of ground water development is at 74% for Pavagada
Taluk. The unit area annual recharge is in the range of 0.07m in Pavagada Taluk. The low value in Pavagada Taluk is
mainly due to the low rainfall in the Taluk when compared with other taluks within Tumkur district.
Considering the current stressed ground resources and deteriorating water quality, any further dependence on the
ground water resources would have adverse impacts. Requisite permissions need to be obtained before withdrawing
ground water from bore well s/ tube wells. Additionally KSPDCL should work with the local villagers to enhance the
existing ground water sources and assist in building artificial ground water recharge structures.
The extraction of ground water is considered as a significant adverse impact from the proposed project and permanent
in nature.
3.

Vegetation Clearing and grubbing Operations

All of the above components of the proposed development will require the clearing of vegetation to a certain extent.
Only taller vegetation would need to be cleared for installation of PV panels in the proposed block layout. Vegetation
removal could result in windblown dust which could constitute an indirect visual impact.
The underground wiring and pipeline would require a trench to be excavated along the PV panel modules resulting in
disturbance and potential erosion of the substrate. The creation of the working right of way for machinery and the
excavation of a trench would result in the clearing of all vegetation.
Surrounding areas and species present in the direct vicinity of the study area could be affected by indirect impacts
resulting from construction and operation activities. The proposed site for solar park is a mix of agricultural land / barren

Page 39 of 65

rocky parcels and parcels with minimal tree and bushes. The internal layout of the solar PV panels shall be undertaken
by the developer.
The developer will ensure that no trees are required to be cut while installation of solar PV panels. If any tree is still
required to be cut, adequate approvals from the state forest department need to be undertaken along with
compensatory plantation as per the guidelines issued by the state forest department. The developer shall ensure
compliance to the EMP provisions to adequately mitigate and reduce the impacts due to earthwork related activities.
The impacts due to vegetation clearing and grubbing operations are expected to be of medium impact significance and
semi-permanent in nature.
4.

Lighting

The solar PV parks would be operational during daylight hours; however solar PV park facilities would include exterior
lighting around buildings, parking areas, and other work areas, as well as security and other lighting around and on
support structures (e.g., the sub-station/ warehouse building). The proposed solar PV Park is located in rural settings
where there would be little or no lighting. Visible lighting at night would also discourage the wild animals coming in
close proximity to the solar park facility.
The impacts due to lighting are expected to be low impact significance.
5.

Proposed Access Roads and Existing Road Network

The likely potential impacts related to construction of access roads is the physical disturbance of substrate and
vegetation, and the creation of a physical barrier across a drainage feature that could potentially affect the hydrological
and ecological functionality of the surface water feature. It should be ensured that no additional access roads other
than those proposed as per the block layout are created which may disturb the ground cover leading to increased dust
suspension and soil erosion.
The proposed access roads do cut cross several non-perennial drainage channels and would require construction of
adequate number of cross-drainage structures to mitigate the adverse impacts on the surface runoff. A detailed
hydrological modelling study may be required to access the impacts on surface drainage and for identification of the
precise location and number of CD structures.
Traffic is expected to increase to a certain degree due to the nature of activities that will take place such as the transport
of equipment and materials to and from the site through the surrounding road network. Additional traffic load will be
evident at certain times during the day, especially if there are slow moving heavy vehicles transporting material to and
from the site.
Vehicle traffic can cause congestion on road networks around and within the site and thereby leading to potential
accidents. The impacts could be mitigated with prior sharing of information with the local residents / restricting access
to the certain road stretches during the movement of heavy machinery and equipment.
The impacts due to construction of access roads are considered as a significant adverse impact from the proposed
project and permanent in nature.
6.

Waste

The construction stage activities will involve movement of materials / goods and machinery. The storage of construction
materials / PV panels / and machinery on-site will also generate waste in terms of damages in transit, spills and
maintenance of machinery including minor on-site repairs.
Improper management of waste (both hazardous and non-hazardous) during construction stage may lead to impacts
on soil, surface water bodies, visual environment in addition to the health and safety of workers. Non-hazardous waste

Page 40 of 65

would include wood, metal scrap, glass packaging materials etc. Hazardous waste would include batteries, metal
drums, chemical containers, waste oil from machinery lubricants etc.
The labour camps to be constructed on-site would also have household category waste being generated which would
require separate disposal practices. Domestic wastewater generated at site will be collected in septic tanks. These
shall be transported to the nearest approved municipal wastewater treatment facility and solid wastes shall be disposed
in a secured area for trash.
The developer shall ensure that the mitigation measures proposed as part of the EMP shall be implemented ensuring
low impacts significance and temporary in nature.
7.

Noise

The solar PV park construction activities i.e. earthworks site clearing / levelling / trench digging; construction of access
roads; construction of buildings of any type; construction camps; water pipeline / water storage reservoir construction
are likely to increase the noise levels in the project site and its vicinity.
The closest community to the project site would be the residents of the village Achchammanahalli which is surrounded
on three sides by the proposed NTPC solar PV park blocks. In addition to these staff working on the site would be
prone to increased noise levels. The developer shall ensure compliance to the occupational health and safety measures
proposed under the EMP.
However the impacts due to increase noise levels are significantly low and localized. This can be reduced further if the
public are made aware of the construction time schedules. The developer shall comply with the construction schedule
and timelines as specified in the EMP.
8.

Air Quality

The construction stage activities, mainly movement of heavy machinery across dirt / unpaved roads and site clearing
& grubbing activities (excavation works, grading) will lead to increased level of dust.
Exhaust emissions of SOx, NOx, CO, CO2 and PM will be mainly contributed during the construction stage due to
operation of construction machinery and road vehicles. The impacts are temporary in nature and of low significance.
The emissions will be limited to the project area and dispersed rapidly.
The project developer shall be committed to control dust from such operations through the proposed dust emission
control procedures as described in the EMP included in this report.
9.

Terrestrial Ecology

The activities anticipated during the construction phase will include earthworks, excavations, grading, site levelling,
asphalting, paving, construction of building (temporary & permanent structures) and the operation of construction
machinery and equipment. However as per the baseline description, the project area does not have any critical habitats
/ nature reserves etc thereby no significant impacts are envisaged.
Construction activities are not anticipated to pose any risks on the terrestrial ecology within or in the vicinity of the
project site. The construction activity would also lead to reduction in spotting of wild pigs / deer in vicinity of the village
settlement /agricultural fields due to increased noise levels. The nearest reserve forest area falling within the state of
Andhra Pradesh is at an aerial distance of 2 kms approximately from the edge of the proposed site and no adverse
impacts are anticipated due to the proposed solar PV Park. There may be temporary disturbance to the local fauna
due to noise, dust and particulate emissions which are likely to be re-established post the construction stage.
The developer shall ensure adequate measures to ensure that no illegal poaching of wild animals is being done by
construction workers. The developer shall ensure compliance to the EMP measures for setting up of the labour camp
sites etc. The impacts are of low significance and temporary in nature.

Page 41 of 65

10.

Other Construction Impacts

The labour camps to be set up will need to have adequate provisions for water supply else uncontrolled interaction of
construction workers with the existing surface water bodies could lead to pollution of these water bodies e.g. dumping
of construction waste into these water bodies, washing of the construction machinery/ equipment etc.
The lack of provision of adequate sanitary facilities may lead to direct or indirect faecal pollution of surface water
resources.
Inadequate soil stabilization measures in cleared areas could lead to erosion that could cause the loss of riparian
vegetation and siltation of nearby drainage channels/ surface water bodies.
The developer shall ensure that the mitigation measures proposed as part of the EMP shall be implemented ensuring
low impacts significance and temporary in nature.
11.

Social Impacts

The project is likely to bring in positive benefits either from short term job opportunities during construction stage, or
long term job opportunities during operations stage. It is important that local people are targeted for skilled and semiskilled tasks wherever feasible.
The implementation of the solar PV power projects will also create off-site infrastructure (hotels, restaurants, canteens,
guest houses, water tankers, vehicles etc) in the vicinity.
Additionally KSPDCL in collaboration with vocational training centres could impart training to local residents on several
relevant topics that will enable the local community to not only find employment opportunities within the solar PV park,
but to other income generation activities.
The proposed solar project would also bring about an up-gradation in the economic status of the local community in
addition to the potential increase in land prices and improvement in welfare conditions in the long run.

B.

Operation Phase Impacts

Given the long term nature, operation phase impacts would require adequate mitigation measures to minimize
predicted impacts. In general, solar power generating facilities need to occupy a very large area in comparison to other
types of power generation facilities relative to the level of power output generated. This is an important component of
the visual aspect of solar power plants as they can occupy large parts of a landscape, especially when viewed from an
elevated position.
1.

Water Resource Impacts (surface and ground water)

The water requirements during the operation phase would be limited to cleaning operations for PV panels and other
office building requirements including administrative buildings etc. The DPR document suggests bore wells or surface
water sources as alternative for fulfilling water requirements. However the area is over exploited and the water quality
is also not good, alternative measures for water recycling / conservation of rain water facility etc. need to be integrated
into the block layout plan.
The impacts can be medium significance and more permanent in nature.
2.

Site Impact Assessment

The impacts on the soil are limited to accidental spillage of lubricants / fuel and other chemicals that may potentially
cause soil contamination. The repair works of underground pipeline / cable network may lead to increased soil erosion
in that localized pocket. The impacts would be of low significance and temporary in nature.
Any unforeseen impacts due to modification of the slope and existing drainage channels may lead to increased runoff
or waterlogging is some sections of the proposed solar park. Such unforeseen impacts could be significant in nature

Page 42 of 65

leading to permanent adverse impacts. The adverse impacts could lead to lesser inflow of water to the adjoining surface
water bodies which act as a lifeline for the local residents.
3.

Access Roads

No significant impacts are envisaged from the newly built access roads during the operations phase. KSPDCL and
Developer shall ensure that the road infrastructure including built-up drainage channels are adequately maintained and
kept free of debris and other such obstructions.
4.

Waste Generation

The impacts during the operation stage would be limited to waste water generation from maintenance and cleaning
activities in addition to the domestic waste being generated from the workers domestic activities and administrative
building. The impacts are of low significance and temporary in nature.
5.

Noise

No significant noise generating activities are anticipated during the operations phase. As a result no impacts are
envisaged.
6.

Air Quality

No emissions are expected due to the operation of the Solar PV Park. The solar PV panels do not release any
greenhouse gas emissions or any other toxic pollutants. As a result no impacts are envisaged.
7.

Social Impacts

The DPR document estimates requirement of 8-10 technical manpower for each 50MW capacity and more than 25
people for regular cleaning and security. Hence there will be around 400 technical manpower; however around 1000
semi-skilled jobs will be created in the solar park for cleaning applications and post commissioning services.
The developer shall ensure that adequate facilities for workers need to be provided at the site towards accommodation
and health during operations stage.

C.

Retro-fitting / Decommissioning Phase

1.

Water Resource Surface and Ground Water

The decommissioning activities which are likely to have adverse impacts are dismantling of the built up structures,
access roads and other infrastructure facilities within the solar park. The impacts would be similar to the construction
stage.
The developer shall ensure that debris and other waste materials are not disposed in the surface water bodies. The
impacts are medium significance in nature and would be semi-permanent in nature.
2.

Air Quality

The decommissioning of the solar PV Park is expected to generate dust and exhaust emissions due to the dismantling,
disassembly of the various components of solar PV park facility. The site needs to be restored to its near original state
before being handed over the original land owners.
3.

Noise Quality

The decommissioning activities of dismantling the solar power plant and removing the ancillary facilities are associated
with potential increased noise levels.

Page 43 of 65

The developer shall ensure compliance to the occupational health and safety guidelines during this stage. However
the impacts will be within the solar park area and of temporary nature.
4.

Site Impacts

The decommissioning activities are likely to have marginal impacts on soil erosion due to demolition activities.
Therefore, proper environmental protection measures should be followed to prevent or control the occurrence of
adverse incidences. The impact is medium significance and permanent in nature.
Parcels of land under permanent structures e.g. roads / buildings / warehouse etc. need to be restored by the developer
to its near original state by re-laying of the topsoil.
5.

Waste generation

The decommissioning of the solar PV Park will involve potential generation of hazardous and non-hazardous waste.
The hazardous waste would be generated from the disposal of PV panels since the project developer will opt for
recycling PV panels of the facility.
The impact is medium significance and temporary in nature.
6.

Terrestrial Impacts

The temporary phase would not result in any adverse impacts on the flora and fauna within or around the proposed
project site, provided dust suppression measures and other procedures are followed.
The impact is of low significance and temporary in nature.

Page 44 of 65

VIII. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

KSPDCL is committed to ensuring compliance to the national and state level regulatory requirements and mitigating
potential adverse environmental impacts resulting from the proposed project activities. The proposed EMP aims at
ensuring the implementation of proposed mitigation and monitoring measures along with the responsible agency for
implementation.
Although the EIA process does not reveal any significantly high adverse impacts due to the proposed project, the
following sub-sections provides mitigation measures that further reduce the severity of identified adverse impacts on
land and environment due to the proposed activities.
Stage
of
Project

Key Potential
Impact /
Activity

Surface &
Ground Water
Resource

Impact on
the natural
drainage
channel
Impact on
surface
water
bodies
Conflicts
with
existing
users due
to scarcity
of
resource
base

Site
Preparation
Soil Erosion

Mitigation Measures

Ensuring no
encroachments in the
surface water bodies
to be allowed.
Detailed hydrological
software modelling to
be conducted to
access the number of
CD structures.
A detailed assessment
of
the
available
resources and consent
of the local panchayat
for withdrawal of water
from existing surface
water sources shall be
taken
If ground water is
withdrawn, adequate
approvals from the
GWB
/
SPCB
department need to be
undertaken
before
setting up bore wells
Construction facilities
to be placed 200
meters from water
bodies, natural flow
paths;
Minimize cut & fill
operations.
Any disruption of
socially sensitive
areas with regard to
human habitation and
areas of cultural
significance will be
avoided.

Responsibility

Performance Indicator

Reporting
to KSPDCL

The Developer
shall ensure
that detailed
assessment is
undertaken for
the block/s
allotted.

1.

Percentage of land
parcel wherein
clearing & grubbing
operations have
been undertaken.
Layout plan of the
roads and other
permanent
structures
Number of Bore
wells constructed
and withdrawal rates

Weekly
basics
during the
construction
stage of
project

Number of
complaints received
by KSPDCL /
Developer and
complaints
addressed.
Number of Trees cut
/ damaged due to
construction activity.

Weekly
basics
during the
construction
stage of
project

2.

3.

The Developer
shall ensure
compliance

Page 45 of 65

1.

2.

Stage
of
Project

Key Potential
Impact /
Activity

Mitigation Measures

Site
Preparation
Dust
Generation

Site
Preparation
Noise
Pollution

Health &
Safety
Concerns

Responsibility

Performance Indicator

Reporting
to KSPDCL

Construction
machinery shall be
properly maintained to
minimize exhaust
emissions of CO, SPM
and Hydrocarbons.
Dust generated as a
result of clearing,
levelling and site
grading operations
shall be suppressed
using water sprinklers.

The developer
shall ensure
compliance

1.

Measures
undertaken to
control dust pollution
like
segregation/covering
of dust generating
areas
Water sprinkling
undertaken /
frequency

Weekly
basics
during the
construction
stage of
project

Construction activity
shall be restricted to
daytime as far as
possible to avoid
disturbance to
surrounding areas.
Wherever required,
personal protective
equipment such as ear
plugs, earmuffs etc.
should be provided to
the persons working in
high noise areas, to
minimize their
exposure to noise.

The developer
shall ensure
compliance

1.

Provision of PPE for

workers

Weekly
basics
during the
construction
stage of
project

Prevent entry of
unauthorized
personnel and proper
control of hazardous
materials on site.

The developer
shall ensure
compliance.

1.

Fencing of site
parameters
Display of routes /
information for
drivers of heavy
machinery

Monthly
basics to
KSPDCL
during the

The existing slope and

natural drainage
pattern on the site
should not be altered.
Trees on private lands
are felled or damaged
during construction
operations,
compensation shall be
paid to the owner as
determined by the
forest/horticulture
departments.
The contractor shall
ensure that site
preparation activities
do not lead to
disruption of activities
of the local residents.

2.

Page 46 of 65

2.

Stage
of
Project

Key Potential
Impact /
Activity

Mitigation Measures

Base Camp /
Labour Camps
Construction

Reporting
to KSPDCL

3.

Signages erected

construction
phase

Location of camp
site
Facilities provided

Monthly
basics to
KSPDCL
during the
construction
phase

Waste generated on
a weekly basics
Type of waste
hazardous and nonhazardous
Disposal practices
adopted by
developer

Monthly
basics to
KSPDCL
during the
construction
phase

The developer
shall ensure
compliance.

4.

Preparation of a waste
management plan covering
the following aspects

The developer
shall ensure
compliance

6.

Land and water

pollution due to
indiscriminate
waste disposal

The site shall be

secured by fencing and
manned at entry
points.
The movement of
heavy machinery and
equipments shall be
restricted to defined
routes.
Proper signages to be
displayed at major
junctions
Vehicular movement to
be controlled near
sensitive locations viz.
schools,
colleges,
hospitals
identified
along
designated
vehicular
transportation routes

Performance Indicator

Alternate arrangement
for fuel wood, heating
and cooking should be
made to meet fuel
wood requirement of
the labour
Work force should be
prohibited from
disturbing the flora,
fauna including
hunting of animals.
Wildlife hunting,
poaching, tree felling.
Adequate facilities
ensuring sanitation for
labour camps.
Treated Water will be
made available at Site
for Labour drinking
purpose.
Adequate
accommodation
arrangements for
labour

Waste
Management

Responsibility

Construction and
commissioning of solar
park Temporary
accommodation
facilities for labour

Page 47 of 65

5.

7.
8.

Stage
of
Project

Key Potential
Impact /
Activity

Mitigation Measures

Responsibility

Waste generation from

equipment
maintenance / vehicles
on-site.
The scrap material
generated from
erection of structures
and related
construction activities
will be collected and
stored separately in a
stack yard and sold to
local recyclers.
Hazardous waste viz.
waste oil etc will be
collected and stored in
paved and bounded
area and subsequently
sold to authorized
recyclers.

Page 48 of 65

Performance Indicator

Reporting
to KSPDCL

IX.

INSITUTITIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR

IMPLEMENATION FO EMP
The overall responsibility for implemenation of the EMP measures rests with the KSPDCL through the developer. An
Environmental and Social Specialist working with KSPDCL and reporting directly to the CEO shall ensure
coordination and implemention of the EMP measures. Environmental and Social Specialist shall be overall
responsible for EMP and RAP Implementation, coordinating and liaising with government organization as well as the
World Bank with respect to different social and environmental issues. He will also be responsible for progress
monitoring of Environmental and social safeguards during project construction and execution stage and submission
of annual report on EMP compliance to the funding Agency.
The roles and responsibilities of the Social and Environmental Expert shall be:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
XIII.

Participate in and facilitate consultations with stakeholders

Participate in project meetings and report on the issues related to environmental management and social
safeguards to provide for any mid-course corrections that may be required based on situation on the ground
Assist PAPs to resolve their grievances
Coordinate on the training and capacity building initiatives
Review contract documents to ensure that EMP provisions related to works are included in the contract
documents
Act as a resource person in trainings based on experience on implementing this project and previous relevant
work
Oversee and report to CEO on implementation of EMP provisions included in the works contract for each
sub-project in the state
Prepare TOR for any studies required and qualitative dimensions to the implementation of RAP;
Liaison with state administration for land acquisition and implementation of RAP
Report progress, highlighting social issues not addressed, to provide for mid-course correction.
Develop rapport with PAFs and between PAFs and project
Assist PAFs in approaching the grievance redressal mechanism
Carry out other responsibilities as required from time to time

Page 49 of 65

X.

ANNEXURES SOIL BEARING CAPACITY CALCULATION

Page 50 of 65

XI.

ANNEXURE - NOC FROM STATE FOREST DEPARTMENT

Page 51 of 65

XII. ANNEXURE - MEETING MINUTES LEASE RENT

FINALIZATION

Page 52 of 65

Page 53 of 65

Page 54 of 65

Page 55 of 65

Page 56 of 65

Page 57 of 65