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International Journal of Engineering Research and Development

e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com


Volume 11, Issue 12 (December 2015), PP.36-43

Design of Biodrying Mswreactor


1,2

Sandra Santosa, 1,3Imam Santoso, 1,4HendroPrasetyo, 1,5Soemarno

Environmental Science and Technology Graduate Program, University of Brawijaya, Malang. Indonesia
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, The State Polytechnic of Malang, Indonesia
3
Faculty of Agricultural Technology, University of Brawijaya, Malang. Indonesia
4
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya, Malang. Indonesia
5
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya, Malang. Indonesia

Abstract:- Bio-drying (biological drying) is one alternative of bioconversion in solid waste treatment plant that
commonly known as Mechanical Biological Treatment, MBT. The main purpose of bio-drying process MSW is
to reduce the water content in the municipal solid waste by reducing the mass and increasing the calorific value
of the waste. The rate of evaporation of water content in the effluent depends on the characteristics of the waste.
The characteristics of municipal solid waste in each country is different, therefore should not have the same
biodrying process characteristics. Objectives of this study are to determine the characteristics of the process and
to design a bio-drying equipment for household waste in Indonesia, which has a high water content. Preliminary
studies were carried out to determine optimum conditions for air at 25 liters per minute and processing period of
7 days by using a dynamic model of reactor (in alternating every 3 days). This data were used to design a biodrying with a capacity of 50 kg of municipal solid waste. According to dimensional calculation, it was
determined that the optimum reactor was having a length and a width of 0.7 m2 and a height of 1.1 m
Keywords:- MSW, Biodrying, Mechanical Biological Treatment, Dynamic Reactor, Calorific Value.

I.

INTRODUCTION

Mostly, large cities in Indonesia have a huge problem with their household waste.It is one of the
problem that quite difficult to handle. The most effective treatment is to pile upthe waste in landfill and burning
the trash. Household waste consists of flammable materials such as paper, plastics, food, etc. (Abu-Qudais, 2000;
Hwang et al., 2008; Malkow, 2004; Rigamonti et al., 2009)[1,2,34]. Organic waste requires a long time to dry
naturally,around 30-50 days. Application of naturally biological drying bins is not effective and efficient when it
is used in large scale due to size limitations of the land andhigh energy costs for waste incineration (NavaeeArdeh, 2010).
One of the effective methods used for drying biologicaly waste is bio-drying. Bio-drying of household
waste (Bio-drying of Municipal Solid Waste) is a biological drying process which is followed by aeration to
control the operating conditions of the reactor. This method has been successfully carried out in developed
countries such as in America, Europe, and China since 15 years ago (Rotter et alp., 2004; Velis et al., 2009). In
the developed countries,municipal waste is used for source of energy (WTE). After sorted, dried, and crushed, it
is then burned together with fuel oil in the furnace to generate steam, becausethis waste has a high-value heat,
with the Lower Heating Value (LHV) is about 3 to 6.7 MJ / kg (Zhang et al., 2010).
The commonmethod formunicipal waste dryingthat applied in developed countries is bio-drying.
Biologically,it uses microbial activity to reduce the water content in the garbage, therefore it increases the
calorific value of the garbage. The heat source for the drying process inbio-drying derived from the exothermic
reaction of biological degradation trash. The drying process of bio-drying can increase the speedof evaporation
of waste watercompared to natural dryingbecausethe degradation process condition is well controlled.
Municipal solid waste (MSW) in many developing countries, such as Indonesia, has different
characteristics compared to the developed countries. It has a higher water content.An analysis shows that water
content in the trash is 60-75% w/w. The variation of water content causes the characteristic bio-drying process
(dwell time and speed of evaporation) is different. Designing bio-drying equipment required data of
processcharacteristic for determination appropriate dimensions to the desired capacity. It is necessary to study
the characteristics of bio-drying process waste in order to obtain data of residence time and drying speed. This
study is carried out to design bio-drying equipment based on research data of characteristic process.

II.

METHODS AND DESIGN

Initially. the research was to determine residence time of trash and drying speed before calculating the
design. The data wasused tocalculate dimensions of the equipment with the capacity 50 kg of waste. Flow
diagram of research methods and design can be seen in Figure1.

36

Design of Biodrying Mswreactor


Research Stage
The stages of research includes the preparation, calculation of MSW waste composition, calculation of
MSW water content, calculation for the average density of MSW garbage, and reactor design of bio-drying for
laboratory-scale research. The data collection and analysis of each stage can be described as follows:
1. Preparation of MSWWaste
- Sample trash was taken in landfills
- Organic and inorganic waste were separated
- Organic waste was weighed as much as 50 kg
2. Calculation of MSW waste composition
- Organic waste was grouped based of its fibre
- The mass from each group of garbage were weighed
- The composition of garbage was calculated in masspercentage
3. The calculation of the water content of MSW garbage
- Waste samplewas taken from each group based on its fibre
- Mass from each sample of waste was weighed.
- Sample of garbage was put in an oven
- Sampleof garbage was cooled in the desiccator
- The mass of each sample was weighed based on each group
- The above steps were repeated until the weight is constant
- The percentage of waste water content was calculated in mass percentage

Preparation of Trash

Calculation of MSW

Composition

Calculation of MSW
Water Content

Calculation for the


Average Density of MSW

Determination of
Reactor Capacity for
MSW Bio-drying

MSW Bio-drying Reactor


Design

Waste Bio-drying
Process for MSW

Mass Balance Calculations


of Bio-drying design MSW
Composition

Data

Analysis

Calculation of Reactor

Volume and Reactor


Sizebased onMSW
Composition
Fig. 1: Flow diagram of the stages of research and design

37

Design of Biodrying Mswreactor


4. Calculation average mass of MSW
- Sampleof each group was taken by its fibre
- Sample of garbage was put in the beakerglass for each group based on fibre
- The volume of garbagewas recorded by each group of waste based on fibre
- Waste mass wasweighed for each group based on fibre
- Density of the average rubbish was calculated
5. Design Reactor
- Determination of the equipment shape (shown in figure 2)
- Determination of capacity and the results to be achieved with optimization operating conditions
which were determined based on the results of existing research.
- Calculation of the mass balance
- Calculation of the reactor volume and reactor size

Fig. 2: Flowchart stages of research and design


Description:
1. Vent out
2. Tray form of woven wire
3. The air circulation holes
4. Wall
5. The incoming air circulation holes

5.1 Reactor Design


Designing is an activity plan, in this casethe process tool to create products, especiallychemical
materials. The reactor is a place or venue for a reaction to take place. Bio-drying reactor use a process of
physical and biochemical techniques. On the biochemistryside, aerobic biodegradation of organic matter is
easily occursand cause decomposition and production of thermal energy (exothermic). On the physical side,
convective moisture removal is achieved through control of excessive aeration. (Anonymous (5), 2012).
The volume of the reactor was determined using a formula:
Volume (m3) = mass of wet waste (Kg)/average density of waste (kg/m3)
The mass balance of the process biodrying:

38

Design of Biodrying Mswreactor


Where:
Mair in = intake air mass contained in inflow
Mair out = mass of air in the outflow
MM in = mass of entry waste
MMout = mass of dry waste
MW = Mass of Lye
ML = mass of lost
Designing a chemical reactor should give a priority to the efficiency of reactorperformance in orde to
makethe products is largerthan the input with minimum capital and operating costs. It is also beared in mind that
any safety factor must be taken into account. Operating costs typically include the amount of energy that would
be given or taken, the price of raw materials, wages operator, etc.
Batch Reactor is a place for single occurrence of a chemical reaction, the reaction takes place with only
one rate equation is paired with the equilibrium equation and stochiometry. Reactors of this type are usually
very suitable for the production of small capacity, for example in the process of dissolving solids, blending
products, chemical reactions, batch distillation, crystallization, liquid-liquid extraction, polymerization,
pharmaceutical, and fermentation.
input = output + lost + accumulation
Or
(the rate of the reactants in the reactor is lost due to chemical reactions) = - (A rate of accumulation of reactants
in the reactor)Eq. 1
A loss of reaction, =
accumulation of A,=

= mol/time

By replacing these two equations in equation 1, we obtained


= =

By changing the position and then the integral gain

=
0

Design of bio-drying process was carried out by considering several factors: process design, monitoring and
control. Specific design and operational selection include:
a. Resistance to air flow was carried out by conditioning the trash matrix including size reduction and mixing
(rotating drum reactor (Velles et al., 2009).
b. Reactor bio-drying was closed, to get a good insulating effect and compaction.
c. Reverse aeration system was used to reduce the gradient. (Velles et al., 2009; Sugni et al., 2005).
d. Setting of aeration control system from the waste matrix was used to determine the necessary for oxygen on
that process and remove water vapour and off-gas.
e. Temperature, due point or relative humidity were controlled to increase the capacity for holdingwater vapour,
as well as combined with the recirculation process.
f. Biochemical and physical processes were controlled with variable residence time in the reactor.
5.2 Calculating Volume Reactor
Volume = mass/ (average) Discharded

39

Design of Biodrying Mswreactor


1. Treatment Research
In this research, bio-drying process was using 50 kg of waste MSW by matrix treatment of waste in a
static condition and the condition is inverted once every 3 days manually. Air flew continuously into the reactor
with the rate of 125 L/h using a hose. Thr air wss divided by 3 and put it into the reactor in each tray. Bio-drying
process was carried out for 15 days. Used air was the air coming from the compressor, which was the air passed
to watertrap before it is inserted into the reactor
2. Sampling and Analysis Methods
Analysis performed on the garbage was the analysis of the microorganisms content, analysis of trash
water content, analysis of CO2 gas, and temperature measurements during the bio-dryingprocess. Analysis for
the content of microorganisms in the trash that performed before and after the process bio-dryingon day 14, the
analysis of the content of these microorganisms only to the observation of colony types, forms of bacteria, and
gram stain bacteria. Analysis of water content in the trash before and after the bio-drying process was using
gravimetric methods. To determine the amount of solid volatile, a calculation that refers to Kielydata was
applied. For the analysis of gas CO2that had been produced,it was absorbed using NaOH solution and then
analyzed by titration methods. Inlet air temperature and the air temperature in each tray were measured every 24
hours, using asa thermometer for wettemperature (Tw) and also dry temperature (Td).

III. RESULTS
1. Calculate the waste composition

2. Looking Density Trash

3. Characteristics of MSW
Garbage has physical and biological properties. That wastes were used in this study were derived from
Dinoyomarket, Malang and waste from Polinema campusyard. From the organic waste separation, we obtained
that the composition of the waste consists of 75% foodwasteand 25% yardwaste, with the average water content
of MSW was 74, 25% -75.18% and the average bulk density was 75.177 Kg/m3. The biological nature of this
waste that refers to the Kiely theory below.
Biological properties of trash (Kiely, 2000)

Table 1. Data of MSW

40

Design of Biodrying Mswreactor

IV.

DATA ANALYSIS RESULTS

Research data analysis, including measurement and calculation as follows:


- Flowrate of air in and air out of the flux were measured
- The temperature of air in and air out of the reactor were measured
- Mass leachate wss weighed and measured(the leachate volume which generated from incubation)
- Mass of wet waste and dry waste wereweighed
- Calculation of the mass balance
- Calculation of reduction waste humidity
Data Analysis Results
A. Before Biodrying
Table. 1 Data before Biodrying
Analysis

Run 1

Run 2

Trash mass (kg)


Water content (kg)

50
75,18%

50
74,25%

Water (kg)
Total Solid (kg)

37,588
12,412

37,126
12,874

B. After Biodrying
Table2. Data after Biodrying
Analysis

Run 1
Target
22,7261

Run 2
Target
22,9590

Experiment results
Experiment results
36,4490
42,9590
Mass trash (Kg)
12,5680
6,2980
MassLeachate (kg)
0,4947
0,4595
0,5082
Air entrained water (kg) 0,4595
0,4883
0,2348
Mass Loss (kg)
27,2739
13,0627
27,0410
6,5328
Exit masses (kg)
12,0869
24,4383
11,8417
30,0420
The remaining water in
the trash (kg)
53,185
67,971
51,577
70,769
Water content %
56,1 gram
37,4 gram
CO2
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of organic separationis waste composition consists of 75% foodwasteand 25% yard waste,
with the average of water content of litter MSW is 74.25% -75.18%. The waste volume which is used is the
result from the division of the waste mass with bulk density from organic waste instead of particle density. Bulk
density is defined as the mass of many material particles divided by the total volume that they occupy. The total
volume includes particle volume, inter-particle of empty volume and an internal pore volume. The particle
density is the weight of the dry particle per unit the volume of material particles (so it isnt including pores)
(Anonymous (5), undated).

Before
Process

Biodrying

AFter Process

Biodrying

Parameter

Table. 2.1 Data Analysis Results Process Biodrying


Biodrying 1
(Without treatment)
MSW mass Beginning (Kg)
50
Initial Water Content (%)
75,177
Air mass Beginning (Kg)
37,588
Total mass of Solid Start (Kg)
12,412
Massa MSW Final (Kg)
34,095
End Water Content (%)
68,213
Air masses End (Kg)
23,257
Total mass of Solid End (Kg)
10,838
Ratio Water / Solid Loss
9,106
Total CO2 for 14 Days (g)
44,88

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Biodrying 2
(Inverted every 3 days)
50
74,252
37,126
12,874
41,211
70,769
29,165
12,046
9,617
29,92

Design of Biodrying Mswreactor


MASS BALANCE OF EXPERIMENT 1 (50 KG)

Input
Massa trash
Air Dry
Steam

50
28.719
0.337

Kg
Kg
Kg

Total Input

79.056

Kg

Output
Massa trash
Air Dry
Steam
Output Lindi
Missing mass
Total Output

34.095
28.719
0.832
13.102
2.308
79.056

Kg
Kg
Kg
Kg
Kg
Kg

C. Agitation influence on the Bio-drying process with Microorganisms Activities


The energy required for the evaporation (latent heat, or entalpy evaporation) and any additional hygroscopic if
the limit is reached, providedby aerobic biodegradation. Otherwise, the conventional drying use an external heat
source. Aerobic decomposition of organic material by microorganisms exothermic biochemical transformations
that can quickly raise the temperature of the matrix for thermophilic range. Increased temperatures can occur
rapidly in a pile of garbage. One variable for bio-drying process is the using of agitation/rotation matrix waste in
a dynamic reactor for homogenization, to achieve the same conditions; for example, by rotating drum reactor.
(Velles al., 2009). The advantages by using the agitation or rotation according to Kyriakos H (2009) are:
Increase the activity of microorganisms and produce the heat at low water level.
Reducethe processing time
Increase the reduction of particle size
Increase the homogeneity of the final product (Kyriakos H, 2009)
In this study, agitation is done manually, by opening the lid of the reactor and then the garbage which stay on
the inside of the bio-drying reactor,inverted by a tool such as a shovel wood every 3 days.

V.

CONCLUSIONS

The residence time in the reactor is used as the basis for calculation of reactor design, which optimum
residence time in the reactor static and dynamic is relatively similar therefore it does not affect the design.
Influence can be seen in the conditioning bins with inverted every 3 days may increase the activity of
microorganisms in the bio-dryingprocess. The amount of leachate in the dynamic reactor is more than the static
reactor. This indicates a higher level efficiency in a dynamic reactor.

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