Neuro-Fuzzy Based Maximum Power Point Tracker For Photovoltaic System On A Moving Vehicle

IPASJ International Journal of Computer Science (IIJCS)
Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJCS/IIJCS.htm

Email: editoriijcs@ipasj.org
ISSN 2321-5992
A Publisher for Research Motivation ........
Volume 4, Issue 10, October 2016
Neuro-fuzzy Based Maximum Power Point Tracker

for Photovoltaic System on A Moving Vehicle
Adi Kurniawan1, A.A. Masroeri2, E.S. Koenhardono3
1,2,3
Department of Marine Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember

Sukolilo, Surabaya, Indonesia 60111
ABSTRACT
Decreasing amount of fossil fuel pushed the use of renewable energy resources in the electricity generation, including for ship
electrical system. One of the renewable energy resources is photovoltaic (PV) that has many advantages such as clean and available
in abundance in nature. In this research, PV system with KY converter and artificial neural network (ANN) based maximum power
point (MPPT) algorithm is proposed. MPPT unit is very important to extract most energy from the PV. MPPT unit on a moving
vehicle must have high tracking accuracy and fast response because of rapidly changing environment conditions. To evaluate the
proposed system, the power generated by the system is compared with maximum power that possible generated by PV. The systems
are tested in 25C, 1000 W/m 2 at beginning, and changed to 25C, 600 W/m 2 after 2 seconds. The results show that the output
voltage ripple of KY converter is 2.97% at 25C, 1000 W/m 2 and 2.86% at 25C, 600 W/m 2 from the 220 V. The steady state time of
KY converter output voltage is 0.72 second from zero until reach steady state at 25C, 1000 W/m 2, and 0.58 second from the input
change to 25C, 1000 W/m 2 until reach steady state. These results prove that KY converter can generates smaller voltage ripple and
fast transient response. The test of system is also show that the proposed system has high MPPT accuracy and matching efficiency
with the value above 99% in both conditions.
Keywords: photovoltaic (PV); maximum power point tracking (MPPT); KY converter; neuro-fuzzy
1. INTRODUCTION
Currently, fossil fuels like oil and coal is the energy resources that most widely used in the generation of electrical energy.
Oil and coal are not renewable and dwindling over time. On the other side, demand of electric energy is increased. As a
result, alternative energy resources, especially renewable energy resources are increasingly required [1].
One of renewable energy resources is photovoltaic (PV) that uses solar energy. PV system is one of renewable energy
resources that most developed because it doesnt have rotating parts, doesnt generate sound and emission and also has low
maintenance cost [2]. In the end of 2010, there were 35 GW of PV systems have been used in countries that joined in
International Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme (IEAPVPS). 97% of them are connected to electric grid [3].
The application of PV system is not limited only for electricity in home or industry, but also for vehicle such as in solarpowered car and solar-powered boat. The technology of solar-powered boat has been developed intensively in order to
anticipate the lack of fossil fuel in some advancing years [4]. The biggest challenge for solar-powered boat is how to
convert sun energy efficiently in rapid condition change due to the speed movement.
In order to increase the efficiency, PV should be operated optimally using MPPT method [5]. Conventional MPPT methods
such as perturbation and observation (P&O) and fractional open circuit voltage are tend to fail to determine optimum
voltage at condition of sun irradiance that change rapidly [6]. The other conventional method, the incremental conduction
method, is able to overcome some aspects of those problems, but it has weakness which is complex decision making because
of differentiation of voltage and current. This is resulting in the need of more capacity and memory [7].
One of AI based MPPT methods that many used in PV application is artificial neural network (ANN) [8]. The superiorities
of ANN are flexible and can overcome very complex and nonlinear system [9]. In the other hand, ANN has weaknesses
which are not heuristic and act like black box [10]. The other AI method that frequently used in PV application is fuzzy
logic, which has capability to convert heuristic and linguistic form into numeric value or the opposite through fuzzy rules
and membership function. The weakness of fuzzy logic is the needed of deep knowledge of the system to be able generating
proper fuzzy rules and membership function. References [11] propose MPPT algorithm that combine the advantages of
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ANN and fuzzy logic based on multi model learning. Therefore, it can produce better MPPT method than ANN based
MPPT method or fuzzy logic based MPPT method.
Power converter that widely used as MPPT application in PV grid-connected system is DC-DC boost converter. However,
conventional boost converter has two general disadvantages. First, boost converter produces pulsating output current that
also make high output voltage ripple. Second, the transient response of boost converter is relatively slow [12-13]. Big ripple
in voltage and current can damage the electronic devices and also increase power losses. Slow transient response is also
makes power losses because the maximum power is delivered after long delay time.
In [14], a new DC-DC converter that have similar characteristic with boost converter, named KY converter, is proposed.
KY converter always operates in CCM condition. KY converter can increase voltage and produces small ripple in output
voltage and output current. The output that produced has similar characteristic with buck converter with synchronous
rectification (SR), and also has good transient response. This converter has been adopted for MPPT application in [15] and
shows promising results regarding its speed response.
In this research, neuro-fuzzy based MPPT is combined with KY converter. This combination is combining the advantages
of neuro-fuzzy MPPT and KY converter. This combination is produces PV system with high MPPT accuracy, small output
ripple and fast transient responses which is an absolute requirement for PV application on ship.
2. NEURO-FUZZY MPPT ALGORITHM

The configuration of neuro-fuzzy MPPT algorithm is shown in Figure1. Neuro-fuzzy algorithm that used in this research is
consist of a fuzzy classifier that has function to determine the class, and 3 classes of ANN algorithm that have function to
generate Vmpp as reference voltage of PV modules (Vpv*). The class of MPPT is divided by sun irradiance and
temperature. Fuzzy classifier is fuzzy if-then system and has same principle with fuzzy control. Figure 2 shows membership
function of fuzzy classifier.
Figure 1 Configuration of Neuro-fuzzy MPPT Algorithm.
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(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 2 Membership Function of Fuzzy Classifier
(a) Temperature (b) Sun Irradiance (c) Output [11]
There are 2 inputs in fuzzy classifier, which are sun irradiance and temperature. Temperature is limited between 0C and
50C and divided into 3 classes, which are cold, warm and hot. Sun irradiance is limited between 0 and 1000 W/m2 and
also divided into 3 classes, which are cloudy, normal and sunny. The combination of those 2 input will be computed into 1
output. The output is also divided into 3 classes, and will be select the ANN class that work under certain temperature and
sun irradiance. The output of fuzzy classifier is determined by fuzzy rules that written in the Table 1.
Table 1 Fuzzy Rules [11]

Temperature
Sun Irradiance
Output
cold
cold
cold
warm
warm
warm
hot
hot
hot
cloudy
normal
sunny
cloudy
normal
sunny
cloudy
normal
sunny
Class 2
Class 3
Class 3
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Class 1
Class 1
Class 2
The ANN that used in this research is multi layered perceptron neural network (MLPNN). ANN has two inputs, , sun
irradiance and temperature. The output of ANN is reference voltage for PV modules. The reference voltage is voltage at
maximum power (Vmpp) at specific sun irradiance and temperature. ANN can determines Vmpp after getting training with
data that collected from test that connected PV modules to a variable resistor directly.
3. RESEARCH METHOD
The configuration of the system that proposed in this research is shown in Figure 3. In this system, PV modules convert sun
energy into electric energy. The voltage that produced by PV modules is regulated by KY converter. The reference voltage
from neuro-fuzzy MPPT block and actual PV voltage are computed by photovoltaic voltage control to generate duty cycle
for KY converter. Therefore, KY converter can regulate PV voltage to be same with reference voltage that generated by
neuro-fuzzy MPPT.
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DC-DC KY
Converter
Photovoltaic
Sun Irradiance
Temperature
Gate
Signal 1
Vpv
Vpv*
Photovoltaic
Voltage Control
Neuro-fuzzy
MPPT
Figure 3 Configuration of Proposed System.

3.1 PV Module
PV module that used in this research is based on KC200GT model. The parameters of this model at condition 1000 W/m2,
25C are shown in Table 2. One PV module can only supply 200 W at standard condition. Because the target is to supply 2
kW at standard condition, 10 PV modules connected in series are used in this research.
3.2 PV Voltage Control
PV voltage control has function to generate duty cycle of KY converter, so that KY converter can work to make PV
generates voltage that same with reference voltage that generated by MPPT. The configuration of PV voltage control is
shown on Figure 4.
Table 2 Parameters of KC200GT PV Model at 1000 W/m2, 25C.
Paramete
r
Impp
Value
Explanation
7.61 A
Vmpp
26.3 V
Pmax
Isc
Voc
Rp
Rs
Impp
200.14 W
8.21 A
32.9 V
415.405
0.221
7.61 A
Current at maximum
power
Voltage at maximum
power
Maximum power
Short circuit current
Open circuit current
Parallel resistance
Vmpp
26.3 V
Series resitance
Current at maximum
power
Voltage at maximum
power
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Figure 4 Configuration of PV Voltage Control.
3.3 KY Converter
KY converter is a DC-DC converter that has similar characteristic with boost converter, which is can boosting voltage. In
this research, KY converter is used to make PV voltage to be same with reference voltage that generated by MPPT block.
KY converter works following gate signal that generated by PV voltage control. The topology of this converter is shown in
Figure 5. The connection between duty cycle (D), input voltage (Vpv) and output voltage (VoKY) of KY converter can be
written as Eq. (1) below:
Figure 5 Topology of KY Converter [14]
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter is to show the effectiveness of proposed system through simulation results and analysis. The parameter that
being analyzed is MPPT accuracy, PV voltage control accuracy, matching efficiency and KY output voltage control
accuracy.
The configuration of the system that been tested is like in Fig. 3. Simulation time is 4 seconds. At first, the input condition
is set to 25C, 1000 W/m2. After 2 seconds, the input condition is changed to 25C, 600 W/m2. The result of Vpv* generated
by MPPT block is shown in Figure 6.
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Figure 6 Reference Voltage That Generated by MPPT.

From the data, the optimum voltage at 25C, 1000 W/m2 is 263 V and the optimum voltage at 25C, 600 W/m2 is 260.3 V.
The voltage reference value that generated by MPPT at 25C, 1000 W/m2 is 262.9 Volt and the voltage reference value that
generated by MPPT at 25C, 600 W/m2 is 260.6 V. The MPPT error and MPPT accuracy can be calculated as Eq. (2) and
Eq. (3):
The MPPT accuracy value is 99.962% at 25C, 1000 W/m2 and 99.885% at 25C, 600 W/m2. It shows that the neuro-fuzzy
based MPPT algorithm has very good accuracy at this condition.
The reference voltage that generated by MPPT block is calculated by PV voltage control block to generate gate signal for
KY converter that will force PV modules generate voltage at same value with Vpv*. The results of PV voltage and power
are shown in Figure 7 and Figure 8.
Figure 7 PV Voltage of System with KY Converter.
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Figure 8. PV Power of System with KY Converter.

The average value of PV output voltage is 266.1 V at 25C, 1000 W/m2 and 263.6 V at 25C, 600 W/m2. To measure PV
voltage control accuracy, the PV output voltage is compared with reference value from MPPT. The error and accuracy of PV
voltage control can be calculated as below:
The accuracy of PV voltage control is 98.783% at 25C, 1000 W/m2 and 98.849% at 25C, 600 W/m2. The accuracy of PV
voltage control is also shows a high accuracy control. The accuracy of MPPT and PV voltage control is very important in
generating PV maximum power because the power generated by PV is depend on the output voltage. More accurate MPPT
and PV voltage control will generate PV power that closer to its maximum power.
The other parameter that can be calculated to show the performance of PV system with MPPT is matching efficiency.
Matching efficiency is comparison between the power that generated by PV modules on complete system, with maximum
power that can generated by PV in the same condition. From Figure 8, the power generated by PV modules is 1996 W at
25C, 1000 W/m2 and 1181 W at 25C, 600 W/m2. The maximum power that can be generated by PV is 2001.4 W at 25C,
1000 W/m2 and 1183 W at 25C, 600 W/m2. The matching efficiency of the system can be calculated as below:
The matching efficiency of PV system is 99.73% at 25C, 1000 W/m2 and 99.831% at 25C, 600 W/m2. The matching
efficiency of PV system is also shows good performance. This is because the accuracy of MPPT and PV voltage control is
very high.
The outputs of PV modules are controlled by MPPT and PV voltage control. In the other hand, the output of KY converter
is controlled by utilizing the outputs of PV modules. The output voltage of KY converter should be keep at 350V. The
output voltage of KY converter is shown in Figure 9.
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Figure 9 KY Converter Output Voltage.

The voltage quality that can be analyzed from KY output voltage are voltage ripple and steady state time. Steady state time
is the time from zero voltage or previous voltage until reach steady state voltage. The steady state output voltage ripple of
KY converter is 10.4 V at 25C, 1000 W/m2 and 9 V at 25C, 600 W/m2. The steady state time from zero until reach steady
state voltage at 25C, 1000 W/m2 is 0.72 second, while the steady state time from the input changed to 25C, 600 W/m2
until reach steady state voltage is 0.58 second.
The average output voltage of KY converter is 349.6 V at 25C, 1000 W/m2 and 349.2 V at 25C, 600 W/m2, while the KY
output voltage control accuracy is 99.886% at 25C, 1000 W/m2 and 99.771% at 25C, 600 W/m2.
5. CONCLUSION
Based on the results from simulation, it can be concluded that the neuro-fuzzy MPPT algorithm can generate voltage
reference with high accuracy. The accuracy in all testing conditions, are all above 99%. The PV voltage control, matching
efficiency and output voltage control accuracy show high value both in system with KY converter and system with boost
converter. All of those parameter values are above 90% in all testing condition. The output voltage ripple generated by the
system is considerably small, with only 3.8% to its rated voltage. The steady state voltage can be obtained with only around
0.7 seconds since the system is started which is relatively fast. Its high accuracy, small voltage ripple and fast response
proof that this system is suitable for moving vehicle application.
Acknowledgement
This material is based on work supported by PNBP ITS 2015 as a part of beginner research program grant obtained by Mr.
Adi Kurniawan.
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IPASJ International Journal of Computer Science (IIJCS)

Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJCS/IIJCS.htm

A Publisher for Research Motivation ........

Volume 4, Issue 10, October 2016