International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research.

ISSN 2249-0019 Volume 5, Number 2 (2015), pp. 121-138

Research India Publications
http://www.ripublication.com

Determination Of Analytical Modal Characteristics

Of A System Subject To Continuous Dimensional
Plane Bending Vibration
Franois NTAMBWE Kadinda and Jeannot MPIANA Kaniki
Laboratory of Mechanical Vibration and Acoustic,
Dpt of Electromechanical, school of Engineering , UNILU
Lubumbashi, Democratic republic of congo
k_ntambwe@yahoo.fr
Electrical Engineering Departement /Lovely Professional University
Punjab ,India
deusmpiana@gmail.com

Abstract
The study aims analytical determination of the exact modal characteristics of a
beam loaded in plane bending.
Methodology and Results: Definition of dynamic equations of a beam
subjected to bending the flat, establishing conditions for kinematic and
dynamic limits and the operation of the existence of own symmetric and
antisymmetric modes accurate.
Keywords: dynamic behaviour of Equation own exact modes, accurate
natural frequencies, modal characteristics of a mechanical system, bending
vibrations, vibration behaviour, distorted lawful, mode shapes, Rayleigh
quotient, dynamic balance.

I.

INTRODUCTION
By definition, a continuous one-dimensional mechanical system is similar to a beam.
This, isostatic or indeterminate, may include, as appropriate, in some of its sections
one or more supports (single, recessed ...). In some applications, depending on the
technical requirements and the needs of the most optimal operation possible, we may
fix masses, inertia (or flying discs) and / or springs concentrated in a few sections of
the beam.

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Franois NTAMBWE Kadinda and Jeannot MPIANA Kaniki

Unavoidable defects inherent to the mode of the technology platform upgrade

may cause in such a real mechanical system, for example in a rotating machine,
considerable vibration problems. Industrial and mechanical equipment operators seek
to eliminate in order to increase the lifetime of the machines, optimize performance,
ensure their smooth running and improve occupant comfort (for passenger train cars,
buses, cars and other vehicles terrestrial, ...).
In addition to optimizing shapes and materials, from conception, various
modern techniques and technologies have been developed to be able to control the
vibration behavior of rotating machines.
To study the dynamic behavior of a mechanical system so defined, is usually
used two main methods. The first method, called 'discretizationof a mechanical
system, consists of the substitution of a real continuous structure in an approximated
discrete system which obeys certain fundamental assumptions. The differential
equations of motion are easier to integrate the partial differential equations that
characterize the dynamic behavior of a real mechanical system. The latter technique
applies to relatively simple mechanical structures and becomes cumbersome when the
shape is complex. The finite element method, which will not be discussed in this
paper, is a very effective way for the mathematical study of the dynamic behaviour of
quite complex mechanical systems.
All of the above lead to the award and determination of the eigenvalues
representing the modal characteristics of
k,,natural pulsation k and eigenvectors
the mechanical system studied.
In this paper, we will develop the analytical approach which leads to the
production of modal characteristics of any beam subjected to plane bending
vibrations. To highlight this analytical process, we will study the plane bending
vibration of a rotor of a rotating machine comparable to a uniform beam on two
simple supports bearing in its center a mass M steering wheel and moment of
mechanical inertia equatorial J z.

II.
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF BEAM BENDING
VIBRATION SUBJECT TO PLANE
Consider a beam section subjected to plane bending vibration shown in figure 1. Two
generalized coordinates transverse displacement respectively y (x, t) and the angular
rotation (x,t) are used to fully describe the dynamic movement of the beam in a
straight cross section x-coordinate.

Figure 1Beam subjected to plane bending vibration

Determination Of Analytical Modal Characteristics

123

Let consider the beam AB of infinitesimal length x beam section (figure 2).
Each of the end points A and B of this section are located on the neutral line which by
assumption coincides with the geometrical symmetry axis. The point A ', in reality
coinciding with the point A is located to the left section while the point B', coinciding
with the point B, part of the right section.
Under the physical principle of action and reaction, the different linear and
angular force acting on the extreme points of the neutral axis of the section AB are
positively oriented as shown in Figure 2 .This is the shear force respectively Ty(x,t)
parallel to the axis 0 and the bending moment Mz (x, t) parallel to the equatorial axis
0 0 that act in the cross section of the beam.In order to establish the equations of
dynamic equilibrium of the mechanical system, we place ourselves in the assumptions
set out below.
Consider first that the studied mechanical system consists of a straight beam.
Then, the deformations are very small so that the straight cross-sections of the beam
can be considered straight during the deformation.The latter is called hypothesis
NAVIER - Bernoulli[1], [2], [3].
The dynamic balance of each end point (A or B) implies that opposing
mechanical actions of a similar nature that are exerted at the point corresponding
premium (A 'or B') have the same algebraic intensity. By applying the fundamental
theorem of mechanics related to the general law ofNEWTONto the beam section AB
of length x, this is in dynamic equilibrium if and only if the resulting reactions of all
external forces equals the resultant of all mechanical inertia reactions [1], [2],[3].
Thus in the case of the dynamic equilibrium of translation parallel to the
0 axis ofAB section, the fundamental law of the previous mechanical fundamental
can be written:
Ty(x+x,t) Ty(x,t)=x A(x)

(2.1)

Figure 2Modelling external mechanical loads acting on a length x beam section.

, A(x) and
are respectively the density of the material of the beam,
the cross sectional cross section in the x-coordinate and the transverse linear
acceleration parallel to the axis 0 .
Dividing the two members of equation (2.1) by the growthx and by letting it
tending to 0, we obtain the following partial differential equation [1][3].
=

A(x)

.(2.2)

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Franois NTAMBWE Kadinda and Jeannot MPIANA Kaniki

While the dynamic balance of rotation of this same stretch the turn of the
equatorial axis 0 from point A to the neutral axis located on the left of the cross
section provides the following dynamic equation of motion
Mz(x+x,t) Mz(x,t)+Ty(x+x,t).x= Jzz

(2.3)

WhereinJzz and
respectively denote the equatorial moment of
mechanical inertia and the angular acceleration of the relevant beam portion.
Neglecting inertial effects due to the rotation of the section, that is to say,
assuming that the angular force of inertia of the beam sectionJzz
is zero and
dividing the two members of the dynamic equation of motion (2.3) by x growth and
by letting it to 0, we arrive at the limit, the rotational dynamics following partial
differential equation [1], [2], [3].
+ Ty(x,t) = 0. (2.4)
The relation is identical to that obtained in the case of a static behaviour of a
mechanical system, which is quite logical because the assumption made without
taking in account, we did not into account the mechanical effects due to the rotational
inertia of the beam section. Substituting the shearing force Ty(x,t) by its previous
value in the dynamic equilibrium equation of translation (2.2), we obtain:
-

A(x)

(2.5)

Knowing the stress-strain relationship in the case of a flat bending is

calculated by the following formula
Mz(x,t) = EIz(x)

(2.6)

WhereEIz(x) denotes the flexural stiffness of the cross section of the xcoordinate. If we replace the bending moment M z (x, t) by its value given by (2.6) in
equation (2.5), the partial differential equation that characterizes the dynamic
behaviour of the beam take the general form called dynamic equation of Euler Bernoulli[1], [2], [3]:
+ A(x).

= 0.

(2.7)

The term
and
A(x) represent respectively the
stiffnessoperator stiffnessand the mass operator. If we assume that the mechanical
beam is uniform this means that its cross-section and the stiffness EI z bending are

Determination Of Analytical Modal Characteristics

125

constant over the entire length of the beam and the dynamic Euler-Bernoulli equation
(2.7 ) becomes:
+

=0

with

. (2.8)

In this partial differential equation of the fourth order, K is the geometric and
mechanical characteristic of the assumed uniform beam hypothetically. The
mathematical relationship (2.8) is valid only if the wavelength of the vibration
phenomenon is very large compared to the transverse dimensions of the beam.For the
mathematical analysis technique called 'method of separation of variables,' 'we can
show that the natural modes of continuous mechanical systems, as well as for discrete
mechanical systems are equal, stationary exact solutions[2],[3].All points vibrate in
phase, the nodes remain fixed over time and the shape of the exact mode shape does
not vary over time because there is no damping After successive integrations, the
solutions obtained Exact doubly sinusoidal, also called own exact modes whose
general form is:
y(x,t)=Y(x)cos(t+ ).

(2.9)

In this equation, y (x, t) is the exact natural mode, Y (x) the exact mode shape
known as exact specific function and is calculated by the following mathematical
expression:
Y(x) = A

+B

+C

+D

(2.10)

where represents the exact natural pulsation associated with the specific function Y
(x) while indicates the phase shift. A, B, C and D are constants of integration.

III.
DETERMINATION OF ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE OF THE
EQUATION FOR NATURAL PULSATIONS
For the dynamic equation (2.8) with partial derivatives of the fourth order is
completely integrated, all integration constants must be determined using respectively
the kinematic boundary conditions, dynamic and continuity.
All these boundary conditions provides a homogeneous linear system of
equations whose independent variables are constants of integration.
For this system of linear homogeneous equations do not admit a trivial
solution, it is necessary that the determinant of the matrix of coefficients of the
integration constant is zero. This condition called 'compatibility' 'determines the
modal characteristic equation known as' exact equation own beats. '' Recall that
there are many homogeneous linear equations that there are integration constants [2]
[3].

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Franois NTAMBWE Kadinda and Jeannot MPIANA Kaniki

IV.
APPLICATION EXAMPLE
Consider in Figure 3 one dimensional mechanical system consisting of a length 2L
beam carrying a steering wheel in the middle of which M and J z represent its mass
and moment of equatorial mechanical inertia. denotes the density of the material of
the beam ,and A its cross sectionis assumed constant and the EIzits inflectional
module .Because of the presence of the disc, the mechanical structure of figure3 can
no longer be viewed as a continuous system. The exact mode shape Y (x) of the beam
should thus be written as follows [2], [4]:
Y(x) =
Where

et

= A1

the exacts mode deflectionworth respectively:

+ B1

= A2

(2.11)

+ B2

+ C1
+ C2

+ D1
+ D2

(2.12)
.(2.13)

Figure 3Beam on 2 supports carrying a flywheel (M, Y, Z) in the middle

The exact mode shapes
and
are characterised by 8 constants
integration, A 1, B 1, C 1, D 1 and A 2, B 2, C 2, D 2. According to paragraph III above, it
is imperative to state 8 boundary conditions.
First let us write the successive derivatives first 3 exact mode shapes and:
And
:

(2.14)

And

Determination Of Analytical Modal Characteristics

127

(2.15)

Then, in the following lines, enunciate and express the different boundary
conditions.
A.
1.

Kinematic boundary conditions

Natural exact mode y (x, t) to support the point of abscissa x = - L is zero:
(-L,t) = 0.

(2.16)

Under the equations (2.9) and (2.12), the condition to kinematic limits (2.16)
above becomes:
Y1(-L)cos(t+ ) = 0.

(2.17)

The factor cos(t+ ) being different from 0, by setting the characteristic

exact mechanical geometry of the material of the beam = L with =
K,the
modal deflected Y 1 (x) at point abscissa x = - L means:
A1

- B1

+ C1

- D1

= 0.

(2.18)

2.
Similarly, the exact natural y (x, t) at the point of abscissa x = L is zero. By a
similar reasoning as that performed in the previous point (IV A 1) and using the
formulas (2.9) and (2.13), we finally obtain the expression of the exact mode shape Y
2 (x) at the point of abscissa x = L :
A2

+ B2

+ C2

+ D2

= 0.(2.19)

B.
Boundary conditions of continuity
With the steering wheel with both the end of the left beam section and the beginning
of the right one, under the principle of continuity of the exact mode shape, the exact
tranversal to the left
of the centre of symmetry is equal to its actual traverse at
the right
..
Similarly, under the principle of continuity of the rotation around the axis 0 ,
the angular displacement to the left of center symmetry of the disc
involved is
equal to its angular placement
at the right.It results in the two following
equalities:
1.
In the abscissa x = 0, the point of view of the linear translation parallel to the
axis 0 of the wheel centre of symmetry: the exact mode shape
to the left of the

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Franois NTAMBWE Kadinda and Jeannot MPIANA Kaniki

steering wheel is equal to the correct mode shape

at the right.Using equations
(2.12) and (2.13), this equality lead to obtaining the following equation:
A1 + C1 = A2 + C2.

. (2.20)

2.
In the abscissa x = 0, the point of view of the angular rotation around the axis
0 of the wheel center of symmetry: the exact slope
to the left of the wheel is
equal to the exact slope
to the right.Using equations (2.14) and (2.15), this
equality leads to obtaining the following equation:
B 1 = B 1 + D 2 + D 2. (2.21)
C.
Conditions dynamic limits
1.
The bending moment in support corresponding to the point of abscissa x = - L
is zero:
EIz

= 0.

(2.22)

It follows that the second derivative of the exact mode shape at the point of
abscissa x = -L vanishes:
(2.23)
He comes:
A1
2.

- B1

- C1

+ D1

= 0.(2.24)

The bending moment in support relating to the abscissa point x = L is zero:

EIz

= 0.

(2.25)

It follows that the second derivative of the exact mode shape at the point of
abscissa x = L vanishes:
(2.26)
Hence we get:
A2

+ B2

- C2

- D2

= 0.(2.27)

3.
It remains to express the dynamic boundary conditions related to the
transverse linear displacement of the wheel parallel to the axis 0 and the angular
rotation around the axis 0 .

Determination Of Analytical Modal Characteristics

129

a)Dynamic Balance of linear translation of the steering wheel

Under the general law of Newton, the resulting mechanical actions of translational
inertia of the flywheel parallel to the axis dynamically balance0 ordered the
algebraic sum of shear forces exerted on the steering wheel on the right beam section
respectively and the left beam section[1] [2] [3].
M

(2.28)

In this equation, M is the mass of the wheel,

its acceleration parallel to
the axis 0 ,
the shear force applyedby the right side troncon of the beam on
the wheel and
l the shear force applied by the left portion of the beam on the
wheel.
By applying the relations (2.4) and (2.6) at the point of abscissa x = 0, the
dynamic equation (2.28) becomes:
M

(2.29)

By replacing each term by its respective value, the above equation becomes:
; (2.30)
Giving after calculation:
(2.31)
Posing
with m =
mass of thehe portion of beamwith length L and
knowing that = L, = K,and deviding the two members of the translational
dynamic equation (2.31) by the
,it becomes:
.

(2.32)

In this relationship the dimensionless parameter represents the geometric

and mechanical characteristics of the beam reduced.This is the reduced mass
characteristic of the beam
b)Steering wheel rotational dynamics Balance
Under the general law of Newton, the resulting mechanical effects of rotational inertia
of the flywheel around the equatorial axis 0 dynamically balance the algebraic sum of
the bending moments exerted on the steering wheel, respectively, the part of the right
beam and the left of the steering wheel:
=

(2.33)

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Franois NTAMBWE Kadinda and Jeannot MPIANA Kaniki

In this equation,

denotes the equatorial mechanical moment of inertia of the

flywheel,
its angular acceleration parallel to the axis 0 ,
the bending
momentapplied by the right part on the beam on the wheel and
the bending
moment applied by the left part on the beam on the wheel
By applying the expression (2.6) at the point of abscissa x = 0, the dynamic
equation of rotation (2.33) becomes:
=

(2.34)

By substituting each word with its respective value in equation (2.34) above
yields:
.

(2.35)

Leading after calculation to

. (2.36)
Supposing
remembering that

, and dividing two side of this equation by the

and

= L, we find:
. (2.37)

In this relationship the dimensionless parameter

isgeometric and
mechanical characteristic of the low beam.It is the reduced inertial characteristic of
the beam.
The set of equations (2.18) (2.19) (2.20) (2.21) (2.24) (2.27) (2.32) and (2.37)
provides a linear system of 8 homogeneous linear equationswith 8 independent
variables are integration constants, respectively , , ,
et , , , .
Using the last paragraph of Section III, we can easily determine the
characteristic equation. With powerfull software such as MATLAB.calculating a
determinant of Range 8 is relatively easy, it is not immune to an error that could lead
to the production of pulsations that the values are far away to the true values. The
trick, in order to significantly reduce any risk of error and simplify the problem, is to
exploit the symmetry properties if the actual mechanical system meets this condition.

V.

EXPLOITATION OF SYMMETRY PROPERTIES

If the mechanical system under study has a perfect symmetry hypothesis, its exact
eigenmodes are either symmetric or antisymmetric with respect to the symmetry axis
0 which coincides with the transverse direction [1] [3]

Determination Of Analytical Modal Characteristics

131

A.
Search naturalexact symmetrical modes
The symmetry condition is that the exact Eigen mode
of the portion of the
beam to the right of the steering wheel is equal to the exact eigenmode
of the
portion of the beam to the left by replacing therein x by x :
=

condition of symetric.

(2.38)

Knowing that the factor

is common to the two exact natural modes,
symmetry condition is applied directly to the exact mode shapes. This results in the
following relationship:
=

(2.39)

Using the expressions (2.12) and (2.13), the symmetry condition (2.39)
provides following inequality after calculation:
(A2

+ (B2

+ (C2

+ (D2

= 0.

(2.13)

This equation leads to the production of the following conditions that

characterize the symmetric natural modes:

(2.40)

Since the mathematical expression of the exact mode shape is reduced to:

Y(x) =

(2.41)

According to this relationship, the exact mode shape is no longer characterized

by the four integrationconstants respectively A, B, C and D.
To avoid starting the calculation, we will substitute each of 8 old constants of
integration by its value given in equation (2.40) that takes into account the symmetry
condition (2.39).
We get the following linear system of homogeneous equations:

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Franois NTAMBWE Kadinda and Jeannot MPIANA Kaniki

By getting rid of the redundancy phenomenon and obvious equalities and

substituting the integration constant D by its value given to the relation (2.21), we
obtain a linear system composed of three homogeneousequations with only three
independent variables. These are the three arbitrary integration constants respectively
A, B and C:

We deduce the following compatibility condition for this system consists of

three linear homogeneous equations,
,
and
which do not
admit a trivial solution:
(2.42)
The mathematical relationship (2.42) above is the equation of exact natural
pulsations that characterise the natural symmetric modes. The absence of the
geometric feature and mechanical dimensionless in this equation (2.42) indicates
that in the case of symmetric normal modes, the gyroscopic effect of the steering
wheel does not influence the dynamic behaviour of the mechanical structure. We
conclude that, in the case of natural exact modes, steering wheel acts as a simple
vibrating mass concentrated in the middle of the beam length 2L.
B.
Search antisymmetric exact natural modes
The antisymmetric condition Imposes the condition that natural mode
of the
exact portion of the beam to the right of the steering wheel is equal to the exact
opposite of the natural mode
of the portion of the beam to the left by
replacing therein x by -x:
=

condition of antisymmetric(2.43)

Using the expressions (2.12) and (2.13), the condition of antisymmetry (2.43)
provides equal below after calculation

Determination Of Analytical Modal Characteristics

(A2

+ (B2

+ (C2

133
+ (D2

= 0.(2.44)

This equation leads to the production of the following conditions that

characterize the natural modesantisymmetric:

(2.45)

Since the mathematical expression of the exact mode shape is reduced to:

Y(x) =

(2.46)

According to this relationship, the exact mode shape is no longer characterized

by four integrationconstants respectively A, B, C and D.
Reasoning identical to that used in the research of symmetric normal modes
yields the following linear system consisting of 8 homogeneous equations:

We deduce the following compatibility condition for the system not to admit a
trivial solution:
(2.47)
That is the exact equation that characterizes the natural pulsations for
antisymmetric exact modes. The absence of mechanical and geometric characteristic
dimensionless in the equation indicates that to the pulsations in the case of own
antisymmetric modes, mass translational M steering wheel does not influence the
dynamic behavior of the mechanical structure. Only the gyroscopic effect of the
steering wheel plays an important role on the dynamic behaviour: this is said
stiffening of the structure.

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Franois NTAMBWE Kadinda and Jeannot MPIANA Kaniki

C.
Calculation of the first fundamental natural pulsation by the Rayleigh
method
1.
Introduction
Continuous mechanical structure includes a countable infinite number of exact
pulsations. At each of these is associated a correct natural mode that is stationary and
a free movement of the mechanical system is not supposed to be damped. During the
movement of the exact natural mode, all points except the nodes that remain fixed,
conduct phase sinusoidal movements around their equilibrium position.
In the natural fundamental exact mode that matches the lowest exact natural
frequency, fixed points or support points are generally the only nodes. Any free
motion of a linear system is a combination of elementary own movements. The
complete solution for the determination of the free vibration of a mechanical system
requires research all the exact natural pulsations and all natural modes. Usually, low
frequency natural will be prominent so that in practice it is often necessary to
calculate the first natural modes only.
The sinusoidal forceful movements exhibit the phenomenon of resonance,
when the input pulse passes through one of the accurate natural frequencies of the
mechanical system. At resonance, the movement of the system configuration is that
the excited natural mode. This results in a sudden increase of the amplitude which
would be infinite if the system is not damped.
Previous techniques conclusions can be applied to the study of any continuous
mechanical system. The exact method of solution is, as we have seen, to integrate
partial differential equation systems obtained from the dynamic equilibrium equations
of motion of the system. Exact solutions cannot be obtained in some relatively simple
special cases. In many cases, we will have to settle for approximate solutions. The
approximate solution methods proceed in three ways [2, 3].
Approximate solution (finite difference) systems of equations with partial
derivatives grounds during numerical analysis;
Energy considerations on the mechanical system ( RAYLEIGH, RITZ
GALERKINE),
The quantification of the mechanical system, that is to say turning the system
into a discrete continuous sufficiently approximate system and then back to
the methods of discrete systems or finite elements.
2.
Approximate method RAYLEIGH
Dispite the advantage of beungas fast and powerful, the energy RAYLEIGH method
has a disadvantage in that it provides an approximation by excess of the fundamental
natural frequency. But in art, it is often required that the input pulse remains below
the fundamental pulsation, and therefore it is better to know a default in order to stay
on the side of safety.[2]
This energy method is based on the principle of conservation of total
mechanical energy: for a natural mode, the maximum potential energy
(Taking
the potential energy V = 0 for the equilibrium configuration) obtained when the
movements are of maximum amplitude and zero velocity, is equal to the maximum

Determination Of Analytical Modal Characteristics

kinetic energy
2, 3, 4]

135

obtained when the system passes through its rest configuration[1,

Figure 4
Beam several restraints bearing masses, inertia and spring
concentrated
Natural mode of continuous one-dimensional mechanical system can take the
following form:
(2.48)
Where Y (x) is the exact mode shape and the exact angular frequency
associated with the natural exact mode y (x, t).
Under the principle of conservation of total mechanical energy that just stated,
if we consider a beam in plane bending (Figure 4) that is not in rotation around the
axis of symmetry 0 (no gyroscopic effects) and includes flying mass ,equatorial
inertia and concentrates springs , the quotient of Rayleigh
is the ratio between
the maximum potential energy

and maximum kinetic energy

[2, 3, 4].
(2.49)

where
is the potential energy of the beam,
the algebraic
sum of the potential energies of springs with
designating their respective
deflections,
the kinetic energy of the beam,
the algebraic
sum of the kinetic energies of the masses concentrated with Y(xi)transverse deflection
of the punctual mass ,
the mechanical equatorial moment of inertia of the
flywheel k and Y'(xi) its slope. Note that the proper function Y (x) that appears in the
Rayleigh quotient of (2.49) is not equal to the exact natural natural deflected beam.
This is a lawful virtual deflected beam that checks the kinematic boundary conditions
(and if possible the conditions for dynamic limits, but this is not necessary).
As we noted above, the approximate pulse RAYLEIGH
is the upper
bound of the exact fundamental angular frequency :
.

(2.50)

If we consider a sinusoidal lawful mode shape such that:

136

Franois NTAMBWE Kadinda and Jeannot MPIANA Kaniki

,

(2.51)

Having Q as maximum amplitude and knowing that there is no concentrated

elasticity, Reyleigh relationship (2.49) applied to the mechanical system of FIG 4 to
calculate the upper bound
of the first fundamental natural pulsation
for the
characteristic reduced mass = 0.25:
= 2,207.

(2.52)

with K representing the geometric feature and mechanics with the beam assumed to
be uniform (see equation (2.8).)
= 1,4856the mechanical geometric
characteristic approximation of the beam material ; R index relating to Rayleigh.
To allow comparison of the approximated value
to the first natural
fundamentalpulsation
given by the following fundamental relationship
(2.53)
calculate the roots of the equation to the exact pulsations (2.42) for = 0.25.
The following MATLAB code can be used to calculate the exact value of
1,4853

>>f=@(x)0.25*x.*cosh(x).*sin(x)-0.25*x.*sinh(x).*cos(x)-4*cosh(x).*cos(x);
>> x=fzero(f,1.4)
x = 1.4853
>>x^2ans = 2.2063.
Replacing
relative error % :

and

in the following expression giving the value of the

= 0,02 %.

(2.54)

The maximum value of the accepted relative error is

3 % [1].In the case
studied, the calculated relative error is less than 1%. It is concluded that the sinusoidal
lawful mode shape
given by the expression (2.51) is a good approximation to the
exact specific function Y (x) given by (2.41).

Determination Of Analytical Modal Characteristics

137

Figure 5Compatibility Condition

VI.
CONCLUSION
For obvious technical reasons, most of the actual mechanical structures are
symmetrical. Therefore, the analytical study of their dynamic behavior naturally leads
to the use of symmetry properties and / or anti-symmetry. Note that in the case of
symmetrical own exact modes, the exact mode shape is only composed of only
symmetric eigenfunctions (natural modes).
If 2xN analytically represents the number of linear homogeneous equations
which express the boundary conditions, as noted above, the use of symmetry
properties and / or anti-symmetry makes it possible to use more than N terms
boundary, that is to say half of linear homogeneous equations. It significantly reduces
any conceivable error due to the handling of relatively high rank of matrices. Thus it
makes possible the analytical determination of the modal characteristics of actual
mechanical systems.

REFERENCES
[1] CONTI.C, Dynamic et vibrations des systems mecaniques, MONS: Ed.mutuelle
des etudiants Faculte polytechnique de MONS,Belgique, 2004.
[2] Ntambwe.F, Equilibrage et Vibration mecaniques, Lubumbashi: Ed.Etudiant de la
faculte polytechnique UNILU,DR Congo, 2011.
[3] F. L. Marc Thomas, Simulation des vibrations mecaniques par MAtlab Simulink et
Ansys, Quebec: Ed.Press de l universite du Quebec/CANADA, 2007.
[4] V. Singh, "Mechanical Vibrations", New delhi: GAGAN KAPUR, 2012.
[5] L. MAURICE and J. ADAMS, Rotating Machinary vibrations from analysis to
trouble shooting, New York, 2001.

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Franois NTAMBWE Kadinda and Jeannot MPIANA Kaniki

BIBLIOGRAPPHY
Franoiswas born in 1950in Mweka(RDC). Loreat in Engineeringof the
University ofKinshasa(1970) andin 1976assistant, he obtained in Sciences
(Manufacturing TechnologyandAutomatedRoboticMechanical) at the
Catholic
Universityof
Louvainin
Louvainla-Neuvein Belgiumin
collaboration withthe Polytechnic Faculty ofMonsin Belgium,the Catholic University
ofLeuvenin Leuven, Belgium, the University of Science and Technologyof
Languedocof Montpellier IIin France.After acareer as an engineerin the private sector,
he is currently Associate Professor atthe University of Lubumbashiin the
DemocraticRepublic of Congo
Jeannot MPIANA Kaniki was Born at Kolwezi in 1983 at Kolwezi
(Democratic Republic of Congo) ,obtained is degree of Electromechanical
engineering in 2007 in Lubumbashi University, after its industrial carrier in
Chemical process and electrical-mechanical maintenance planning, he
joined in 2013 Lovely professional University to obtain is Master degree in Electrical
Power systems.
ID IJERTV4IS041351