RESULTS

Length of pipe, L

: 0.524 m

Diameter of pipe, D

: 0.003 m

Cross-sectional area of pipe, A

: 7.06 10-6 m2

Average water temperature,

: 30 C

Kinematic viscosity,

: 7.180 10-7 m3/s

h2 is elevation head of manometer at outlet

h1 is elevation head of manometer at inlet

Table 1: Recorded values of discharge and manometer and computed values of velocity,
Reynolds number and friction factor.

Serial
No.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Remark
U
m/s

h2
mm

h1
mm

i
m/s

Rn

ml

t
s

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

65.00
25.00
19.91
19.07
12.37
12.32
47.96
33.88
18.75
17.72
9.54
8.19

0.109
0.283
0.711
0.743
1.145
1.150
0.295
0.418
0.755
0.799
1.485
1.729

30
340
400
410
525
530
182
184
188
190
210
223

10
300
225
210
80
70
178
175
171
170
158
140

0.0382
0.0763
0.3340
0.3817
0.8492
0.8779
0.1038
0.2336
0.4412
0.5191
1.3496
2.1542

455
1184
2972
3103
4784
4804
1234
1747
3156
3340
6204
7226

0.141
0.054
0.022
0.021
0.009
0.009
0.052
0.037
0.020
0.019
0.009
0.009

0.1890
0.0560
0.0390
0.0410
0.0380
0.0390
0.0520
0.0058
0.0033
0.0035
0.0026
0.0031

Laminar
Laminar
Transition
Transition
Turbulent
Turbulent
Laminar
Laminar
Transition
Transition
Turbulent
Turbulent

Calculation
Given that:
Length of pipe, L

: 0.524 m

Diameter of pipe, D

: 0.003 m

Cross-sectional area of pipe, A

: 7.06 10-6 m2

Average water temperature,

: 30 C

Kinematic viscosity,

: 7.180 10-7 m3/s

Where:,
h2 is elevation head of manometer at outlet
h1 is elevation head of manometer at inlet
hf is the head loss in friction
hf = h2 h1

For example
When for serial 1
Volume of water recorded, V= 100 ml
The time taken to collect the water, T = 65.00 s
The velocity, U = (Q) / A
= (V/T) / A
= (100 x 10-6/65)/7.06 x 10-6
U = 0.109ms-1
h2 = 30mm
h1 =10mm
hf = 30 mm -10mm= 20mm
hf = 20mm
i = (h2 h1)/L

for water manometer

i =13.6 (h2 h1)/L for mercury manometer

thus, serial 1 using water manometer

i =(h2 h1)/L =0.02m,/0.524 m = 0.0382
i = 0.0382

Rn = (UxD)/ = (0.109x 0.003)/7.180x 10-7

Rn = 455
Thus , the Rn < 2000 indicate the flow is laminar
For laminar
f= 64/ Rn
if the Rn is in between 2000 and 4000 indicate the flow is transtion
for transition flow
f= 64/ Rn
if the Rn >4000 indicate the flow is turbulent
for turbulent flow the friction factor in Blasius equation
f= 0.079 Rn-0.25
therefore ,
For laminar
f= 64/ Rn
f = 64 /455
f = 0.141
then the calculation on friction factor in Blasius equation is compare with friction factor in Darcy
equation
In Darcy equation :
f= (hf x 2g x D)/LV2

thus,
f = (20x 10-3 x2 x9.81 x 0.003)/ ( 0.524 x 0.1092 )
f = 0.189
The step is repeated for serial 2 up to 6 for water as the fluid then continued the serial switching
with mercury manometer reading from serial 7 up to 12.

Discussion
The experiment is done to determine the relationship between the hydraulic gradient and mean velocity of
flow for both laminar and turbulent flows. Apart from that, it also determine the friction factor and
Reynolds Number relationship for laminar and turbulent flow.
Reynolds number is the dimensionless quantity that used to determine the flow pattern in different fluid
flow situation. As we know, the laminar flow is the flow where the Reynolds number is less than 2000,
whereas for transition flow the Reynolds number lies within 2000 to 4000 and for turbulent flow the
Reynolds number is more than 4000.
Friction factor is a dimensionless quantity used in Darcys equation as the coefficient of friction losses in
pipe flow. From the results of the experiment, it shows that the fluid has highest average friction factor
when it experienced laminar flow whereas it has lowest average friction factor when it experienced
turbulent flow. From the graph of friction factor against Reynolds number, it indicates that the friction
factor is inversely proportional to the Reynolds number.
From the graph of hydraulic gradient versus mean velocity that had plotted, it shows that hydraulic
gradient is increased when the velocity of the flow is increased. This verified that hydraulic gradient is
directly proportional to the mean velocity for both laminar and turbulent flow. With these formulae

hf
v
L

There are several errors in the experiment that can affect the accuracy of the results. First, random error
occurred when taking the time taken required to collect a specified volume of flow. It is very hard to time
the specified volume of flow and the time taken recorded are merely closed to the accurate reading.
Besides that, parallax error occurred when observing the volume of water in the measuring cylinder
where the position of eye is not perpendicular to the scale of the measuring cylinder. Apart from that, it is
difficult to have specified values of h1 and h2 due to the fluctuation of the water level.

Conclusion
Friction loss is a significant economic concern wherever there are fluid flow. Irrigation water that pumped
in large volume of flow entailing a huge expense. In this experiment, we can conclude that the hydraulic
gradient of a fluid is directly proportional to the mean velocity of flow for both laminar and turbulent
flows. Besides that, it shows that the friction factor is inversely proportional to the Reynolds number for
laminar and turbulent flow. Hence, the objectives of the experiment have been achieved.