2.

Prewriting is everything you do before you begin to draft the paper. To be an

effective writer, you must use language that is audience-centered, not writercentered. In other words, transcend your own perspective and consider the
needs and interests of your readers. Ask yourself: What do my readers know
about the topic? What action do I want my reader to take?

3 5.
A. Be polite, professional and focused
B. Be clear, efficient and enjoyable
Be personable and friendly
Avoid overly formal language
C. Tailor your message appropriately

Compare the following openings:

1. As per your request, attached please find the document with a description of the
services we provide.
2. Thank you for your interest in our services. The attached document explains
The first opening is formal and off-putting; the second is natural and friendly. The more
natural your word choice , the more appropriate it is for the reader thereby the more
effective your message.
Compare "I desire to be excused from attending this meeting" with "Please excuse me
from this meeting." The natural word choice is not only more personal but also more
concise and emphatic.

7
Simple language
Avoid bizspeak
You want to sound like a person, not an institution. But its hard to do,
especially if you work with people who are addicted to buzzwords. It takes a lot of
practice.

8.
Kipling made it easy for us to remember:

I keep six honest serving-men

(They taught me all I knew);
Their names are What and Why and When
And How and Where and Who.

9
Homonyms:
A bear (the animal) can bear (tolerate) very cold temperatures.

11
Determine your goal or intent of what youre about to write
Brainstorm all the ideas, concepts, facts
Then youll organize all that youve brainstormed in terms of chronology, complexity
and importance.
And from your organization structure youll determine the main ideas of your
document and organize them into the flow that makes the most sense.
From the main ideas you will write your draft, allowing your words to flow and not
concerning yourseflf with editing or revision.
Revise your document for content, flow and message
Edit your document to ensure that youve made the best word choices and
eliminate the acronyms, jargons and colloquialisms.
The final step is to proofread for typographical errors, spelling, spacing and
punctuation.

A different approach, developed by Brian Garner, looks at preparing business

documents as going through four phases, the Madman, the Architect, the Carpenter,
and the Judge.
The Madman gathers material and generates ideas. Garner recommends keeping
track of points, ideas, and facts and opinions in a spreadsheet.
The Architect organizes all of the information collected by drawing up an outline.
Garner then recommends that the writer use the raw ideas and form them into
complete sentences, which are then organized into sets of main points and those
are put in a logical order.
The Carpenter puts thoughts into words, lays out the sentences in paragraphs by
following the Architect's plan. Garner says the key here is to work on a tight
schedule because in his opinion, the key to writing a first draft is to write quickly.

The Judge is the quality control manager who does the cleanup and the polishing,
everything from tightening language to correcting grammar and punctuation.
He recommends paying little attention to grammar, word choice, sequencing, or any
other components of writing but to just get words on paper. He goes even further to
say to start in any section, and if you get stuck just move on to another section. I
particularly like this recommendation because it is always so much easier to edit
text that already exists than to write a unique document.

22
Overview:
The purpose of this report is to investigate the reasons behind the rise in computer
gaming addiction among teenagers. The report will also recommend preventive
measures for computer gaming addiction.
Background: Provides information on the problem.
A recent study on gaming addiction showed that
Scope: States the areas of the investigation
Besides respondents profile, this report looks into four possible reasons for the rise
in gaming addiction:
Main Body, Conclusions

26
The reason we have three words for the work that you do to modify a document is
that there are three distinct forms of modifying that document. Revising, editing,
and proofreading are not the same thing. They are, in fact, three different forms of
improving the content, the quality, and the presentation of your writing.
Editing is one sided, meaning that an editor writes comments and corrections on the
paper and returns the paper to the writer. In other words, the editor looks for
mistakes and fixes them.
Revising on the other hand, deals with the document and its content as a whole.
When you revise, you're looking at the main points and the arguments and
questioning whether the writing stays on point, if it's well organized and supports
the points effectively. Revising also judges voice and overall tone of the document.
Proofreading is the act of reviewing the almost final document for spelling or
grammar errors, spacing, punctuation, and overall appearance.