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8.8
GOAL 1
y =
rx
GOAL 2
where a, c, and r are all positive constants. Functions of this form are called
logistic growth functions.
RE
FE
To solve real-life
problems, such as modeling
the height of a sunflower
in Example 5.
AL LI
EXAMPLE 1
Evaluate (x) =
for each value of x.
2x
a. (3)
b. (0)
c. (2)
d. (4)
SOLUTION
100
a. (3) =
0.0275
1 + 9e2(3)
100
100
b. (0) =
= = 10
10
1 + 9e2(0)
100
c. (2) =
85.8
1 + 9e2(2)
100
d. (4) =
99.7
1 + 9e2(4)
ACTIVITY
Developing
Concepts
Use a graphing calculator to graph each of the following. Then describe the
basic shape of the graph of a logistic growth function.
1
a. y =
1 + e x
10
b. y =
1 + 5e2x
function y =
has y = c as an upper bound.
rx
Logistic growth functions are used to model real-life
quantities whose growth levels off because the rate of
growth changesfrom an increasing growth rate to a
decreasing growth rate.
5
c. y =
1 + 10e2x
yc
increasing
growth
rate
decreasing
growth
rate
x
517
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c
1 + ae
The graph of y =
has the following characteristics:
rx
The y-intercept is
.
1+a
The domain is all real numbers, and the range is 0 < y < c.
The graph is increasing from left to right. To the left of its point of
ln a c
EXAMPLE 2
6
1 + 2e
Graph y =
.
0.5x
SOLUTION
y6
ln0.52 62
EXAMPLE 3
INT
STUDENT HELP
NE
ER T
6
1 2e0.5 x
50
1 + 10e
Solve
= 40.
3x
HOMEWORK HELP
SOLUTION
50
= 40
1 + 10e3x
50 = 40 + 400e3x
10 = 400e3x
ln 0.025 = 3x
1
3
ln 0.025 = x
1.23 x
50 = (1 + 10e3x)(40)
0.025 = e3x
518
y
(1.4, 3)
(0, 2)
1
Page 1 of 2
GOAL 2
Logistic growth functions are often more useful as models than exponential growth
functions because they account for constraints placed on the growth. An example is a
bacteria culture allowed to grow under initially ideal conditions, followed by less
favorable conditions that inhibit growth.
RE
FE
L
AL I
Biology
EXAMPLE 4
A colony of the bacteria B. dendroides is growing in a petri dish. The colonys area A
(in square centimeters) can be modeled by
49.9
1 + 134e
A =
1.96t
where t is the elapsed time in days. Graph the function and describe what it tells you
about the growth of the bacteria colony.
SOLUTION
Bacteria Growth
49.9
1 + 134e
A 49.9
Area (cm 2)
A =
0.37 cm2.
1.96(0)
40
RE
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L
AL I
EXAMPLE 5
49.9
1 134e1.96 t
(2.5, 25)
20
0
A
(0, 0.37)
10
Time (days)
You planted a sunflower seedling and kept track of its height h (in centimeters)
over time t (in weeks). Find a model that gives h as a function of t.
Botany
18
33
56
90
130
170 203
10
225
239
247
251
SOLUTION
STUDENT HELP
NE
ER T
KEYSTROKE HELP
X=5
Y=170.21
256
1 + 13e
h =
0.65 t
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GUIDED PRACTICE
Vocabulary Check
c
1. What is the name of a function having the form y =
where c, a, and r
1 + aerx
Concept Check
Skill Check
8
3. What is the significance of the point (ln 3, 4) on the graph of (x) =
?
1 + 3ex
12
1 + 5e
5. (2)
1
7.
2
6. (5)
8. (10)
5
9. (x) =
1 + 4e2.5x
8
10. (x) =
1 + 3e0.4x
2
11. (x) =
1 + 4e0.25x
30
13.
= 10
1 + 4ex
12.5
14.
=9
1 + 7e0.2x
18
= 10
12.
1 + 2e2x
PLANTING SEEDS You planted a seedling and kept track of its height h (in
15.
centimeters) over time t (in weeks). Use the data in the table to find a model
that gives h as a function of t.
t
12
26
39
51
88
94
103
112
Extra Practice
to help you master
skills is on p. 952.
7
1 + 3e
17. (3)
20. (0)
3
21.
4
18. (1)
19. (6)
22. (2.2)
23. (0.9)
STUDENT HELP
HOMEWORK HELP
Example 1:
Example 2:
Example 3:
Example 4:
Example 5:
520
Exs. 1623
Exs. 2435
Exs. 3644
Exs. 4549
Exs. 50, 51
4
24. (x) =
1 + 2e3x
A.
3
25. (x) =
1 + 2e4x
B.
2
26. (x) =
1 + 3e4x
C.
2
1
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1
27. y =
1 + 6ex
2
28. y =
1 + 0.4e0.3x
5
29. y =
1 + e10x
4
30. y =
1 + 0.08e2.1x
4
31. y =
1 + 3e3x
3
32. y =
1 + 3e8x
8
33. y =
1 + e1.02 x
10
34. y =
1 + 6e0.5x
6
35. y =
1 + 0.8e2x
10
37.
=9
1 + 2e4x
3
38.
=1
1 + 18ex
28
39.
= 20
1 + 13e2x
82
40.
= 68
1 + 50ex
36
41.
= 30
1 + 7e10x
41
42.
=7
1 + 14.9e6x
9
3
43.
=
0.2x
4
1 + 5e
40
44.
= 6.4
1 + 2.5e0.4x
The number of households in the United States that own VCRs has shown logistic
growth from 1980 through 1999. The number H (in millions) of households can be
modeled by the equation
91.86
H =
0.4t
1 + 22.96e
where t is the number of years since 1980. Source: Veronis, Suhler & Associates
45. In what year were there approximately 86 million households with VCRs?
46. Graph the model. In what year did the growth rate for the number of households
FOCUS ON
APPLICATIONS
G =
0.121t
where t is the number of years since 1970. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census
48. In what year was the GDP approximately $5000 billion?
49. Graph the model. When did the GDP reach its point of maximum growth?
In biology class, you observed the biomass of a yeast population over a period of
time. The table gives the yeast mass y (in grams) after t hours.
RE
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AL I
ECONOMICS
Gross domestic
product, the focus of Exs. 48
and 49, is the value of all
goods and services
produced within a country
during a given period.
9.6
18.3
29.0
47.2
71.1
9
441.0
a graphing calculator.
8.8 Logistic Growth Functions
521
Page 1 of 2
Test
Preparation
52.
INT
5.3
10
7.2
20
9.6
30
12.9
40
17.0
50
23.2
60
31.4
70
39.8
b. Use the models from part (a) to find the year when the
STUDENT HELP
NE
ER T
DATA UPDATE
Challenge
c
1 + ae
c
2
y =
reaches its point of maximum growth where y = .
rx
ln a
r
MIXED REVIEW
WRITING EQUATIONS The variables x and y vary directly. Write an equation
that relates the variables. (Review 2.4 for 9.1)
54. x = 4, y = 36
55. x = 5, y = 10
56. x = 2, y = 13
57. x = 40, y = 5
59. x = 1, y = 0.2
QUIZ 3
Write a power function of the form y = ax b whose graph passes through the
given points. (Lesson 8.7)
4. (2, 28), (8, 192)
7.
after t days. Graph the model and tell when the point of maximum growth in
infections is reached. (Lesson 8.8)
522