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Excess air
Deficient air
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< 10
1900
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form a three- to three-phase bank consisting only of two single-phase transformers. At the same time it is also possible, by giving each transformer a
single secondary winding, to form a three- to two-phase bank. These secondary
windings are represented in the diagram by the lines a1 a2 and b1 b2 .
The simplest form of Scott group utilises two single-phase transformers
having primary turns in the ratio AS to BC. Both have the same number of
secondary turns dictated by the required secondary phase voltage. The primary
of the transformer having the larger number of turns, i.e. equivalent to BC,
also has its primary winding centre tapped and the connection brought out for
connection to one primary pole of the other transformer.
The first transformer is known as the main transformer and the other
is known as the teaser, and the ratio of primary turns on teaser to main
transformer can be deduced from an examination of Figure 7.32. ABC is an
equilateral triangle
p for which the ratio of the length of perpendicular AS to side
AB is equal to 3/2:1, i.e. 0.866:1. Each secondary winding is simply a singlephase winding, and the voltage across it and the current in it are precisely as
would be expected for any single-phase transformer. On the three-phase side,
if the line voltage is V, then:
voltage across main transformer D V
and voltage across teaser transformer D 0.866 V
1000 kVA
p
3V
1000 kVA
p
current in teaser transformer
3V
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of the same output, but on the three-phase side the winding of the main transformer is increased in size by 15.5% above what would be required in a
single-phase transformer of the same output. Assuming that the primary and
secondary windings of an ordinary single-phase transformer each occupies
about the same space, then, for a Scott-connected group, the main transformer
will need to be about 7.75% larger than a single-phase transformer providing
the same output, but the teaser transformer size will not be increased.
Figure 7.33 shows the arrangement of windings and connections for the
Scott group for which the neutral point on the three-phase side is brought out
for connection to earth if required. As will be apparent from examination of
the geometry of the equilateral triangle ABC of Figure 7.32, the position of
the neutral divides the primary winding turns of the teaser transformer in the
ratio of 2:1.
Interchangeable groups
When the Scott connection was in common use it was often considered inconvenient that the pair of transformers constituting the Scott group were not
interchangeable and because the cost of making them so was quite modest,
this was commonly done. It is only necessary to provide each primary winding
with the full number of turns with the centre point of each brought out to an
external terminal. Each primary must then have a tapping brought out at 86.6%
of the total turns, and, if a neutral connection is required, a tapping must be
brought out at the appropriate position on each primary for this purpose. A
diagram of connections for such a group is shown in Figure 7.34. Although
it might appear that a large number of connections are required, it should be
remembered that these transformers would normally only be used at 415 V or
lower and with ratings of only a few kVA, so that the size of the leads and
terminals, and consequently their cost, will not be great.
Three-phase to single-phase
In Figure 7.35 the current distribution in a Scott group is shown for three
different conditions. Figure 7.35(a) shows the current distribution when the
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The phase relationship between the winding sections a and c which comprise
one phase of the two-phase output is 120 apart so that each section a and c must
have 57.7% of the number of turns required to develop the specified
phase
p
voltage a1 a2 . Further, the winding sections a and c must have 3 times the
number of turns of winding sections a0 and c0 , resulting in winding sections a0
and c0 having 33.3% of the number of turns corresponding to the phase voltage
b1 b2 . It follows that winding section b must have 66.6% of the number of turns
corresponding to the phase voltage b1 b2 . These fixed relationships of number
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of turns between the winding sections a, a0 , b, c and c0 follow from the basic
voltage phasor diagram.
When transforming from a three-phase HV supply to an LV two-phase
output quite definite limitations are therefore imposed upon the design of
the secondary winding of a Le Blanc-connected transformer due to the fact
that only whole numbers can be employed for the winding turns, while at the
same time certain fixed ratios of turns must be maintained between sections of
windings. These conditions are accentuated by an LV winding having comparatively few turns. In addition to these considerations of voltages of the various
sections of the two-phase side, the ampere-turns of each phase of the primary
winding are balanced by the phasor sum of the ampere-turns of the components
of the secondary windings of the two-phase winding on the same phase.
The Le Blanc connection can be arranged for either two-phase three-wire
or four-wire output windings, and will transform from three- to two-phase
or vice versa with the three-phase side connected in either star or delta. The
former is invariably employed for three-phase LV secondary windings and the
latter for HV three-phase primary windings.
When supplying a balanced three-phase load from a star-connected
secondary the regulation of the Le Blanc transformer will be comparable with
that of a three-phase star/star-connected transformer and if it is required to load
the transformer windings between line and neutral, and so cause appreciable
unbalanced loading, a tertiary delta-connected winding should be provided.
The phasor and winding diagrams shown in Figure 7.38 illustrate the modification necessary to the two-phase side of a Le Blanc transformer when the
mid-points are required to be available on the two-phase winding. Compared
with the arrangement of the windings of Figure 7.37 it will be seen that each
winding section a, a0 , b, c and c0 of the diagram is subdivided into halves and
interconnected to provide the mid-points at a2 and b2 of Figure 7.38.
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