BOLUM CHAPTER oi ~ BULAK MATBAASI ® THE BULAQ PRESS TURGUT KUT“Mehmed Ali Pgs 1805'e Mose valine gtieiteen sonra sy asker, zat ve tid slnlards reform reketlerne gg. Gethin sobbed eit ve ogre yapacak vzmanlan Atropalda, bart tekaik eemanian da ‘senbulan gti. Asker! ara ve dents oll yams sua tp, veterner, zit, bando, ecrcik,ssthendik ve dil ohllan ago. Bitgeden par ayracak Avruptlan ve Istanbalan kitaple satin aldids, Tec hey 1 kducrak Bat dillerinden genellle fen tala Arps, asker we denizcilikktaplaan da Tiskgeye evira; Bau kiknin Mar yeregmesi’ salamaya Gals, 1813-1848 yllanarasindatasl ign deg Avew- po ulksleine gbnderig 339 talebe icine matbacs ‘grenmeye dene de vard ‘Misra ik matbaslas,1587%e Gershon b, Eliezer Son- cing ile 1740" daha dnceleriistanbulda matbaaehk ‘yapan Abraham b, Moses Yatom tarafindan Kahirelde kur rulmatu. Yam yi alan bir site sonea da Napolyon Bonapartn Mis sefeisasinda (1798-1802), bie Jean- Joseph Macceltrafindan Haziran 1798%e Iskenderiyede (lonprimerie Oriental t Francaise), deri Marc Aare ta ‘afindan Agustos 1798e Kahite'é (Imprimerie de Mare ‘When Mehmed ALi Pasha became governor of ype 1805, helunche politica, mtr rc and cconanc reforms He brought spec frm Brey, aswel asec experts from tabu, o provide i straconn various set lds Bees itary and al schoals he pened schoofor meng ternary mene, are pharmacy, engineering and lane wages He purchased book fom Europe and lab nd established comics to ransae etife works from Western languages inte Arai as ella tary cod maritime manuals into Tih Hl goal was fo Introduce Waste ele ito Fxypt. Between 1813 sd 1848, 339 Fyn students ave difent Buropean cours or duction, incu some who sooo earn about printing Egypt’ caret printing preses were fowded ts 1887 by Gershon b.liezerSoncino ann 1740 by Abraham Mass Yaton, who had formely worked as a printer fn Istanbul. During Napoleon Bonaparte Eayption Campaign (1798-1802), v0 printing presse were established: the Imprimerie Oventle et Fagaise in Alesandria by Jean-fseph Marea in Jane 1798 adthe primer de Mare Aurel in Caio by Mare ure sn August 1798. Dedaratons printed withthe Arabic type sized by Napaleon in Rome were distributed to the pub, anda ook ted Alphabet Are, Tk et Pera Usage de Vnprimerie Orit Fro ‘aie (An VI/1798) as published in Acca “The printing pres in Alesendia moved t9 Cairn itor 1798; it as named bmprimere Nationale sn January 1799. AL his pres in Cairo, Mare Aurel published a newspaper, Corie Egypte (116 us), and ree issues of magazin, La Dacade Egyptinne ‘Then oe books on various subjects in Arabic Tk fay Brock, ad Halon were produced by these to piss is debatable whether a newspaper Teil hich he Bench wanted to publi, was ver printed ‘Wh the French ef Egypt 1801, they tok al the pment fr the prntng press, which housed o- day the Inprimere Nationale in Pari “The printing pres held special place in Mehmed Al Pasha’ reform forts. Before establishing @ press én 815, he sent four students o Milan withthe Syrian Nikola Masabalt to lear printing, typecasting, and se Ee Aurel) olmak Gere iki matbaa kurulds,Iskendoiy'd, ‘apolyon Bonaparts Romaldan el koyup getinigt Arap- a hori, halka dagislan beyanndmeler we ik dofa Alphabet Arabe, Turk et Pesan, a Usage de Wimprimeie Ovientle ct Prangase (An VI/ 1798) ada kitap basi Iskenderiyedeki matbaa Bkim 1798%de Kahire'yetapna- sak Ocak 1799 Imprimerie Nationale adn ald. Mare ‘Aurel de Kahire'e ken matbaasinda Courier de Egypte gazatesyle (116 say) La Decade Fgyptione adh dexg- in iki says bast. Bu iki matbaada geyit komulada -Arapy Tithe, Fransaca ve Italyanca olarak bs ki taplann ancak yimi bie anes blinmektedit Pransizar'sn mahrise™ (Recimer Mie Nihal [1263)); “Deritbdas -Meariyye (Ira Diva ile Bu Defa..[1270]) and "Matbaai Senyye Mecbua” (Sie Saft I-Mu _Acapgs dn kapuklannds basa tri oral sadsce yl ve sles bibigografya ve kaynaklann gicipin yphel hale getiemektedte Ote yandan Bulk Matbaasnda ik buslan Arapg ve Thee kitaplarin htinelerndeki hci sy vey hesaba katlipincsleniginds Siniride Mehmed Allah Eendtnin 1806s Franstecsidan evi Pras ya Krai I. Frederick genealerineaskeri bi iat clan ve Vsdyndme-Seeriye adil biline ktap(Siley- smaniye Ktp, Hite Pa, ne. 805), 1238 Rebiilevvelinin sonunda (1822 Arabk ortas) Bula baslan ik ktap clarakortaya kmaktadr Bs aad Kanne Aird Piyadgins Cie (Wks, 1238 Rec ortaln/Mart 1823 oxtalan), Kit land tiga arr (Acapy 12 “Zilkade 1238/21 Temmut 1823) gibi kitapla da matbaa sun kurulduge ylda baslan ik eserlrdi Itayaidan gotinlen Arapea burutat matbaada bastlan le Iktaplarda Kullanulds; ancak pek fazla begenilmedigin den Senglth eLirisitilik, irk hattatlanndan Abdulla ‘idl Bfend ce nesh harfesn kaliplanon yenen yop ‘u. Bu kaiplaedan dékslen hale 1241'den (1825) sonra allandenaya basland Bolak Matbaastmin islert giderek yogunlaynca 1829 Agustosunda matbaa tersanenin yakinlannda baska bir yeretagndi ve 1831 Fransaldan bos yeni bask makinest ssmarlandh, Arta htiyaclar dlayssyl 1833'te matbaanin yakimundaké gimrikbinas da bu tesislere kath, 100 yi yakan bie sie ayos yerde Kalan matbaanin 1946%akulla- ‘um saat 10.549 mye kan, Bulak bass Kitaplann hitinelerinde matbaa adi ol rok “Blak Mathan” iadest kali (Balak Mat 4s Satis Katalgu’nda [1260]) gibi “Dartubia” (kap itibesinde ve Vespinuime-i Seferiyyde), “Matbaai Abi saide’ (Karis abyanive rae (1248) “DS. nivtabati-mamace” (Sier Vd (1245), “Mathaa ‘i Bulak”(Ravzatiebrdrda [1247]),"Mathaaticbi? (Gores Din Hac este [1250]), "Divan Indivine” (Serhi‘bydtta [1281]), “Divito mire” (Tatindme'de [1254]), "Dirfttbiat-bahire™ (Divina Vista [1287], “Matai Amite” (Bulak Mat Baas Saty Kataloguinds (1262)), *Matbaata. Mise smabise" (Tercines Mill & Niale (1263]), “Dieat- tubiatilMisiyye” (dt Diva ile Bu Def (1270), “MathsaiSeniyyet Mecbus" (Sled Saft Muhammed ‘Masta (1287) aan da kllan Faalyete gestgi yillada Bulak Matbaastnda kag kis rin galigos esin olavak bilinmemeltedit: Ancak G. B‘Brocelaldeki bir Rayda gSee Arak 1822'de mathaanin personel says on alts hiya, Bu sayimin 1825'te kak i= sive, 194-1845 pllanna aitbirmag stesinde 136 ise, ‘matbaznin en parlak dénemi olan 1848 ise 169 kiiye Lagu gorilmestedi, Mehmed Ali Pipa doneminde Nikola Masaki 1821 “1830, -Abdilherim 1830-1853, EDWLKSsim $ahid Geytnt 1833-1835, Abdallsh Fath Dagistini 1838 1840, Hiseyin Rath 1840-1848 lla aasnda matbsa ‘Mavlnda bulundu. Matbaads stara bagh olarak nae avin ayn ayn Aaa, Fraga, ‘Tikge sah ler ve miretiplr, bass usta, hata, cetvellee ve bak elemnlarda gals. Arapgs usable genlikle aber hocalan arasindan ssi. Bunlannbazlarina bat doko, mvetipi basa da jet ‘Torkge musahbihllk yapanlar arasinda AbdUlvehhab Dagistinl, Ahmed Efendi Kiskkimsevi, Mahmud Da- istini, Mehmed Efendi, mihendis Mehmed Mazhay, Nakgibendiyye seyhi Mehmed Marad, Maiizide Meh. med Necib, Mehmed ismet, Must Mest, Must Moray, Sidullah Said Amidi, Serif Mehmed ve Yalu fendi bulunmaktad Bulak Mathaasnda bir yandan ceil konularda itapar yayimlanirken bie yandan da iar! test her kademe ‘ign birgok timim,tilimat ve kamun bulteni bas Bolak'ta agan obullanihtiyaplanms karglamak amacyla ‘zaman zaman kigk gaph matbaalar da kurulda, Bunlan arasinda uzun meld olmayan ve gona tag bask (itografya) basi yapan el Kal’ 1822. Ebd Zebel Tip ‘Mektebi 1827, Tarra Topeu Mektebi (1831), Divand'l cihidiyye (1831), Divani'-mediris (1837%en sonra) vve Mihendishine (1834'ten sonra) en nemiilerdi Bau matbaalardan baska Mehmed Ali Paya Iskenderie’de Saray Rett Matbaasrin (1833) ve Girite Tikge Rumea Vekayi Giviiyye gazotsinibasan (1830 (2]) bir sata hurd, Divini-mediss'e hogs ola gkanlan Arapea-Thekge resmi Vekdyii Mariyye gazctesi de 28 Ceminiylevel 1244-28 Safer 1249 (3 Arak 1828 14 Temmuz 1833) ‘aber arasnda (538 sy) Bulak Matbvasnda bes ‘Bu gute daha sone eLKalda Ken adil aan mat buasya tapings; 1840 yh ortalarin kadar burada basin Vey Misryyetekear Balak Matbasnnda yayamlanmaya busland, Aynce Bulk Mathsssnda basin matemati, fri, kinya ve askerlkkitapl iin geek sek, sembo, pan, hasta ve dul jaretlerthanulayp batacak yates ‘hammed Mustafa [1287]). We do not know the esac numberof people whe worked a Bulag daring its early years, but according to om account by G,B. Bros, the press personel totaled site ir 1822. The number ose to forty in 1825, and, according to payrall records, it ached 136 n 1844-45, During a peak period in 1848, the umber jumped to 169, Under Mehmed Ali Pasha, the press administrators were Nikola Masabaki (1821-1830), Aberin (1830-1833), Ebil?Kanm Sahid Geylént (1833 1835), Abdallah Fath agin’ (1835-1840), ad Hiseyin Rab (1840-1848). Other personel inched an asisant adminisaor;typeseters and proopeaders for Arabi, Pesan, and Takis; master printers cligraphers and diferent erafsmen. Arabic proopeaders were chaser from teachers at ak-Azhar, some of whom were taught ypecastngtypeseting, and printing. Among the press Terk proareaders were Abdilvebhab Dagstdnt; Abmed Efendi Kukkinsert ‘Mahmud Dagstint; Mehmed Efendi; the exginer ‘Mehmed Mazhar; the Nayshbandi sith Melmed aad; Miftizde Melmed Neciby Melmed lanes Masta Mest Masta Moravt Sula Sad Amit Serf Mehmed; and Yalu Efend. Many books were printed at Bula, aswell asuerous iralrs, drives, and legal bullets forall level of ‘he administration In nde to meet the needs ofschols that opened in Bulag, small printing preses were setup ‘at various times. The most important among these were bsKal (1822), whi was shorted and mast did lithography; Bet Zebel Medial Schoo! (1827); Tana Arslry School (1831); Diadnieihddiye (1831); ivi emediris (ar 1837); and th Sco! of En- _sivecring (post 1834). Moreover, Mehmed ALi Pasha established the Santyt Resin resin Alexandria in 1833, as well asa press in Crete which sued the Tukish-Grek nenspaper Vay Girdye (18302) The ArabieTurkdh newspaper Vapi. Marys connctd with Divi Umeda as pried by the Bulag pres between 25 Cemaiyloiel 1244 and 25, Safer 1249 (3 Deer 1828 an 14 Jal 1833) Ths paper wes ater sed fro eal. i was pradused ‘here ntl i184 afer which 9a print bythe Bulag prs. Furthermore a subsiary Mhographic press a ct up to prepare igus, plans, maps and spacial symbols for mathemati, physic, chomistry,and military books. Biblgraphis of books printed at Bulag were prepared by Hamner ty 1832, Renaud in 1834, Bianchi in 1842, and other subsequently. Hau (Cheng- Hsiang’ 1985 doctoral thesis rconis that Bla) printed $26 hooks, wil other presses produced forty four (for atta of $70), ding the years 1238-1267 ‘AH (1822-1851). Of thse, 259 were in Turis 285 {n Arable and foarte in Person. The languages of the forty-two remaining books ar unkown. Ae distributing books printed tthe resto itary, aval, and other schools, Meloned Alt Pasha wanted to sell the remaining copies. Catalogues were published showing prices and the existing stock, Mohmed Al allowed books ob sald installments and gave de unt for bulk: purchases. Contractors who agred 19 _give a ten percent prof to the teary afer accounting for printing, typeseting paper ink and other costs were peritted to print books atthe pres. Am official sales enter forthe publications opened in 1857. ‘Their law regulating the pres was pase 13 July 1823 fer an Kalan named Biot who as aching a the engineering schoo, atoptd o publ poor opposed an, “La Religion des Peles Orient” Under aw, hich remained in foc nti 1 Janu sy 1859, Mehmed Alt Pasha pote the pring of books withow fil pension and those who rid face severe pst Ale page appeared forthe fs time in Dom Raph ls Halian-Avabiedstonary printed in 1822 at Bulag, and it remained the sole samplewtltheend of the nine teenth century. The name ofthe prs its xiinisator and proofreaders auth publication date were writen {in the colophon, signing the importance given fr cording bibliographic information Diving hisgovernorship Abbas aya (1848-185) id ot pay much attest to the Bulag pres. The umber af pssonnldappd to 108. Du to budget onitations onder Md Said Pasha (184-1863), the press print filly sanctioned textbooks oder by pri sate publhing hoes As a ret of a dsagrenent over wages betwen workers and the press eto Al (Cent Bey, Bulag was dosed on 19 August 186, ard the superintendent of rboays Abdurahman Rag By acquired th prs in Angus 1862 Afr assuring mangement ie mache et to wor with master printer Ando Mouris, who wasn Alesana set ‘eta basta matboas da kuru [Bulk baslos kitaplann bibliyogrfyalan 1832de Ham mes, 1834'te Reinsud, 1842%le Bianchi, daha sonra da Daslalan tarafindan dizenlendi, 1988te Hau Cheng Hisiang’n hanrladig bir doktora caligmasina gore 1238. 1267 (1822-1851) yillan arasinda Bolak Matbaastnda 526, der matbaalarda lark dOrtkitap olmak eere eoplam 570 kitabun basi tesbit edilmiste. Bu kitaplann 259's ‘Tikge, 2551 Arapga, on dérda Fara; ekki kitabin dibeliienememistr, Bolak Matbaasinda baslankitaplar asker! kara ve dena ‘okulla ie diger okulara daatlektan sonra geriye ka Janlannsatlmasint iteyen Mehmed Ali Pasa, matbaada Daslan Kitaplann fiyatlarin ve elde meveut nishalarm _gosteren kataloglar yapmlatgs gibi taste itp satin ve golesayida itp alanlra indir yapilmasi da saga, Aynea base, digg Riga, murekkep masralan ile diger massaflachesaplandiktan sonra mire onda bir kie ver meyi kabul eden saluslann yatinmes (miltezim) olarak ‘matbaada itp Bastrmalaeinaizin veriponlan destekled, ‘Matbu ktaplansatacak resmt bir sats morkezi de 1857de izmete a ‘Masai matbuatkanunu, Miendishine hocalanndan italyan ails Bilotnn slimiyetaleyhine yond “La Re- ligion des Peuples Orientax” adh sir bastematesebbiss ‘zerine 13 Temmuz 1823'e gikanl. I Ocak 18598 ka cla yrs kalan bu kanunla Mehmed Ali Paga end ‘inden nin almmadankitap basimasin yasaklad ve buna tesehbvis edeceblee de afr cezalar goed {kapokth df Bulak Matbaasinda 1822%ebaslan Dom RaphaelinHtalyanca~Arapga sclignde ortaya gk ve 2XIX.yzyn somuna kaa tek dene olarak kal. Mat ‘anism eli kere nts ve mosabhihles saan basianktaplarin basin yer yay gn gibi ib liyograi blir yazma ltap gelengine sai Kanarse bbokitaplann hitinelerinde ver “Mehmed AliPsqeinn son déneminde Mise valisolin Ab tas Pasa (1848-1854) Bulk Matbaastilefl glen Ipgsayn 108 py gn. Mehmed Said Pasa (1854 1363) vali swasinda ise tyenin yetersiiginden dol yt mathoa ancak rem evrakla Goel yayinvleinin sma Indy ders tapas bsssbildh. Matbaa Niza A Cevdet Bey ie igilerarasnda ret yidndengikan anlagmazhk sonueu val matbuay 19 Agustos 196 kapats ve 1862 Agsstorunda da demiyollan mites, AbdurrahmanRiigdt Bey’ devreti. Matbaanin mideligin dstenen, Abdurrahman Rigdi Bey, 0 stalaeda yeni bir matbaa kkurmak iginIskenderiyede bulunan bask ustast Antoine -Mouris ie bilgi yap Antoine Mounés' derhal Pars’ ginderip lasasirede yeni malzeme ve makine gett Matbaanin adi da Matbaa-i Abdurrahman Riga old. idivEsmail Papa neminge (1863-1879) mthaa Ab- dhrahman Rid Been satin snaak yeti idk dhiresine baGlands, Bagina Huseyin isnt Bend gti 1h, mabaanun adi Mataata Bulai-seniyye olarak de ‘inl. He alan bask makinelrinin yrine baba rmakinle,jyice bomuan huruft yerine de yniles satin alin, Avrupadan del olarak bash atlas geile. i taplann halite! siratle yokseldl Basti érmek kitspaea millederaras 1867 Pais (mls madalya) ve 1873 Viya na sengleine kt. Hidiv Mehmed Pasa dbneminde ise (1879-1892) matbaa 20 Hazan 1880‘ millegtilip ‘Mashaat Blah -imiriyy ads al ‘Masi’ gecindigisiyastdepiikiklerden sonra 13 Agustos 1956%a ethan bi kanunla resent matbaaae Szerklegt slice Bulak Mathaas/nin denetimi de bir heyete (el Hey'eti'l-amme liy-suun lets’ veri BIBLIVOGRAFYA Hammes, HEO, XVI, 409-414; G, B. Brocchi, Gior tale delle Osservasion! fate ne vag in Blo nella Sina e nella Nobis, Bassano 1641, IL 173; Charles Fab mond Egypt & Exposition Universe de 1867, Paris 18675, Dagstin}, Prisha Tsksyyet meee ‘itaihnes-Hidviyye, Kahie 1306/1888. 89; Joan Deny, Sommaire des Archives Tague du Care, Kahire 1930, 5122-123; HeywortDunne, Aluvodudion f0 the History of Education in Moder Egypt London. 1936; Ibrahim Abuub, rth bockiis.Mariye 1828-1942, Kahite 1946; Cemlleddin es-Seyyil Ta-iu'terseme ve hares scifyeftasn Muhamed As Kaite 1981; Eou'LFutah Ridin, Tru matbaats Bll Kaive 1983; Saaheddine Boutany. The Press Dur the Pench Ese tun Bp 1798-1801, Ciro 1954; al abst. rd tha fis-sarT Ara, Kohiee 1966; al. “eT at ‘Misi’ hamlet I-Ransyye 1798-18017 Melt KallyyetAdas, XXI/2, Kahive 1959, 61-100; aan, “Matha'ati Balik ahdihe'bewel, as, XXI1/2 (1960) s. 65995 asa, "Matha Baik 8 “abdibe's sin, ae. XXIV/1 (1962), 5.929; aml, “Matsa OHKEAP MEDAN ‘pa printing pres. Mouetstasled 1 Pars to obtain new material and equipment. Subsequently the press wae called Matbaai Abdurrahman Ri Daring Khtve land Pasha rude (1863-1879), the rs a purchased from Abdurahman Rig Bey and management linked tothe oie ofthe Khel Hip and fen wasp charge of the pres, andi wns named Matbaatiz Raley. Hand operated printing press were replace bys enip- thet, sh ype was poche to replace wornot mae. Master printers were rough special from urpe, andthe quality of publications roe rip Books pine at Bulag were aad a ver medlin arin 1867 and wore shite a an intemational ¢shibiton in Viena in 1873, Under Khave Mela Pasha (1879-1892) the press was nationalized (20 Jae 1880) and called Matbaati Baldr mire. ‘Afr Egyptian independence, cia printing press Became legally autonomous 13 August 1956, and persion ofthe Bulag prs was entre 0 aco sme, ey ei-oei et BIBLIOGRAPHY Haromer, HEO, XVI, 409-4145 G. B. Broa, Gior nal dle Oseracion’ fate nei vege’ in Egito ela Siriae nll Nubia, Basono 1841, 1173; Charles Edmond, Egypte & Exposition Universe de 1867, Paris 1867; DaQutint, Frist ‘Tirkiyet-meveide fUitabhnet Hidviye, Kea hire 1306/1888.89; Jan Dey, Sommaire des Archives “Targus Cir Kae 1930, 122-123; J Heywort ‘Dunn, An-intraduction to the History of Education in Modem Egypt, London 1938; lvthim Abdu, at LekdyEMriye 1828-1982, Kaine 1946; Comaleddin exSyyl. ‘Tteba'-terceme ve Uharcke- tissckafyye fas Muhanomed Al, Kahie 1981; lait Radin, Tahu matboai Blak, Kabie 1953; Salaheddine Bows. The Prass During the Frendh Expedition in Egypt 1798-1801, Cairo 19545 Hall Sahat. Tata fink Arab, Kahire 1966; ani eTibd' ai Misr le’ -hanet’ Fransyye 1798-1801", MecelltKilliyePAda, XXI/2, Kahire 1959, s 61-100; ani, “Matt Bula. “ahdincbewel’, ae, XXI/2 (1960). 65- 99) anf ‘Matha’ at Bild ft ahd esi’ ac XXIV/1 (1962), 5 9295 aml, Math’ ta Balak f“adhe ac. XXV/ 4 (1963), 571-194; Mu Famed Conder Sura, Kaine bier Mat’ ate ArabyetLmabfiza bear Kath hat sone 1862 m, Kahire 1383/1963; M. Seyfedn (Ozee sk Harel Basin Tre Bsr Katalog, Istanbul 1971-80. EV; Raphasl Posner Ta Shem, "The Hebrew Book, on Historia! Survey, Joss 1975, 101-102; Yin. Sfed ‘Arabi Printing and Book Production’, Arab lame Biography, London 197%, 221-234; Nasa eT, is mat bivau'eTikiyyes| L°Oumdnyytie Aeneid Di -Kisib-kavmiyye mine ingtiha om 1870 hata way dr 1969, Kare 198283, I, How (Cheng Hsiang The First Thiry Years of Avabic Printing in Fgypt 1238-1267 (1822-1851). A Bibliographical ‘Study with a Check bytes of Arabic Printed Works (doktor tes, Edinburgh 1988); J Reinaud “Dela Gazette Arab, Tague Imprimee on Egypt's JA. I/8 (1831), 5 238-243; aml, "Note des Onarages Are bes Persanes Tas Iris on Egypte’ a, 5 333- 344; A. Porn, “Lette su es Ecoles et imprimere du Pacha d'Egype ae, IV/2 (1843), 5 $23; TX. Bi dnc, "Catalogue Général des Lives Arabs, Persans “Tas Ingrid Boul en Bayt dps ntvoduction de Vimprimere dans ce Pay, ae, & 2461, 466; Bor is A. Dor “Catalogue des Ouarges Arabs, Persans Tres Pils & Constantinople, er Egypte een Pose quis trowent au Mase Asiatigue de TAcadéie’ Bul ein de Académie Imperiale des Sciences de Saint PE tershour, X, Saint Petesboug 1866, calunt 182-199 Complete colunn 168-213); ADbert Geis "Histoire le primer en Egypte’, BIE. V/ 1 (1947), 5 133- 157; aml, “Histoire de Imprimerie en Egype’ a, V/2(1908),s 195-220; RG, Cane, “Imprimerie de FEspediton dBgypt, ls Journaux et les Prot Veh de stitut (1798-1801) a2, V/3 (1908), § 122; |. Heyworth-Dunme, “Printing ond Translae ‘ion wrder Mahara Ali of Egypt JRAS (1940), 5 5325-349; RichandN, Verda, "The Puications ofthe Bulag Pres wuer Muhammad Ad of Feyp’s AOS, 91 (1971), 129-132; Bawet M. adr, “riting in the Arab World with Emphasis on the Bulag Pres n Bay, University of Qatar, Bult of the Faculty of Humanities and Socal Scenes, V;Katar 1402/1982, ‘5 61-77; Micha W. Albin “The Stra of the Bulag Press under Abbas and Said 1848-63)" Iterations Assocation of Oriental Lbrarious Bulletin, 3.3031, Michigan 1987, 11-17; Caio’ Ed V, 31-325 cin’ a, XV, 40-14. ‘Son DBilik &ahdihes-slis ae. XXV/ 1 (1963), 8. 71-194; Muhammed Cemileddin ey-Surbaci, Klime bien Matbu'atil’Arabiyyetmahfiza WDA'LKitd hata ene 1862m, Kahite 1383/1963; MSeyfeddin Ozege, Eki arfere Basing Tire Bserler Katalog istanbul 1971- 80, LV; Raphael Posner Ta-Shema, The Hebrew Book, «an isrical Survey, Jerusalem 1975, , 101-102; Yasin H. 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