EXPERIMENT 1

Using the Analytical Balance and Piso1 Statistics

I.

Data and Results

Table 1. Masses of coins obtained by the two weighing methods (before washing with acetone).
Year Category
Sample No.
Mass (g)
Weighing Individually
Weighing by Difference
2000
5.8907
5.8909
2001
6.0051
6.0044
2002
6.0153
6.0154
2004
2003
6.0107
6.0108
2004
5.3358
5.3355
2009
5.3576
5.3572
2010
5.3380
5.3388
2011
5.4318
5.4310
2004
2012
5.3654
5.3651
2013
5.2998
5.3002
Table 2. Masses of coins obtained by the two weighing methods (after washing with acetone).
Year Category
Sample No.
Mass (g)
Weighing Individually
Weighing by Difference
2000
5.8904
5.8905
2001
6.0049
6.0047
2002
6.0154
6.0152
2004
2003
6.0108
6.0106
2004
5.3357
5.3355
2009
5.3573
5.3573
2010
5.3377
5.3380
2011
5.4319
5.4318
2004
2012
5.3650
5.3650
2013
5.3000
5.3002
Table 3. Statistical parameters for masses of coins in each year category obtained by weighing by difference (before washing with
acetone).
Year
STATISTICS
Categor
Mean
S
RSD
S.E.M.
Range
Rel. Range
95% C.I.
Spooled
y
2004
5.8514
0.2930
5.0073
0.1310
0.6799
11.6194
(5.4871,6.2157)
0.3088
2004
5.3585
0.0477
0.8902
0.0213
0.1308
2.4410
(5.2992,5.4178)
0.0520
Data

Year
Category

Suspected
Values
H: 6.0154

Table 4. Grubbs test for outliers

GCalc
Gcrit

Conclusion

0.5597

1.672

Gcalculate<Gtable, Sample Accepted

L: 5.3355

1.7608

1.672

Gcalculate>Gtable, Sample Rejected

2004

H: 5.4318
L: 5.3002

1.5199
1.2222

1.672
1.672

Gcalculate<Gtable, Sample Accepted

Gcalculate<Gtable, Sample Accepted

2004

H: 6.1702
L: 5.2467

1.1349
2.1610

2.8675
2.8675

Gcalculate<Gtable, Sample Accepted

Gcalculate<Gtable, Sample Accepted

H: 5.4884

2.0257

2.8675

Gcalculate<Gtable, Sample Accepted

L: 5.2863

1.9471

2.8675

Gcalculate<Gtable, Sample Accepted

2004
Group

Pooled
2004

Table 5. Recalculated statistical parameters for masses of coins in each year category obtained by weighing by difference.
Year
STATISTICS
Categor
Mean
S
RSD
S.E.M.
Range
Rel. Range
95% C.I.
Spooled
y
2004
5.9804
0.0597
0.9983
0.0210
0.1245
2.0818
(6.0627,5.9084)
0.0708
2004

5.3585

0.0477

0.8902

0.0213

0.1308

2.4410

(5.2992,5.4177)

0.0514

Table 6. Comparison of masses of coins from two different year categories. (t-test)
Method
tcalc
tcrit
Conclusion
Weighing individually
Weighing by difference

83.5336
319.68

Reject null hypothesis

Reject null hypothesis

Table 7. Comparison of two weighing methods

Calculated
Critical
2.365
0.3804

Test
Paired-t test
F test
II.

2.78
2.78

1.0046

Conclusion
Accept null hypothesis

5.05

Accept null hypothesis

Calculations
Table 3. Statistical parameters for masses of coins in each year category obtained by weighing by difference.
2004
MEAN

x =

STANDARD
DEVIATION

s=
RELATIVE
STANDARD
DEVIATION
STANDARD
ERROR OF
THE MEAN

RANGE

RELATIVE
RANGE

xi = 5.8909+6.0044+ 6.0154+6.0108+5.3355

(x i x )2
n1

0.3435
51

s
0.2930
RSD= x 100
= 5.8514
x

SEM =

s
n

0.2930
5

= 5.8514

= 0.2930

x 100 =

5.0073

= 0.1310

range=x largest x smallest = 6.0154 - 5.3355 = 0.6799

Relative range=

range
x 100
x

0.6799

= 5.8514

x 100 = 11.6194

@ 95%
CONFIDENCE
INTERVAL

Confidence interval=x

t n1 s
n

= 5.8514

( 2.78 ) ( 0.2930 )
5

(5.4871,6.2157)

Spooled

S pooled =

( n11 ) S 21+ ( n21 ) S22 +(nk 1)S 2k

N 1+N +N
2

4 ( 0.85856605 )+ 4 ( 0.71510105 ) + 4 ( 0 .086186388 )+ 4 ( 0.1069423 )+ 4 ( 0.090103235 )

+4 ( 0.118235037 ) + 4 ( 0.087752573 ) +4 (0.001026503)
S p=
5+ 5+5+5+5+5+5+ 58
S p = 0.3088
2004

MEAN

x =

xi

5.3572+5.3388+5.431+5.3651+5.3002
= 5.3585
5

( x i x )2

0 . 0091
51

STANDARD
DEVIATION

s=

RELATIVE
STANDARD
DEVIATION

s
0.0477
RSD= x 100
= 5.3585
x

STANDARD
ERROR OF
THE MEAN

SEM =

RANGE

RELATIVE
RANGE

n1

s 0.0477
=
n
5

= 0.0477

x 100

= 0.8902

= 0.0213

range=x largest x smallest = 5.4310 - 5.3002 = 0.1308

Relative range=

range
x 100
x

0.1308

= 5.3585 x 100 = 2.4410

@ 95%
CONFIDENCE
INTERVAL

Confidence interval=x

t n1 s

= 5.3585

( 2.78 ) ( 0.0477 )
5

=(5.2992,5.4178)

Spooled

S pooled =

( n11 ) S 21+ ( n21 ) S22 +(nk 1)S 2k

N 1+N +N
2

SP =

4 ( 0.002272118 ) + 4 ( 0.001176157 )+ 4 ( 0.008175448 ) + 4 ( 0.0033488 ) +4 ( 0.002468887 )

+4 ( 0.000891242 )+ 4 ( 0.002313743 ) + 4(0.001026503)
5+ 5+5+5+5+5+5+ 58

S p = 0.0520
Table 4. Grubbs test for outliers.
Group
2004

|questionables valuex| |6.01545.8514

|
0.2930

H :G calc=

Gcrit= 1.672

0.5597

|questionables valuex| |5.33555.8514

|
0.2930

L:Gcalc =
1.7608

2004

H:

|questionables value x |= |5.43105.3585

|
0.0477

Gcalc =

1.5199

L:

.3585
|questionables value x |=|5.30025
|
0.0477

Gcalc =

Pooled
2004

1.2222

Gcrit= 1.672

|questionables valuex|=|6.17025.8522
|=1.1349
0.2802

H :G calc=

Gcrit = 1.672

|questionables valuex|=|5.24675.8522
|=2.1610
0.2802

L:Gcalc =

|questionables valuex|=|5.48845.3856
|=2.0157
0.0510

H :G calc=

Gcrit = 1.672

|questionables valuex|=|5.28635.3856
|=1.9471
0.0510

L:Gcalc =

Table 5. Recalculated statistical parameters for masses of coins in each year category obtained by weighing by differences.
2004
MEAN

x =

xi = 5.8909+6.0044+ 6.0154+6.0108

(x i x )2

STANDARD
DEVIATION

s=

RELATIVE
STANDARD
DEVIATION

s
RSD= x 100
x

STANDARD
ERROR OF
THE MEAN

SEM =

RANGE
RELATIVE
RANGE

@ 95%
CONFIDENC
E INTERVAL

= 5.9804

n1

0.0107
41

0.0597

= 5.9804

s 0.0597
=
n
4

= 0.0597

x 100 = 0.9983

= 0.0210

range=x largest x smallest = 6.0154 - 5.8909 = 0.1245

Relative range=

range
x 100
x

Confidence interval=x

=(5.8974,6.0634)

t n1 s

0.1245

= 5.9804 x 100 = 2.0818

= 5.9804

( 2.78 ) (0.0597)
4

Spooled

S pooled =

( n11 ) S 21+ ( n21 ) S22 +(nk 1)S 2k

N 1+N +N
2

Sp=

0.011439036

3 ( 0.003578469 ) +3 ( 0.000304407 ) +3 ( ) +3 ( 0.004157667 ) +3 ( 0.002698143 )

+3 ( 0.011975033 ) +3 ( 0.00397247 ) +3(0.00192158)
3+3+3+ 3+3+3+3+38

Sp = 0.0708
2004
MEAN

STANDARD
DEVIATION

RELATIVE
STANDARD
DEVIATION

STANDARD
ERROR OF
THE MEAN

x =

s=

xi

5.3572+5.3388+5.431+5.3651+5.3002
= 5.3585
5

( x i x )2
n1

0.0091
51

s
0.0477
RSD= x 100
= 5.3585
x

SEM =

s 0.0477
=
n
5

= 0.0477

x 100

0.8902

0.0213

RANGE

range=x largest x smallest = 5.4310 - 5.3002 = 0.1308

RELATIVE
RANGE

@ 95%
CONFIDENC
E INTERVAL

Relative range=

range
x 100
x

Confidence interval=x

t n1 s

0.1308
x 100
5.3585

= 5.3585

= 2.4410

( 2.78 ) (0.0477)
4

=(5.2992,5.4177)

S pooled =

Spooled

( n11 ) S 21+ ( n21 ) S22 +(nk 1)S 2k

N 1+N +N
2

4 ( 0.002272118 ) +3 ( 0.000470817 ) +4 ( 0.008175448 )+ 4 ( 0.0033488 ) + 4 ( 0.002468887 )

+4 ( 0.000891242 ) +3 ( 0.001719817 ) + 4(0.001026503)
S p=
5+ 4+5+5+ 5+5+4 +58
S p = 0.0514
Table 6. Comparison of masses of coins from two different year categories (t-test).
Ho: 1 = 2, or 1 - 2 = 0 ; otherwise reject the Ho.
Weighing Individually

s=

s=

2
1

Weighing by Difference

( n1 1 ) s + ( n21 ) s 2

s=

(n 1+ n22)

( 3 x 0.0257 )+(4 x 0.0002)

( 4 +52 )

s=

( n1 1 ) s 12 + ( n21 ) s 22

( 3 x 0.0036 )+(4 x 0.0023)

( 4 +52 )

s=0.0111

s=0. 0029
Degrees of freedom: 4+52=7

Degrees of freedom: 4+52=7

TCalc
x 1x 2

t=
s

1 1
+
n1 n2

TCalc

5.9805 5.3585

(n 1+ n22)

0.0111

1 1
+
4 5

x 1x 2

t=
s

1 1
+
n1 n2

5.9804 5.3585
1 1
0.0029
+
4 5

319.68

83.5336

To solve the variance for t-test of two weighing methods, use the Table 1A-B, 1F-G in theAppendix. . Note:
coins minted before 2004 and

s 22

= coins minted after 2004.

Paired t-test

F test

sd

di
d=
n

sd =

0.0006
d=
9

sd =

d=0.0000667

s 12

(d id )2

0.00000221
91

n1

s d =0.000526

2
1

s 1=

(x 1x )2

s 1=

0.8806
91

n1

s 22
s 2=

( x 2x )2

s 2=

0.8769
91

n1

s 1=0.3318

s 2=0.3311

s 21=0 .1101

s 22=0.1096

Table 7. Comparison of two weighing methods.

2

To solve the values of

individually and

s 22

s1

s2

: use the Table 1C, 1H, 1M. Note:

s1

= the variance of weighing

= the variance of weighing by difference.

Paired T test and F test
Paired t-test

CALCULATED

t=

t=

d n
sd
0.0000667 ( 9 )
0.000526

t=0.3804

F test

CRITICAL
2.365

CALCULATED

CRITICAL

F=

F=

s1
2
s2
0.1101
0.1096

F= 1.0046

5.05