IsThereADifferenceUnitPortfolio

Part1:UnitSummary

Beautifulexamples(Yourassignmentworkhere!)

AmazingNarratives
Buildingtheconceptofsample,population,
hypothesis,nullhypothesisandsamplefluctuation.
Whensomeonewantst omakeaconclusion
aboutagroup,itissometimesnecessaryt ot ake
asmallersampleoft hegroup.Toobtaina
propersampleoneshouldt akearandom
distributionf romt heentirepopulationoft he
group.Thepersoncanmakeobservationson
thatsample,butinordert omakeaconclusion
theymustt akeanothersampleandt estan
educatedguess.Eithert hatpersonshypothesis
provescorrect,ort heirnullhypothesist he
lackofahypothesist hatpredictsnochange.
However,evenift het estedsamplewast akenat
random,t hereisachancet hepersonsresults
willbeslightlyoff.Anevendistributionis
differentf romanormaldistribution,and
differentsampleswillv ary.

TheConceptofStandardDeviationandNormal
Distribution
Normaldistributionisdifferentf romeven
distribution.Forexample,ifonef lipsacoin,t he
coincouldlandonheads,t ails,orv eryrarely
onitsedge.Withaf aircoin,headsandt ails
areofequalprobability,butsideismuch,much
less.Anevendistributionwouldputallt hree
resultsata1in3chanceofhappening.Ona
graph,t hecurvewouldbealine,andt hearea
undert helinewouldbeequalf oreachv alue.
Anormaldistributionisdifferent:Itplaces
68percentoft heareaundert hecurvewithin
onestandarddeviationt hesquarerootof(the
averageof(thesquareof(thedifferencebetween
themeanandeachv alue)))oft hemean,and
95percentwithint wostandarddeviationsoft he
mean.Ifav aluef allsbeyondt wostandard
deviations,ithasav erylowprobabilityof
happeningwithoutt hehypothesisbeingt rue.
2 andhowitcanbeusedtomeasureweirdness
Anotherwayt ocalculatesocalled
weirdnessisbyperformingwhatisk nownas
achisquaret est.Tocalculateav alue,onemust
squaret hedifferenceofeachexpectedand
observedv alue,anddividet hisnumberbyt he
expectedv alue.Thesumofeachoft heseist he
chisquarev alue,whichliesonat abledisplaying
theprobabilityofgettingt hatv aluewhent he
nullhypothesisholds.
Thispaperincludesseveralproblems
regardingt heprobabilityofcoinf lips.Outoft he
givenobservedv alues,Ihadt ocalculatet he
expectedv aluesbasedont het otal,andf rom
theret hechisquarev alues.

Proportionalreasoningtodetermineexpectedvalues
inatwopopulationcase
Ift wopopulationsaredifferent,suchast he
amountofbabiest reatedbyonedoctorv ersus
allotherdoctorsatt hehospital,t hechisquare
teststillworks.Event hought henumeratorsf or
eachpopulationmaybedrasticallydifferent,t he
denominatorswillbeproportionallydifferent,
becauset heyt ooarebasedont hesamplesize.
Tocalculatet heexpectednumberof
underweightbabiesdeliveredbyacertaindoctor,
Isetuparatiooftheunknownnumberdivided
byt het otalbabiest hatdoctordeliveredt othe
totalnumberofunderweightbabies.From
thereIsolvedf orxandy.
Howtoapply2 toatwopopulationproblem
Tocalculatet hechisquarev alue,onemust
firstcalculatet heexpectedv alue.Int hecaseof
thef elineleukemiaproblem,t het otalsweresuch
thatcalculatingt heratiowaseasy.Togeta
givenv alue,t heratiosmustmatchup,likea
magicsquareproblem.
Aftereachexpectedv alueisaccountedf or,
onemustsubtracteachobservedv alue,square
thatv alue,anddividet heresultbyt heexpected.
Thesumoft heresultswillbet hechisquare
value.Itworksj ustt hesameaswitht hesame
populationsize.

The End


Part2:Puttingitalltogether

Howdoyoudeterminewhethert hereisdifference,statistically,betweent wosamplesf romt wo

populations?Putanotherwayhowdoyouk nowt hatt hedifferenceisntj ustsamplef luctuation?
AnonymousVisitor

Howwouldyourespond?
Thef irstt hingonecouldcheckiswheret hev aluef allsont henormaldistributioncurve.There
isa68percentchanceav aluewillf allwithinonestandarddeviationoft hemean,anda95percent
chanceitwillf allwithint wodeviations.
Inaddition,t hereist hechisquaret est.Tocalculatet hechisquarev alue,onemustf irst
calculateeachexpectedv alue.Togetagivenv alue,t heratiosmustmatchupf orallt otals.
Aftereachexpectedv alueisaccountedf or,onemustsubtracteachobservedv alue,squaret hat
value,anddividet heresultbyt heexpected.Thesumoft heresultswillbet hechisquarev alue,and
thesizeoft hev aluedetermineshowlikelyt henullhypothesisist ruef ort hatv alue.