Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Can
I can speak German
May, Can, Might
May I go playing football ?
May, Can, Might
John hasnt come yet. He may work.
Should, Ought to, Had better.
You should study hard.
Must, Have to.
We must eat our breakfast.
Must
He is absent today.
He must be sick.
PAST
Could
I could speak German when I was a chil
Could, Might
Could I go playing football?
May, Have, Might Have
John hadnt come yet when we got home
He might have worked overtime
Should have, Ought to have.
you should have studied hard.
Had to
We had to eat our breakfast this morning
Must have
He was absent yesterday.
He must have been sick.
Catatan :
1. Probability adalah strong possibility.
2. Larangan (Prohibition) dinyatakan dengan menggunakan MUST NOT. Contoh :
You must not go out tonight (kamu dilarang pergi).
You dont have to go out tonight (kamu tidak perlu pergi).
3. SHOULD HAVE dan COULD HAVE menyatakan penyesalan terhadap suatu aktivitas yang
pada kenyataannya tidak dilakukan.
4. WOULD juga digunakan untuk menyatakan kebiasaan masa lalu (bermakna USED TO).
contoh :
o My Grandfather would tell bedtime story when I was a child.
o My Grandfather used to tell bedtime story when I was a child.
EXAMPLES
- He can do it
- Can I borrow your pen?
- Could I borrow your pen please? Yes, certainly or yes of course
- May I borrow your pen please?
- Would you pass the salt please?
- Will you pass the salt please?
- Could you pass the salt
- Can you pass the salt? Yes, certainly, Id be glad to
- Would you mind if I closed the window?
- Would you mind helping me?
- You must take an extra exam
Ask and answer polite questions
1.
A and B are sitting at the dinner table. A. wants the butter
A: Would you please pass me the butter?
B: Certainly, Id be glad to, Here you are
2.
3.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Shall
Mainly used in American English to ask questions politely (it has more usages in British English). For
the future tense, will is more frequently used in American English than shall.
Shall we dance?
Shall I go now?
Lets drink, shall we?
Often used in formal settings to deliver obligation or requirement:
[Quiz 20.1]
Fill in the blanks using an appropriate auxiliary verb.
1) I
2) You
3)
4) I
5)
[20.1]
1) should
2)
3)
4)
5)
should
Shall
would
Should
toexpressability(inthesenseofbeingabletodosomethingor
knowinghowtodosomething):
HecanspeakSpanishbuthecan'twriteitverywell.
toexpressionpermission(inthesenseofbeingallowedor
permittedtodosomething):
CanItalktomyfriendsinthelibrarywaitingroom?(Note
thatcanislessformalthanmay.Also,somewriterswillobjectto
theuseofcaninthiscontext.)
toexpresstheoreticalpossibility:
Americanautomobilemakerscanmakebettercarsiftheythink
there'saprofitinit.
Themodalauxiliarycouldisused
toexpressanabilityinthepast:
Icouldalwaysbeatyouattenniswhenwewerekids.
toexpresspastorfuturepermission:
CouldIburymycatinyourbackyard?
toexpresspresentpossibility:
Wecouldalwaysspendtheafternoonjustsittingaroundtalking.
toexpresspossibilityorabilityincontingentcircumstances:
Ifhestudiedharder,hecouldpassthiscourse.
Inexpressingability,canandcouldfrequentlyalsoimplywillingness:Canyou
helpmewithmyhomework?
Authority: The Careful Writer by Theodore Bernstein. The Free Press: New York. 1998. p. 87.
MayIleaveclassearly?
IfI'vefinishedallmyworkandI'mreallyquiet,mightIleave
early?
Inthecontextofexpressingpossibility,mayandmightareinterchangeable
presentandfutureformsandmight+have+pastparticipleisthepastform:
Shemightbemyadvisornextsemester.
Shemaybemyadvisornextsemester.
Shemighthaveadvisedmenottotakebiology.
Avoidconfusingthesenseofpossibilityinmaywiththeimplication
ofmight,thatahypotheticalsituationhasnotinfactoccurred.Forinstance,let's
saythere'sbeenahelicoptercrashattheairport.Inhisinitialreport,beforeall
thefactsaregathered,anewscastercouldsaythatthepilot"mayhavebeen
injured."Afterwediscoverthatthepilotisinfactallright,thenewscastercan
nowsaythatthepilot"mighthavebeeninjured"becauseitisahypothetical
situationthathasnotoccurred.Anotherexample:abodyhadbeenidentified
aftermuchworkbyadetective.Itwasreportedthat"withoutthispainstaking
work,thebodymayhaveremainedunidentified."Sincethebodywas,infact,
identified,mightisclearlycalledfor.
I'llwashthedishesifyoudry.
We'regoingtothemovies.Willyoujoinus?
Itcanalsoexpressintention(especiallyinthefirstperson):
I'lldomyexerciseslateron.
andprediction:
specific:Themeetingwillbeoversoon.
timeless:Humiditywillruinmyhairdo.
habitual:Theriverwilloverflowitsbankseveryspring.
Wouldcanalsobeusedtoexpresswillingness:
Wouldyoupleasetakeoffyourhat?
Itcanalsoexpressinsistence(ratherrare,andwithastrongstressontheword
"would"):
Nowyou'veruinedeverything.Youwouldactthatway.
andcharacteristicactivity:
customary:Afterwork,hewouldwalktohishomeinWest
Hartford.
typical(casual):Shewouldcausethewholefamilytobelate,
everytime.
Inamainclause,wouldcanexpressahypotheticalmeaning:
MycockerspanielwouldweighatonifIlethereatwhatshe
wants.
Finally,wouldcanexpressasenseofprobability:
Ihearawhistle.Thatwouldbethefiveo'clocktrain.
Uses of Used to
Theauxiliaryverbconstructionusedtoisusedtoexpressanactionthat
tookplaceinthepast,perhapscustomarily,butnowthatactionnolonger
customarilytakesplace:
Weusedtotakelongvacationtripswiththewholefamily.
Thespellingofthisverbisaproblemforsomepeoplebecausethe"ed"ending
quitenaturallydisappearsinspeaking:"Weyoostootakelongtrips."Butit
oughtnottodisappearinwriting.Thereareexceptions,though.Whenthe
auxiliaryiscombinedwithanotherauxiliary,did,thepasttenseiscarriedby
thenewauxiliaryandthe"ed"endingisdropped.Thiswilloftenhappeninthe
interrogative:
Didn'tyouusetogojoggingeverymorningbeforebreakfast?
Itdidn'tusetobethatway.
Usedtocanalsobeusedtoconveythesenseofbeingaccustomedtoor
familiarwithsomething:
Thetirefactorydowntheroadreallystinks,butwe'reusedtoitby
now.
Iliketheseoldsneakers;I'musedtothem.
Usedtoisbestreservedforcolloquialusage;ithasnoplaceinformalor
academictext.