The respiratory system (called also respiratory apparatus, ventilatory system) is a biological

system consisting of specificorgans and structures used for the process of respiration in an organism. The
respiratory system is involved in the intake andexchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an
organism and the environment.
In air-breathing vertebrates like human beings, respiration takes place in the respiratory organs
called lungs. The passage of air into the lungs to supply the body with oxygen is known as inhalation, and
the passage of air out of the lungs to expel carbon dioxide is known as exhalation; this process is
collectively called breathing or ventilation. In humans and other mammals, the anatomical features of the
respiratory system include trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, and diaphragm. Molecules of oxygen and
carbon dioxide are passively exchanged, by diffusion, between the gaseous external environment and
the blood. This exchange process occurs in the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs.[1]
In fish and many invertebrates, respiration takes place through the gills. Other animals, such as insects,
have respiratory systems with very simple anatomical features, and in amphibians even the skin plays a
vital role in gas exchange. Plants also have respiratory systems but the directionality of gas exchange can
be opposite to that in animals. The respiratory system in plants also includes anatomical features such as
holes on the undersides of leaves known as stomata.[2]
The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is an organ
system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino
acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the
body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and pH, and
maintainhomeostasis. The study of the blood flow is called hemodynamics. The study of the properties of
the blood flow is calledhemorheology.
The circulatory system is often seen to comprise two separate systems: the cardiovascular system, which
distributes blood, and thelymphatic system, which circulates lymph.[1] The passage of lymph for example
takes much longer than that of blood.[2] Blood is a fluid consisting of plasma, red blood cells, white blood
cells, and platelets that is circulated by the heart through the vertebrate vascular system, carrying oxygen
and nutrients to and waste materials away from all body tissues. Lymph is essentially recycled excess
blood plasma after it has been filtered from the interstitial fluid (between cells) and returned to the
lymphatic system. The cardiovascular (from Latin words meaning "heart" and "vessel") system comprises
the blood, heart, and blood vessels.[3] The lymph,lymph nodes, and lymph vessels form the lymphatic
system, which returns filtered blood plasma from the interstitial fluid (between cells) as lymph.
While humans, as well as other vertebrates, have a closed cardiovascular system (meaning that the blood
never leaves the network of arteries, veins and capillaries), some invertebrate groups have an open
cardiovascular system. The lymphatic system, on the other hand, is an open system providing an
accessory route for excess interstitial fluid to be returned to the blood. [4] The more
primitive, diploblastic animal phyla lack circulatory systems.
The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from
the body fluids of an organism, so as to help maintain internal chemicalhomeostasis and prevent
damage to the body. The dual function of excretory systems is the elimination of the waste
products of metabolism and to drain the body of used up and broken down components in a liquid and

gaseous state. In humans and other amniotes (mammals, birds and reptiles) most of these substances
leave the body as urine and to some degree exhalation, mammals also expel them through sweating.
Only the organs specifically used for the excretion are considered a part of the excretory system. In the
narrow sense, the term refer to the urinary system. However, as excretion involves several functions that
are only superficially related, it is not usually used in more formal classifications of anatomy or function.
As most healthy functioning organs produce metabolic and other wastes, the entire organism depends on
the function of the system. Breaking down of one of more of the systems is a serious health condition, for
example renal failure.

Hospitality refers to the relationship between a guest and a host, wherein the host receives the
guest with goodwill, including the reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers. Louis,
chevalier de Jaucourt describes hospitality in the Encyclopdie as the virtue of a great soul that
cares for the whole universe through the ties of humanity.[4]
Hospitality ethics is a discipline that studies this usage of hospitality.

Etymology[edit]
Derives from the Latin hospes,[5] meaning "host", "guest", or "stranger". Hospes is formed
from hostis, which means "stranger" or "enemy" (the latter being where terms like "hostile" derive).
By metonymy the Latin word 'Hospital' means a guest-chamber, guest's lodging, an inn. [6] Hospes is
thus the root for the English words host (where the p was dropped for convenience of pronunciation),
hospitality, hospice, hostel and hotel.

Current usage[edit]
In the West today hospitality is rarely a matter of protection and survival and is more associated
with etiquette and entertainment. However, it still involves showing respect for one's guests,
providing for their needs, and treating them as equals. Cultures and subcultures vary in the extent to
which one is expected to show hospitality to strangers, as opposed to personal friends or members
of one's ingroup.

Global concepts[edit]
Ancient Greece[edit]
In Ancient Greece, hospitality was right, with the host being expected to make sure the needs of his
guests were met. The ancient Greek term xenia, or theoxenia when a god was involved, expressed
this ritualized guest-friendship relation. In Greek society a person's ability to abide by the laws of
hospitality determined nobility and social standing. The Stoics regarded hospitality as a duty inspired
by Zeus himself.[4]

India[edit]
In India hospitality is based on the principle Atithi Devo Bhava, meaning "the guest is God". This
principle is shown in a number of stories where a guest is revealed to be a god who rewards the
provider of hospitality. From this stems the Indian practice of graciousness towards guests at home
and in all social situations.

Within the scenario against which your story takes place, there is an area of
shared importance to all the characters in your story. Select the item(s) that
best describes this Concern. Overall Story Concern: the purposes or interests
sought after by the Overall Characters.
Problems can manifest themselves in several ways. Therefore, simply
defining the nature of a Problem does not necessarily predict its effect. For
example, if the Problem is that there is not enough money to pay the rent, it
might motivate one person to take to drink but another to take a second job.
The effects of a Problem are not necessarily bad things, but simply things
that would not have happened quite that way without the existence of the
Problem. So it is with Concerns.