Prof. S.

Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters

[4- 1]

Forward and Flyback

(Converters with isolation)
4.1 Transfer of DC current via transformer
4.2 Forward
4.2.1 Voltage transfer function
4.2.2 Magnetization inductance problem
4.2.3 Transformer reset
4.2.4 Reset of forward
4.3 Coupled inductors
4.4 Flyback
4.4.1 Voltage transfer function
4.4.2 Flyback with multiple outputs
4.4.3 Characteristics of Flyback

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters

[4- 2]

Is transfer of DC current possible?

Vin

1:n
S1

Vo
S2

Io

RL

s1
s2
Io

Vin n
RL
t

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters

[4- 3]

Replacing S2 by a Diode
S1

1:n

Vo

Vin

RL

Io

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters

[4- 4]

Forward Converter
L

1:n

Vin

D1

IL
D2

Vo

IC

Forward :
z T is a transformer
z Output section: Buck
z Buck derived

IR

C
R

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters

[4- 5]

Voltage transfer function

1:n D1

Vin

V2

VX

Vo

IL
D2

IC

ON

ON

IR

C
R

V2

Ts

Vin n

t
VX

V2 VD1

At steady state, over one switching cycle:

VL = 0;

S + (nVin Vo ) t on ;
S ( Vo ) t off ;

S+ + S = 0

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters

Vo
= nDon
Vin

[4- 6]

Magnetization Inductance Problem

1:n

Vin
Lm
S

ideal

VLm
Vin

t
?

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters

[4- 7]

Transformer Reset
VL Vin

Vin
Lm

ton
Vin

VL

Vreset

toff

ton

t
( Vreset Vin )

VinDon = ( Vreset Vin )Doff

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters

[4- 8]

Applying a Reset Winding

Vin

n1

ON

n2

OFF

IL
Vin

n
Vreset 3

Reset Requirements

Lm1

Vreset

V
V
Doff reset in Don
n3
n1

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters

[4- 9]

Applying same source

Vin

n2

n1

n
Vreset 3

n3 Don
<
n1 Doff

Vin
V
Doff > in Don
n3
n1

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters

[4- 10]

Assignment
Vin

n1

n2

n3
Vreset

Given: 0.1<Don<0.7
What will be the voltage stress on S?

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters

[4- 11]

Reset of Forward
D1
Vin
D3

n1
n2

n3
S

L
IL

D2

IR

C
R

IC

Calculation of n3
z

Calculation can be done by looking

at any of the windings n1, n2, n3

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters

[4- 12]

Fundamental requirement:
Vn1

L m n1

S1

n2

ton

Vin
toff

S2

ILm

n3

v winding = o
z

Example: Looking at n1

S1=S2

n1
n3

Vin

t
Vn1
S1

Vin
toff

ton S
2

ILm
t

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters

[4- 13]

VT
Vn1

S1

Vin
toff

ton

S2

ILm

Vn1
S1

S1=S2

n1
n3

Vin

VinDoff

n1
VinDon
n3

n3 n1

Doff
Don

n3 n1

Doff
1 Doff

Vin
toff

ton S
2

ILm
t

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters

[4- 14]

VT
Voltage on switch when off

Vs = Vin +

n1
Vin
n3

Vs = Vin [1 +

Don max
1 Don max

Vn1

Vin

Doff

Don

Vin

t
n1
n3

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters

I1
Vin

Reset winding

I2

D1

n1

D3

IL
D2

n2

n=

n3
S

[4- 15]

IR

C
R

IC

n1
n2

Switch Current
I2
Ipk
ton

toff

TS
n Ipk

I1

primary current is a reflection

of I2 plus Im

n2 Ipk t
off

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters

[4- 16]

Taking into account Lm

I2
Vin
D3

ILm

n1
Lm

D1
n2

n3
S

L
C
D2

ILm
R

t
I2n
t
IS

I2n+ILm
t

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters

[4- 17]

Reset Current
Don
n1
=
n3 1 Don

Vreset = Vin

Don
n1
= Vin
n3
1 Don
In3

Question 1: How does In3 look ?

Ipk?
toff
TS

Question 2: If Dmax=0.3
2.1 Calculate n1/n3
2.2 Find maximum voltage on switch

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters

[4- 18]

Coupled inductor
n1

L1

L1
L2
n2

L2
L1 n1
=
L 2 n2

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters

[4- 19]

Current in a Winding CAN be Interrupted !

S1
t
S2
t

S1

S2

1:1

I1

V1

I2

V2

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters

[4- 20]

Energy stored in core

(not in wires)

S1

t
S2

V1

S1

1:1

I1

t
I1

I2

Ipk 1

V1
L

Ipk 2

tS
V2
L

tS

10

At transition

Ipk1 = Ipk 2
N1 Ipk1 = N2 Ipk 2

S2
I2

V2

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters

[4- 21]

Coupled windings
S1
V1

I1

S2

1:n

S1

I2

V2

Problem: Leakage inductance

(will be discussed later)

I1

Ipk1 1 = Ipk 2 n
Ipk1 =

S2

tS

I2

Ipk 2

Ipk 1

V1
L

t
Ipk 2

tS

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters

[4- 22]

Diode replace a switch

V10 = n V1

1
V20 = V2
n
(negative voltage)

1:n

V1

S1
V1

V1

S2
V10

V2

1:n
V2

V20
S1

11

V2
n2L

1:n

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters

[4- 23]

Buck Boost
D

S
Vin

Vo
C

Polarity Reversal
VinDon + VoDoff = 0
Vo
D
= on
Vin
Doff

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters

[4- 24]

Flyback
D

S
Vin

S
Vin

12

Vo
C

Buck Boost

Vo Isolated Back-Boost
C

Flyback

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters

[4- 25]

Flyback converter
D1

1:n

Vin

Vo
R

1:n

Vin

Vo
C

Vin

nVin

ton

1:n
Vo
n

Vo
C

toff

S
Vin

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters

Vo
n

[4- 26]

Voltage transfer function

The average voltage method
1:n

Vin

D1
C

V1
S

Vo
R

Voltage across primary

V1 -V
in
ton
Ts

Vo
t off
n
V
= o Doff
n

Vin t on =
Vin Don

13

Vo
D
= n on
Vin
Doff

toff

t
Vo
n

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters

[4- 27]

Voltage transfer function

The I method
n1

Vin

D1

n2

L1

I2 C

Vo

ton

L2

I1

I1

n1I1 = n2 I2

n2
I2
n1

n1

Ts

I1
t

I1

V
Vin
t on = n2 o t off ;
L1
L2

n2 n1 Vo Don
=

n1 n2 Vin Doff

n2 L1 Vo t on Don
=
=
n1 L 2 Vin t off Doff

Vo n2 Don
=
Vin n1 Doff

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters

[4- 28]

Flyback with multiple outputs

Vin

D1
n1 C1

D2
n2 C2
S

14

Vo1
R1

Vo2
R2

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters

[4- 29]

Flyback
ton
Vin

toff

n1

Vo1
C1

Vin

n1

Vo1
C1

R1
n2

n2
C2

Vo2

C2

R2

R1

Vo2
R2

n1Vo1 = n2 Vo2

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters

Characteristics of Flyback
z
z
z
z

15

Isolation
Step-up or Step-down
Discontinuous current at input and
output (Buck-Boost Derived)
Multiple outputs (economical)

[4- 30]

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters

[4- 31]

Exercise
10meg
R4
D1

out

Dbreak
L1
{L1}

V1
{Vin}

L2

out_gnd

drain

0
V1 = 0
V2 = 15
TD = 0
TR = 0.01u
TF = 0.01u
PW = 10u
PER = 20u

z
z

16

gate
V2

K K1
K_Linear
COUPLING = 1
L1 = l1
L2 = l2

S1
+
-

C1

{L1*(n*n)}

Sbreak

220u
IC = 6

RL
{Load}

PA RA M E T E RS :
n = 0.5
Vin = 12
L1 = 300u
Load = 10

Find by simulation Llkg and Lm of the magnetic body if k=.9

Calculate Ap of magnetic element