CEREBRUM

Dr. Albert G. Gironella, MD

2.13.12

I. DEFINITION
It is responsible for the perception and conscious
understanding of all sensations.
1/3 of the size of the brain
It is the site in which one modality of sensation can
be integrated with others.
Paired (Left and Right) Superior parts of the Brain.
Gyri (Ridges) and Sulci (Grooves)

III.SPECIALIZED AREAS OF THE CEREBRUM

Somesthetic Center (3,1,2); post central gyrus,

sensation for touch, pain and temperature.
(SENSORY)
Primary Motor Area (4); pre central gyrus
(MOTOR)
Calcarine Area (17) vision
Transverse Gyri of Heschl (41)
SPECIAL SENSES:
Gustatory Area (43)
Visual Area (17)
Auditory Area ( 41)
Olfactory Area (Rhinencephalon)

II. LOBES OF THE CEREBRUM
Fissures (deep grooves) divide the cerebrum into
lobes
Surface lobes of the cerebrum
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe

IV. LAYERS OF THE CEREBRUM
Gray matter
White matter
Basal nuclei

HISTOLOGY

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CEREBRUM

2.13.12

Dr. Albert G. Gironella, MD

V. EXTERNAL FEATURES
2 Cerebral hemispheres, separated by a
longitudinal fissure, and joined by corpus
callosum.
Covered by meninges.
4 anatomical lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal,
occipital) and a 5th functional lobe (limbic).
Surfaces contain folds (gyri), separated by
depressions (sulci or fissure).

VI. MAJOR SULCI/ FISSURES
Central Sulcus of Rolando; bet. Frontal and Parietal
lobe (please look at the picture and dont memorize
it)
Lateral Sylvian fissure; bet. Frontal +
Parietal/Temporal lobe(please look at the picture
and dont memorize it)
Parieto-occipital fissure
Calcarine fissure

VII. FRONTAL LOBE
A. Lateral Surface
PrecentralGyrus BA 4; Damage = PARALYSIS
Superior Frontal Gyrus BA 6, Premotor Area
(for association = naalala ang sequence na
ginalaw)
Middle Frontal Gyrus BA 8, Frontal Eyelid Area
Conjugate deviation of the eyes to the opposite
side, independent of visual stimuli. Calcarine
area is not involved.
Inferior Frontal Gyrus Pars Orbitalis (47), Pars
Triangularis (45), Pars opercularis (44).
Brocas Area or Motor Speech Area
o BA 44 and 45.
->Damage = motor aphasia/ cannot talk

B. Other areas in Frontal Lobe

Olfactory Area
Orbital region
Visceral and emotional
Lateral Region
Conceptualizing, planning, problem-solving
Cingulate Gyrus
Paracentral Lobule

VIII. PARIETAL LOBE (Center for SENSATION)

Post Central Gyrus
Superior Parietal Gyrus association areas
Area 5 Sensory
Area 7 Motor and Visual
Inferior Parietal Gyrus tactile, visual, awareness
of body and surroundings
SupramarginalGyrus BA 40 (Tactile Agnosia)
-> can feel but cannot discriminate/ determine
what you felt.
Angular BA 39; Transfer of information from
what you HEARD to what you will SAY and
what you will WRITE
DAMAGE:
ALEXIA = cannot Read
AGRAPHIA = cannot Write
Gustatory Center BA 43; Bilateral

Pre- Cuneus is part of the

Parietal Lobe

HISTOLOGY

OANDASAN & ODONES

CEREBRUM

Dr. Albert G. Gironella, MD

2.13.12

IX. TEMPORAL LOBE

Superior Temporal BA 22
Auditory association
Auditory Agnosia
DAMAGE = ALEXIA & Agraphia (kasi hindi mo
maintindihan)
Integrates written and spoken language
Middle and Inferior Temporal
Transverse Temporal Gyrus
HeschlsGyrus
BA 41
Primary Auditory Center/Center for Audition
Fusiform or medial occipitotemporal
Parahippocampal
Uncus
Most medial portion of temporal lobe

Cuneus is part of the

Occipital Lobe

X. OCCIPITAL LOBE

Cuneus wedge shaped
Lingual or lateral occipitotemporalgyrus
BA 17 (Visual Striate)
BA 18 (Parastriate) and BA 19 (Peristriate)
Visual Association Areas
DAMAGE = ALEXIA & Agraphia (kasi hindi mo maintindihan
ang nakita, hindi naaalala)

HISTOLOGY

XI. PARALIMBIC AREAS

Involve in memory and learning, drive and affect,
and processing of information to the ANS.
Temporal pole (Area 38)
Caudal Orbitofrontal Cortex
Insula
Parahippocampal regions 927, 28, 34, 35)
Retrosplenial area (26, 29, 30)

XII. DIVISIONS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
A. IdiotypicIsocortex
Primary motor, somesthetic, auditory, and visual
area.
B. HomotypicalIsocortexassociation
Unimodal
Superior Parietal Lobule (5) Sensory
Superior Temporal gyrus (22) Auditory
Area 18 & 19
Heteromodal
Prefrontal, Orbitofrontal and lateral region of
frontal lobe
BA 7 Visual and motor
Inferior Parietal lobule (39 & 40)

C. Mesocortex paralimbic areas
D. Allocortex hippocampal formations; primary
olfactory cortex
E. Corticoid areas septal region and amygdalo-nuclear
complex

OANDASAN & ODONES

CEREBRUM

Dr. Albert G. Gironella, MD

2.13.12

XIII. HISTOLOGICAL LAYERS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX

A. Molecular Layer
Cell poor
B. HomotypicalIsocortex
C. External Pyramid
D.Internal Granular
- Chief Input layer
E. Internal Pyramid
- Betz cells
- Chief output layer
F. Multiform Layer


XIV. CELLS IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX

A. Pyramidal
Major efferent pathway
II,III,IV
B. Stellate
Interneurons; all layers
Mostly in IV.
C. Fusiform
Project to Hypothalamus
D. Horizontal Cells of Cajal or Cajal - Retzius
E. Cells of Martinoti
Dampens overexcited pyramidal cells
XV. FIBERS OF THE WHITE MATTER

A. Transverse (Commisural)
Connects homologous areas of the 2 cerebral
hemispheres
Ex: Corpus callosum, anterior and posterior
commisure
B. Projection fibers
Connect Cerebral Cortex with lower portions of the
brain or spinal cord.
Afferent or Corticopetal
o Impulses toward the cerebral cortex; ex.
Anterior Limb and Genu of Internal
capsule (Thalamus to cortex)
Efferent or Corticofugal
o Cerebral cortex to thalamus, brain stem,
spinal cord; ex. Anterior Limb of Internal
Capsule (Cortex to Striatum and Pontine
nucleus)
C. Association fibers
Connect gyrus to gyrus in the same hemisphere.
Example: Short association (U fibers, Arcuate
fibers), long association fibers (cingulum, arcuate
fasciculus)

XVI. DYSFUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX

A. Agnosia
Failure to recognize stimuli when the appropriate
sensory systems are functioning (visual, tactile,
auditory)

HISTOLOGY

B. Apraxia
Loss of ability to carry out correctly certain
movements
C. Aphasia
Disorder of language due to defect either in
production or comprehension or vocabulary or
syntax (arrangement).
a. Brocas executive or motor aphasia;
telegraphic speech; but can think, understand
and write.
b. Wernickes receptive, sensory, or fluent
aphasia; loss the ability to understand written
and spoken language.
c. Conduction poor retention of spoken
language.
d. Global Aphasia Brocas and Wernickes
-
Loss of production of speech
-
Loss of ability to understand spoken and
written word

D. Dysarthria
Disturbance in execution of speech
E. Aphonia
Inability to produce sounds
F. Alexia
Inability to read
G. Anomia
Inability to name objects
H. Agraphia
Inability to write
E. Agnosia
Visual bilateral lesion of area 18, 19
Tactile Supramarginalgyrus
Auditory bilateral lesion of area 22

OANDASAN & ODONES

CEREBRUM

Dr. Albert G. Gironella, MD

2.13.12

XVII. FRONTAL LOBE LESIONS

A. Primary Motor Cortex
BA 4
Weakness (Paresis) and Paralysis (Plegia)
B. Premotor Cortex
Area 6
Apraxia; no weakness but patient is unable to
perform correct sequence
Ideomotor apraxia
o Supramarginalgyrus
o Knows what he wants to do but is unable
to do it; cant carry out on command
Ideational apraxia
o Dominant parietal lobe or corpus
callosum; failure to carry out sequences of
act
Kinetic apraxia
o Frontal lobe
o Inability to execute fine acquired
movements

C. Prefrontal Cortex
FRONTAL LOBE SYNDROME
Emotional indifference (apathy); slowing of
intellectuzl faculties (abulia); infantile suckling
and grasp reflex.
Motor Speech Areas of Broca (Area 44 & 45)
Expressive Aphasia

XVIII. PARIETAL LOBE LESIONS

A. Somesthetic Center
Impairment of all somatic sensations, contralateral
B. Posterior Parietal Association Area
Area 5 & 7
Apraxia; astereognosia; no loses of somatic
sensations
C. Wernickes area
BA 22, 39, 40
Receptive Aphasia cant comprehend spoken
language; fluent verbalization but lacks meaning;
word salad
Allorichia(Allesthesia)
From the Greek meaning other hand
The patient responds to stimuli presented to
one side of their body as if the stimuli had
been presented at the opposite side.
The disorder commonly arises from damage to
the right parietal lobe.


XIX. MOTOR CENTER LESIONS

A. Irritative
Convulsive seizures, beginning as focal twitchings
and spreading to involve large muscle groups

HISTOLOGY

JACKSONIAN EPILEPSY
B. Destructive lesions
Contralateral flaccid paresis or paralysis
Spasticity is more apt to occur if Area 6 is also
ablated


XX. SOMESTHETIC CENTER LESIONS

A. Irritative lesions
Produce paresthesias(numbness, abnormal
sensations of ants crawling on the body, electric
shock, or pins and needles)
B. Destructive lesions
Impaired sensibility to localize or measure
intensity of pain.
Complete anesthesia is rare.


XXI. VISUAL CORTEX LESIONS

A. Irritative lesions
Visual hallucinations such as flashes of light,
rainbows, brilliant stars, or bright lines
B. Destructive lesions
Contralateral homonymous defects of the visual
field.

XXII. AUDITORY CORTEX LESIONS

A. Irritative lesions
Buzzing and roaring sensations
B. Destructive lesions
Unilateral cause mild hearing loss, bilateral lesions
result in deafness

OANDASAN & ODONES

CEREBRUM

Dr. Albert G. Gironella, MD

2.13.12

Occipit
al
Lobe
visual
percept
ion and
process
ing

Sagittal view

Function

Brodmann Area

Vision
primary
17
secondary
18, 19, 20, 21, 37
Audition
primary 41
secondary 22, 42
Body Sensation
primary 1, 2, 3
secondary 5, 7
Sensation, tertiary 7, 22, 37, 39, 40
Motor
primary 4
secondary 6
eye mov't 8
speech
44
Motor, tertiary
9, 10, 11, 45, 46, 47

Frontal Lobe
thinking, planning, & central executive
functions; motor execution

Parietal Lobe
somatosensory perception
integration of visual & somatospatial
information

Look beyond, to the vascular awareness that all

life is a map to greater knowledge
The best thing in life is when one reaches its

Temporal Lobe
language function and auditory perception
involved in long term memory and emotion

HISTOLOGY

ORGASMIC EXPLOSION!!!!

Oandasan,Art

OANDASAN & ODONES