MATHEMATICAL PHYSICSeeu Wye oy wont srupext snus Shh Aconee nl atiten rein oe rg Arm test tit Woe Sate ies en ay best ely nse cis 0 Wht coe Sipe ty AadoonWesey ort atoraed tre tbo may ct be ‘extort frm the cor 1 wich thas become a matte ‘eilintheUniodSuerl Anercnoripovesone i © tn Adc Coney i ame: No ‘Emory ty em ci ec pc ey roa (Sse par ws pomete a he per Ova simp te Unt ‘Sete Anan rlctsnhuny noma yer 9 yet angen Cad Net 681381 PREFACE, Duin the pst decade we Have wits emt nce the narber of stedentssekig ihe clin ar walls the deelopment fray new eles Sand univers, The ieitabe more f condons pee in erent intone ecsitates coniderate variety tn purpose, geal approach and The lel a istration in ay given dito, Ti as natural cob the polation af teas amo any toi and eae af mathemati Fk isso exception Theres mueber of text th Bel, eso of Ver {re undoatcy af oataneing aty, "Neverthe, ny facher fe el th none ofthe exiting es propery suite, for oe enon ante fr the partes Move ior, ‘Modes vraines complain tha he hae iii tying the sj em {eas of unquestionable merit This fot suprising sans; Some ents fave an enyelopeaie charac, wie he material seanged i mde ender fiom the wey i nuly taught others Beco too much inated i complet ‘matheatel nays, preempling the avaible space Toe paca cps, AA thers conr a very wie vary of topes with tment brevity, Kaving the Student to Svegpe with 2 uber of eeu quo af thom nae “True enouph, 2 we-eeored ad bepht tnent sald te abet fd i ay through most such aietie A erie soent many, however nd ey ‘it to grasp and sso the multe of nem cone sewn Atos to ‘need te ‘Under these cicamstance, i ses dale ove meses fo he pede gil se of ct tomate t more rendabe othe stent ad nee ste for Independent ivy. Hopetly, the pest work epresene ep ti ection What severe fetre designed to conform the phan avons sae ty ‘eeivablyTllow in neqing the Knowledge of the suet Fit, the native appeschir ated in sachehape roughou the boot. Fl lowing the Fenders af modern ply he tent srt ently devoted to Inet prbiems, bat the nying cone fina sac arly evel ether Inte the ook fer the stint ir expo tom umber of practi ahem techniques. As, almost every chapter sit Witham exarpe or dacsion of Clementry sate, si sabhet mater tha fe pebably fale to the seme ‘The ireuton of pew eomepts mae aalntafaila Bckgrond sr Inter etended to more sophie steers. A types exampc's Chapter ve the base npc of pata inal equations ae Mate ting the “lementryTontons excaiey. Another feet of th end i the vested tue af the harmon sister andthe sircbed stag ae yal model:stp side to seat may probiens For these at pose, but ether {oshow how vais thods cn be edt the ume end within = falar pe Ealccmen I the process of nang, students inesitably pose a ruber of questions ecesary 10 ariy the mater under svn). While mos of thse questions arly belong to clesroom dation, eatanly bent to attempt fo nicpate sme of thn Ina tet The Remorks and many fotte are eign {O contipte to the gra. The author hops they ane some question in the ‘rin of the sdet ae well eget some new one, sdating on eet furher ingury. A numberof reserves ses sna purpose, lava ‘he reader to make multi use of various sete of he book The aence of ‘anbered foam: these bother Tock in the ndetod etn of pag, He should ot singly check thatthe quoted formal" indeed ‘ter bt eter, ghee Uvough text and reals eign ad meaning “The question of rathtzl rigors quite inportant nthe abject treated rsp althouh i onctine entree the sthor' opinion theo- ‘etal physi should know mba stds, wheter hes prongs on dee ties, quoting somebody ces prot, or jot ong remantle conjcte ‘Cansegucth esol be eed nih deton, an the tens soul be writen In thir spi On the other hand, f wuld be unnse 10 oer vey stent ‘tk mathe for tuo rin casonm fi, Bena ofthe Britain fine ithe asroom andthe apace In et, and scond,becaee pit te ato ‘hangs their atonal potter nezoon a exernentl pss eres OpFor {och merstions The reader can find exanpie f the ter pleco fa (Chaperta 6 of thet. Wheter he author wa abe te fol thee pines Sef to the judment of air of ths book ach chapter supple with stare of probes popodtions to tbe dnc resumed to be alloted fot sty. ‘The stent may fd soe ofthe robes Father ical snc they require more compebeasion of he mater rter than ‘es tecnigue, Fo tan thin vay of hints and explaration ate olen topple. -Arsers are nt given ecnane many proces contin the answee in {hee formation; th emsiing orc maybe uot steal of he stadt For intpendent work, The enter within the tent sxn be wed ue problens to (ete scent” manipultive se For many of the metho of irction of mathematical phys peste in {hi book, the authori indbied 0 is own techs a the Unversity of Bish CColmbis and MeCil University The encouragement of his colleagues and students nt St. Jobns University and Heater Collegeof the City Usiversity of New York rely appreciated Alo, the ther wires to thank Me. Luca Verein and Mi Anne Maris Nomor forthe Belin the preparation gf the sane aio Alt, Cet Bp. ‘August 1966 hep u Comte 3 3 uu Ma CONTENTS. ‘tr Ma and Com ‘Ghargs of Aue. Rowaon Mvies ‘ Reged Rost. Matic Maiti : ‘Skew Caren Sone. Mate Gc 1 Yes etn Sc % vines Couns x Pacts of Comes Voile onste: Mendes “ [Sse Alger sed Geet of Compe Nanton s Be Mole Fermin re Ensson of Roos & Cooper Facom Ee Forme 7 ° ‘neato of Pes Fem s atau Furst sd Ramon Sas s ‘ive ance Grey Tees s Ste ge! Theor Casey eet Foal a ore Spr @ aon nd Segue c * ‘Treneiae Yenc Aptos 3 entra Marin by Arye atone Siete {iced Pm st nny 1 {near Din Eqatin of Sand Ores (Gena Ston of Fe Honea: Eaton bs ‘The Hho Egnla. Yorinon of Conant he Powe Sr Sates hs Some oer Meh Slebon aa rte 5 st ge 6 cover 7 “Tigonee Sees Delano rors eee rege f Foster Sve Comes ne Ben ‘opts o Fae Seis ‘The Lape Toman pertinal Caee ‘Toetapice inten! Taos Propet of apie Teo [Adora ropa of pace Taso fete Raaton~ ‘roles Lape Tans Cont te Tito Dros Siro Fesked Funston nd The Dia Dele Fron erate f egrets f Bela ncons Aapcrton oe Caen Commpondos a Fanctore and Dsintuont ‘rope of Betton Eo Se toe eres Tmt epee of «Fein Friar row Fre Feuer sums itn encanto Foe ones. 5 nino Csi 180 Parl Dieta tnt “ha Mat ef Soprano Xt sn Centos Suet ps Vinwrow ote ntane Desens Fomuatn tnd Hes Egon Sort Pcs tnd a Sper Coorser {ant Operators Fer gna See ‘od Fonsiont ‘eed een Fens Sera ne Fncons i Seer Nance oe Dine Ln Spee aioe ion Be Fn Linu Opener, rcs ee ire re ani iy Gira The Rothee Gen Mates Mai torte 9 ier pcos estate ciao Stee tne ih Cenerod raeptiy{Gron's Fanatoe fot Sam Lutte Opie ‘Site apron fr GUID. ‘Grr’ Fcon fr Bean Cancion Gasol Coninwes Spector : ‘he Eeeagang Egan i ues Pecipe Probie lnvbing Stare lurie Opert's ‘The Rajah tie Method ‘ersten! Formton ef ease Foes ‘erst Poke o Many Dinos arwulten of Bzvaoe Potene by The ato Maibod “Treating Wares Rado, Sentterng Motion nine Ste Sung ropspton of hit! Condene line Sing Uo Syme opera erga re wns Seed See adaton of Sow tom # Pung See “Tao ves Nonbonogenoet Medi ‘Sentrng Aptos ud hase Site ‘Stern te Te Dwr Pel Woe Ana etwtmoe Mtate Ineaton f i ‘The Born Apirsinton Frsetnion a geveie Plone Fost One Raye Sebodinge Teor ‘Te Sean Onder Nene Tony Toe Cave of Degree eran Py 3 ‘ipa of Cain Teens : Doves Tran St Tomar od Hooke La ‘Toworin Skew Cresun Funes Cont ao 163. gta of Gera ientor. Rl aCHAPTER 1 VECTORS, MATRICES, AND COORDINATES To be sl to fellow thi tn without undo dics, the ede x expected 0 have adegetepeepation in thomas tnd yess Tas votes «sod ‘Notking vowlede of odvaned clei,» tenure niet ston, {nd ati cous in undergaduate alga. Rudimentary Heomledg of comet ‘ames matic, nd Fourier sere very dese but ot een [AS forthe subjects inp, the reader hoot have compte the saad Indegadete raining In mchanic, thermody, eetrosagneti, td ose physi. Despite thse pees, mead i oer recognized for viewing some of the preparatory mater the Reining os ter. Let foo th caso oe ‘este Some te to the eb f veto analgesia more ‘ch the muta developed in this et OF cour, sack 2 vow tin wet omit all the dete, in ptr those tv, eae: fered to sandr textbooks 9 advanced {alelisand vector sett for afl dssuson, On theo hand, we ope to ‘row stention to sone intresting pints tains ephed consmosly 1m many eemensty teutoak 2 vector defined a a quaty character by ‘opiate od sein We sl we Caer 1 tht sestrs ech mo fener ha he but ro ey tat the eocep wets ma tt {teed into mate (y phys) orem "ater mth Seen,” ‘ee, diplaceret ly, oer, ee. Downes tyne tests and Dt fein nd of vectors 'As we wal know, quanties with deton canbe graphy pein by susows bd ae subj oto Basie operations 1) maliplkaton by sald) ale. ‘These operation ar sited in Fig. 1 Far errple AB Tyo, Adon Clad TM. Api Mana! A ‘Wo spn aan Caaee {Unt we ac end ac cmon wes (Chae 0) we sl eae tt as2 seerons, warmers, a0 coonDINATS 12 12 Le In many ets we can plot various wets tom a singe pont, the ci “Then cach sector eam be curated by the coordinates of "up:” Vals ‘oordnte nse eve peste bl he crt xo eae the ma ‘lovee. The reaea i vry spe and very dep: The atsian coordinates | te pointeanserveas the compnsent ofthe cereponieg vector at th exe ie ‘Tose uated ia Pip 12, here oop eatedan syste, plane and Groce, ue sete." Nove ta he tvcedmensonal ster "ipithanded Im genera we shall we igchanded ste nth book Mewes Weean now aoc witha etore in space) set of ee sates tnt such that he will ctrspoed {0 Ot My Dy) od wk wl coresond 16 Gert teayet Opts hod. Note that sch roe Rl pret i 2 ‘chase cretion’ by eter tp of coordinate, eg sper o yids “a addion extagen catean eoorintes ret in very dap formas fox oer common anes nsocitd with vector sich a 1) length (epitade) of «vector Wen Obed a's, 1) proton ofa sector on soortinate sf aoe Hoon, He EON. = HoH, ‘Rotation of the sai by 9 to exincide with the pais appenrscautertocie or {Steer oan ae: Tesolin tne eons, TSeinch the putt (a) stn fo Be nage boca he dete Bw ©) projection of «vectra aie dr om deel by vector 2 (Fig. 13) OF y= neon alae) mg con D+ arco 8, 4) sess prodhet (ot produ) of tno veto (on = woolen Ht Ho £2 str prnuct fers prose: Hes tex = 2+ Cte — me + (28 — a “Theinportentgisintve Fest of theron rot tha aX # [VX ramet, ot conmutatv: rer, i andeammutte: lx eds xa ever: Apart ors impotsat shat aplesns, he C05 pofet of two ‘ctor ie u he one of coed wea” The made oa se ise (on) oqo hemes of te pce food by nen Te die tape] ca ae to digs toe "poste se" he pean fr fo Seer” Fiawe 14 Sows two he of he see pence nag er fo tw we ‘Coy rate to this propery the concept of = ikaw of sects Any hee vector nd wk der, ae i orm ip nel (or poste pe if the ole wile pret Gx le potve® This happen if i onthe sme side of he plane dened by the ‘estore wand 1,28 dlanate in Fig 5. set hae owe tat fe 9) ‘Sorrentino, te veioe Yo he parallel formed bythe estore sand See ves form had gv Ube (2 aE 94 vecrons, rnc, nD coon RATES 13 {ipl product i unchanged oder cjlc permateon of want tat aonb Ge ahd = HW We ve een that given itor ei aston wt ae of he bes, rams icomponentg wih eget some orthogonal cates stem. Hwee ibe that ifthe tom tae ie chang, the component change swe Let rity the changes ‘Cones oy vert in plane, change inthe estan of ane ich ie pro- ced by tlton by the angle a lard in Fg 16, The 8 ystem t (ep and the new ese ise 99 Sine w= il gh the x'component of Eke Sum of postion ef clos wand uf oe the aad larly for they componeat From the dnpant we ee ba ells Lake mconey msin y= sing apo 1s irate to note that the angle Between the ws and panei (6/2 ~ 6) ‘hie the angle Bence he yond anes (o/2 0). ew of and money): we ta el a cnt se ots pe i fe Timeless cul st an gan ah 0” ey qian eh Sates ere So ey brant oe mie a ne ima of “opens the om “cote of el” afin an 0 Sein 10). ew ep olin, Clee Mache, Section 5 Faden, cilet cmtbton tr the thie vets nd tid and btn tem wecos D+ wyeon DF acon, wet i cours, the wnt wt in the eto. Noe that the coins involved ate the erection caine of th x eton with pet toe waited ‘sero for haar, the do products of Flt. ond 1 clear tat sin fms cam be write oro ae AL As ge, however, ie very convenient oswth oa eco vitgn tested of wy (Gry) wee yaya) asia Ga oe. Mere et ete by any th agi between the ma pried sa nd te ik rind {3 (vee sah ales are asked Fig. 1.) and tyne te eoresponcing cin (hat fy ton ~ Ose This tem etaion pers to wie Ihe ‘tasfrnation Torus nun ealynemoraed pte th = on ote + eae of sien te comet Form nen Baw OND rom hs ana we conclae htthe now components (afm) canbe ined Yrs thee cemponent (yu aa mith the lp of he cnt0 13 6 vecrons, san, ND COORD “These ise counts, acanged in the sltenplanatory ater blow ae it tooret manie® We shal dente rates capital ters. Columns tard tom mers ements oes cto ‘einen as te ow ante ond oe od he eto se erie ele syed whe necon ee Hh fom wih he Oo demet every oie calle so econ an the acto counts in ean slo aor’ Tar some ie y he TRANS Toy ares mont ean bet compen of ee ete ae Meee 2 aces word to mate open snd ea o> re merpteon tel ctr fT ee shu py tear tens th pune rae of srl panes ets mpc wl esr Soppse he vine ytnwas td int ony be tensor cat Ten he conporens of are (6,0 ‘Eee clndgs nthe ear theca optem vow rae, Then componente Been 7 ss aut + an + 240 ~ an tm ant eu on = da Wm al + on0 + a0 = e Wee: thet the ist colmn vector of mist 4iscompors ofthe ne conpnents (econ Tn ies wot, we cam 2 tht tbe new comnts Of Fae nai) and weean write B= ays + on + oa ements rene j a to the second ap hind clan vectors of Fate that in th ouaion te wnt eters asuve ale dependent of {he reper cordate sues, The aera rated tthe vets ht IP plc ol ee then ferred fo the rte syste fans. ° aogepedd 03 % Inti fed. The rer anes cerststan eae SORES once rts 13 mes oF aus. novation arcs 7 Ener Eo pemetial measing of he ow vce of ma 4 reesting ‘The defor nzedued ove alow the computation of (a8) oe (au ggrtn) by the Fllowing eles To bins take the dt prod of th th ro af mat A ih the weir wo gen Bp the tne uy). Sic oA ces each sow ofthe matrix "eed wlth (ym We eay ead 1s-sme find of mobpicauon of «vector bya ati fat, the operation = ‘commonly nom atoetr-metr mapa ao eval ese x sow 222]: }{2 | Matiz A Cohimnvector# Cohima vetor sf ‘As we sth ld components ae arranged in x cola which we shall denote ty a Tis column vcore mule by the netic dare renin other ‘colnet, dented by a. "The muipicaton means of eobses Far te ‘dt prod of te fst ro of A with for the fat component os th fo the a produc of the seced row ofA mth ae ad an forty Tene rowed symbole wrt as ena. oe tat et (nna) arg i aaa ote deed imp {pre trate by eu snl «The pt at te one ur ee, {ah aod eee th escrow apr fn rest Seon fe ‘Wermat that e's ara no dln memati of ond he ea ss Before we dics frther topes ivang males, Ket teen the fat that our stra aot ots cece of rine stay salar Ke ati ‘ment ae ierdeperde and posses the following popes 2) The columns ofA ar ortega! cach oer, nay, autre entae + anit = 0, fiatia + apateyFaaytys = 0, ates anates beaaeas~ 0. “Thi propery follows fom the fc tha the eons af ae rereetations (ee the new sete) the sector jad Ka han store ey fthogoet Toe ol sous ot ceed wt the mage af ctr a ich ao cove8 vecrons aarmce, AND coompinas u 1) The cola A Nave wit mate ames abated rca snd are ait esr ) The tows of Aare ao mutually ethogoal and ave nit agsitde, This itveted by edablaing the geometrical seating of the ow vector of A Maize stsying these thes proper ze ale ethogonal. We may then one Wat the murs epee otation of erthogeal cartesian yes {apace are orthogonal mates. Remerk "Tere me ctrl mis which do oot repeat rota Ketaion ‘races have sa nin pope tae (i Be determin of the ‘Ghtsononn equ! 0.11 Othe rthgae! aes an Sethe er ‘rare The et ht ton mont ght Pande! We yorimt eco alee 41) bechamel 14 ROPEATED ROTATIONS. -MATRUX MULITPLICATION “The mtn ntaion fot fn the preeliog ton is patty wsefat rhea we re face wih opened hangs coordinate exes. fn ston the Jel sn unpre syste aed fy a mati 4 et ce bea thi doable ried apt’ of axes ly?) and Tet be reed othe med ase sity, he ten (72) cant etd ay othe stn 7.2) hah oms mae £ aed or ak oe he a eet timate crete ne aed Bi Mee Bt b+ + B= 4 Bl $b BE~ ba bh Ps j= oun + am + fi niue + ae +e ; Denn + nt + te wag town in Cope 10 hat ay 9 % Non which ties an.) ahem A see etn thc of hi caper smmicenon 9 ‘com wich it follows at 6 = (bus + brane + busts + Caaia + Bites + teas + Cuais + Bytes Pusan 1 Gent ban bm One Sn + bad + (ayais + bayer + besdsa in, a 5 = Case + bons + Pantan © Cen + Baten + Asean + tbaayy + ists Ban i The rote of mali elements above becomes guile managetbe if we observe Unt vey coefiientsocinted wih uy 2 dt produto sere row of wate ‘dso eau f tat A.A cls lok the sates lea Ut the flowing stemcnt: Phe coment ng of max Cte aained by taking the ‘et pret of tema oof rai Bh them cham of mati ‘Now. we ecard oa elatonahip nthe vis mats symbol notation Baty WR, a Gy ‘he we re maul othe relation w= C= mA, Ie seams reasonable ow to def the product of two mates, Khe B a A, to be egal tos thd atin. sy C, 30 tthe above velatnsip may bedieatied w= Ca (84 In thir sere we write enea en | [an fa On | [on en oe can ean cas [=| bar Bae boy || ane aoe ass ean Ge ein | | ban Bao Bon | | ann ese ave ox symbol, tien thatthe atin erent of Care dine by the rl get above. Having ivoduced te nation of sat mulation, we are oataly intersted n eteiing whether it asthe ame popes he muito sf ordinary marbers (aloe) A snple check shows tht the ariel bois Ie malty thee ties 4,8, and Cn that onde, han th a be done into ways ABC = (ABYC = ABC) (berets understood tat he opstin in patentee efor ie) The tro if cours, ht eB) hc ala velo tigi By teraction rnc rarely Inthepec are ce : de gel es eane ast ine mn tH sedetme) (nthe other hand tn melita Is or comma: 4b A, and furthermore, there is wo simple ation, n general, between 4B and BA. THs noncommetaiy Tete presades the possibly of ning “mauix ‘vaions™ Homers, pone to talk abut the ese of at and iS ‘ovept aris ntl in our diemsio of rotations Indeed i we rte ont fhopoel caren sym fe, ae coordinates of ver wae obtain {fom the etormatin eatin sy ta they vom Ssppoie now that we fits the ane back to thi gal postion. The new Somponcnts af vector w te Gen by (yey) a theo anes are sven (rubra; tee components mast be ltd by some matrix 2: ining thes relations we ob = BAe) = (Ba “Tetfoe the mi BA east trav the component (rt them ‘Then Tis eany tose that he ak cco bythe eile mare (Cenity mati -|o1e oor ace, Sho tht f= (Bf bol ora sary wor teh A ms acauliy te fe re frm ear weed tsa aio, Wis now estar local B the ners of mati A and to denote symbol Act ihat weave 4-14 = [Since we ot have prfred ox ation in ‘eet one not bard w ace tat AD = Tas elt fy AIA mi Ad Gn owe two tain toes ay ot comm, a oation mit eee commutes wis vee Ewe write 4/B = X Ue qestion would cise whether weimply A ~ Bor A ~ XB. { SeeSecton Ht Yr pre tater ht eet. amy now be fneret ore the elements of al B othe of mae A. Torobtain Bag ne seul, In pine, solve the eeation on 3 fOr ‘ieaiuy- However, nthe cae of rotons, we hve 8 mack Sine od (ou pos” Leto mite the ntrineuaion BA = Fa dtl ty babe | [en en an] [100 by bis baa || ons aes any [=| 01 0 fn bn bu || on en ann | [008 To get the stow of 7 we mut ake the dt proudest row eta of B stheath of he clin vectors ofA. Howeer, we know bat the ater are ot he vector ks aew epreenttion We seta he Bat tow vestr of Bs ‘tthogonal 0] and wand ado prodect with ean. Comequey, ke soul be nothing els bu the vector Gi new representation of our) and We coe Aol Bay = tye Bh2 = apy td ya — aay Repeat thr argue Tor fhe oe toms o ode ht the ows f see he columns of and vce eran This a xyes by the form Ang two maces 4 and HE sathying tee conan: ae ale iran of ch ater abd ae dened by B= 4 and A= Whee nor, gor ‘ue that he fvese sed rapose ofa ma are tent, ale Bode for ‘elton tres end very we 15 SKEW CARTESIAN SYSTEMS, MATRICES IN GENERAL 1 the coordinate aes i caren sytem orm apis che han 30, we hive 1 show caren ayuca, igure 18 thors two ack sysemy one in owe sad ne im apace song wih the Secompoation of a wtor ino i reapective ‘omponeas12 yeeros, Mantes, AND CECRONNATES 1s Skew aytens are apie ty the angles between the ates (one in line Ace in spc wich ay vary Nebeer ae 18D. As before jad & wl Shed denote uit etre ote icon of ates Note hat we ans tk bout iahtheael ystems apc, where he vector i tat ode! frm ‘rig tad wile The vor are aed and multiplied by salar acorn othe same let tat wee sated before. Hower the lngth of vets snow ven by a ire Towle, Fa stem, fr 3 pare vector me have rom Fp 13), by the csi fs on 4 aD 4 Dupes wa ad = tan conte woth : = VE In prea, the dot pods isn loge ven by he sm of the rode of ot Here et by aoe complesed forms, As 8 Wale ff we sal en Todos nce man fort and ca the ier proc ttn veer wich it ther dete i (09) Ibo (60 “The aon i that we mou he to retain he ane dt prod to mean the ast Uribe produc of component of two vector, repardss Of wheter the axes tue orogorl or skew* ‘The Garvaon of formal for inser product ina shew gy greatly ys bse prope, aml, WOW = entam, 1.9, nosmalter which cordnate system sed, we ee ha (G0 bm) = ffm cone = I However, HA = WP + FH; since MP isthe pejection of yon a we hae Ja) HB) co -cos( ry nnd sinlry for, establishing the res ‘tht ts acgment ane vad for vectors nso. ‘Now we cor mie for two seters in plone @ = wf ah and ¥~ prey FF ta core oo Ie, tom (2) = AOD O84 Gh 0+ Ol 0 te wy oncend Hy ‘Note thi Form rece othe waldo rect wen # = 97 + Wi i dition the dot pect becomes on arr eset tein the caster mated goer cence desde of coreae ‘Sie two etal rose he sen tone Poa (ers te date Ha (99) = OM bs [S400 CARTENAM SYSTEMS MATRCE IN GENERAL 12 “het po dey now in estab ober ose for skew sytem, pane or in spe. We eal ot go nt thee dete Bat rather conser sether Tnpertantqueston: th ranctoreation of cocriates fm an arhegenl fo 8 ‘ew sytem of sree Come, or itaee, F110; ve shew XYsstem ‘rth ont wets ff spertypoed onan erhogonslxpysem wit uit ed} A given lor can berereseted cher ase = a+ hor 8 t ewes Fie t18 Attough Y= 4 te components al ay ae ao equ athe, we have Wn OF - OB - TG OP = ws, te new compe ef, alerted fo the fl ompones ‘hi reionhi cam be repeated by mean of yeor-mati. GESIE “This cam be wien symbol as rsa forthe okra lor (nigh, The sbi ference fom the resis cassis thatthe mat hues beh si kerma of wes ny adit eco : me eta no lng the anne ofHE wecons, sara, ND cooRDETES 6 ie sl te thatthe colo fA are he od wit eto in new represen in (Fig. LN, ha, fere PhO, be unt beers. ‘The rows of matrix 4 do wot havea single poetic intepretaton, tthe ans of matric A=! do hve one? From the above ans we may conjetre that gata, «change from ‘neste ui vector to snote ina plans or inspce oles ea relation Np ‘etree he od nd new components ofa welt expesbe byw rector matt ‘olson w= Ae (A a? 32 or a3 % 3 mate) Weal cone his ‘robe in dtl in Chapter 10. Porte tne bing we sal mention he ft tat or very mors A can repent sch elation. Conder, for festane, ie Totowing hyptteteal relation between the new ahd old coordnaes of some 1 we ater to sole these tno equations for me fd ite ane treater, We my that hema oct rot posts an laerse; such mates are led guar metrirs. Meno t seat intbienarne the pai cant poss ep {Eat anarbrary vector i lane: Oureqetions imply a ~ 2 >that there ie cy one independent component ised of the wo regeked fr plane evar. 18 of iro nse hati = 2 acl sie, ou se of ‘anton hes ify of seins foe n'y Cine tweens vedo to Sle ony Fartermore fa onl roped ~ nosed he stem fas nevi fr ~ beng = eg) Al thee Fs eal be renee ‘Se thy ripen a phy pletion 16 SCALAR AND VECTOR FIELDS So far me ave bean dcusng constant veto, bot we can ao conten ‘clos which depend on oe of more arial proet', The smplest example E perbap, x pslton vector whi depends or ime © n'a fd cobdte ‘etm, hs bean to saying tht ie components ae foetion of Gime Eig av ete, be vows Awol been wih colsnase 4°" ap. say HO) = MOE WMO 80 Such tors canbe diferemnad with expect to the vale ¢ ccndng to the ‘inion wet an — wo goo ‘Wi wand a+) capes in es of tr compoeat is vil to delice hat 4 yey = Meee 4 By 4 dco = ri 4 ey 3 nk 2 that the operation of dierentntion of vector i reduced to difeactation "wie vectors depeneg on time ae widely we in mechs of pales, wv shallbe mae itereed inate ype af varie vec hes depending» fn space coordinates (x21 Sich vcr ce sid Lo Fvm wetor fel and ‘abe dented es fllons fe AO 7 ME eg Fale Common expe ae elec and maga Bel apace, veloc Bel of {vid in ation aed ober "The tmp Lndof ic a ek s probably tesa gant elt wich «an be deed from s sng waar Iocion pla) wily tered fo a8 ‘tv et Faia anno ale Rls inde te tonperstore ttn {eld dy, deny of ronhomegeneos ted, costae poten ee "A snare ges sue to mumerons other quits tows te avout prt devas. In pst, let ws concentrate uration 00 2) the tua dieertiat Be, dow aes Bayt and 1) the rection derivative dle _ de de 5 de dp , Bed ada tod tad es cr my so deed on ne, ble sal be most intrest tt ‘overeat, shee hon tne ed ae, {seals led core fl or otal fal i |e na of ¢ prt gh nome pre drat dvactad ny PS AESCSIM aS culeFuone cet Soeees hoop oe16 vectors, warms, Ax Coots 6 ‘he exprsions onthe ighthand se ofthe enuations in () a (hae he ppesrmce ofa dot prod Ith convene 0 fie the grade of ale doe. 2) by the net “Then we can write p= toro) here dk = del + dyb-b deh epee infiitesinl dslscerent fn some Siren nt ie ty gt wn ie ie isthe wit vector inthe pce drain * Since cory diferente scalar Sell generates © eden Bel it snarl to ask whether any Ber wer fel w= wd. 2) ay nt Be he gradient of foe lap The anes fenepatve a he Nese ea as we eae the tal properties of patent fel In hs sey we sl peed certain asemptions, anieg the siferntabity of varios fonlone and arly properties of ‘rcs andsvfaces involved i vector analyse. We sal mento thes 5p tion we nad them, In many ese they evn be rene an thers cn Be cero, bot ne hal cone euros to econo teins encountered Sap. ‘Rcurveetpae ical oth i it cn be eset by re yar THO whee (0 ane heve continous devious wih respect the pramter Gr a.carve hn span, singly ct +=). Snood ares poses (pets st ‘points and veto ie dement ca be deine a ny poi. The sooth ree getaicestheereac of line Ineyals} Thi st property ily ‘atende fo piece oot ces; Le, the conn a a inte aon of ‘Snooth port, We shall some hata carves eomidred by Ste zee noah Rearing the silently of various fonctions we most remember the fetonng sons nd stati th mero f= spere of aay rate ¢ (atl thougt to besa) centered a sore pit Ms, 2) called meh ‘root thi pin Gina plane replee “bere” by “rde) Wat pas Gime Gt oe/ds~ oem, oe the deta ess of the etn sendy oy. {We hal cet il tp te Ran tera wick ar defor oor rons Forename se Apo’ p76 armor pee am ta enh 16 seaLan an vtcton nite 17 sore neghboroot of eer oe of pint thn ‘Sha open etFor tate the rr of enon apn ety we ean Soup das wailaperetost ah nto poi wk wale mney ie ccabe Mower, ecb ih andy pos htt tolang a ope The eso he cps etek apna ess ot Reon inagce re detae by ig roca th to eerie, We at inate sue a eon ra en set bee any a fs, aera it ego in ale, we sal te only nerd in conned pen ws, oF dos. "The ar ope say two put ohh canbe cece ty 3 agen 1 Se nh i oe hy +e uber af conan! gh ep From son on wo sa ate tat om paca eolh aed Shr th undue mdrConaeton (cr Reed Cipro eae i posse cont fd pare erties {UE coe to te ropes grt Bl. Sappore ht = nade) sn consider the Flowing intel beeen pints Miser 23) a0 MEE she og sme cre Irvin Jf Geet areca) Un he ero gneve ls an fees es eB dem [am ed a, her tan ae ie fhe rater sontpodig op Ma Neto inepals spy eee of es 2) pts Nant Montoro the ke soe Gomer few seca de Fenton 4 ota 7.8 = ("Cady = [Oude h art 26 = Feo sow on, we sal ocasionly we the en path” tinct picewie noth16 yrcros, warmers, ano cooRomArAs 6 « Pies Tee now seple to show tat gad =. Foran, eet ay 2) abeaed = [MM tet dy + mt) imme ‘nd the sntement vy ~ a/8 elows from the andamertl theorem of iter re hye then exalt lloingtheacer: The weesory and suet ‘ondion hate gee the ndepedens of path ofthe ner flee) "An seroative way f stating thi reel fellows Irom conidaton of de inte form corer a spl ced ph Caled the cicuvion of west atound C. By simple lone mean m cone path which doe mot inter el® "Te flloniag toe hells: The creation aw anes for an ebrary imple led ph © ia dra 0) and ont if seiner f(a a) de ene of pas (nD) aden Tet C (Fig 1.128) be & simple closed path. Choose two aritary printf and N/0n Cand write fle d= fi woey + [P c0-8s) = PP (0- ds) ~ fare. 1 be ital E(u independent of path, the ight-had side vanishes and {te celation 210 ‘Convermiy if to pas Cy and Cy conmectag two points (Fig. 1.120) do ot intact (espace, a simple ote path can be Fred rom thet ad the ‘hore eqantion holt the felt band ide f eo, 29s the ghd se, Yielding oe independence of path. IFC, ar Cy nest fie ruber fies, {he poo obitied by siting th closed path no inte nomber of se Biren mg he cin iat rd or ae fn the rater exceptions case when Ci and Gy ers exch other erste of tines, a Hing prone can be evoked reduing Ot se to the reeing one onart. Win te cnt of above cin tit np at br of. 9) ‘sean a ‘el-efoed si aed fone ove th ee onan a ting ‘hat oper late Yamany tesa he mapa he 5 nti eae mei ral at H= gah no lay to de wien ove the re coeur Ub ths cot fo WS is pale, the cent of dotnet) should now be dear that many vector Hl Joo al into the enegry of gradient Sells Sece cay To comrct a veto for which tbe ines es) wil stay depend om pach We perk even ease to ketch seme {teh dg ark facta by the iatadution 9th cone of fed es ‘Thee fit er ave cures wih tangents deed long the vector eld w a ‘ery pat. For feta, Fig 13 sows the velo eld the ere) of Ai cating around scl obetce In thi ase he Belles ae the ras [eto long which the pres of id actly mae. on wee 1s eident tat the drain of the veo sete sound any one of the cles n Fig. 3 camect be ser the produt w= dn the sume sigh a each Pint ft cine) Conse, the above Ral canot ben radi eld "Te vlcty ldo fui fy prhap, he bet tating pn for vestiaion of ter type fveson fell eer mtu ead st nate ndametal neg the fx oa eco el. “Consler the element a8 of 2 wrace$ (Fig 1.14) Jat asin the case of ‘carey, we shall del oly wh eco sat suns, one coasting OF The deine may be foe 0.1. Keligs, Founders of Pema Theor { Atlant at nant bot certo i re le Rens {aces Rit and Miler, Fmd of Bkononsyate Tr, Seton BE20° vecrons warmets, avo coonsares uv rite numberof smooth portions. By = smooth sere we meen surface [Fepsetate by Aap ye read = Hd where pang ae independent params and the fanctons yan «Bae one {ieeour at prin wih vespect to ps lathe Jovan ender coseation, ‘tooth surfers posses angen planes at al points aml can be vented; Isres cna datingush eten the pote sie aad the nea seo the sfc ‘We'll abo some tat our pete sooth srfce are comtrctd in sch {nay tht thy are ceed * Tt eatlomary to represent sare Semen dS ty vectors of magitdes thal sereced along he pst normal othe st face as ileteted In Figs LA, Soppoue tha the etor Bed w represen the flo of toving Bud. Ht canbe soe tha the ger pods (8 25) fepee sth amount of Md pening through dS pe wi ime Indeed, the partes ‘ttiidcrosing da tne il occpy the fce ABCD ofthe shown parlepped tte fa and ll prc of oid which ve exssed 9 tetera {at wil be oeted at 1+ aise the puaiepiped. Conseawetiy, the “mount o fd ping though A nthe interval ve bythe volume the pralepiped, eal © 45 fol econ = (aa) de Dive by dan btn the deed teen Dy aniogy with these observations defi, ogee he Mex of vst fie hough afar bythe surace tera ao ffee-as. {a this formule, S canbe either am open o cov sce, Avery Cami ee ‘ofthe aie i fond in Gas here i toate 17, VECTOR FIELDS IN PLANE ‘According othe materia he preceding veton ita represent tin td fs te impotatinthe sof Vector Bes Foe Wet the eaation nepal a the fret felt m ftedt band circle plane, Inari type can be nay by rans of Gres theorem: fC rece ee sooth) singe coed care tn @ simply ernie damn D end f POLY) For dl cont eg Kala, 9. 0 : {Unless tei cannon to ake he ection of inerain fc [ieee Latte rime ea ereemercie Sip since dora uy cmc dein Foes as ond 00% 9) Recon report D hor fesrom-[f(2-Ss shee 5 the area beaded by “The impotance af th egret that Cit spe closed curve (ep. 1) See nthe fat that econ ding the intr the curve fom i exesce ‘by the folowing aes As we poosed long the crt inthe dresion cf & we Sige he repon apenring em argh athe exterior sed Ut on car it She interioe f the entve eros uf ch formation dst comadton {shoal be obviews by comlering a cove inthe shape ofa gare it” ‘Nomina places sid to empl comecied i every simple choses care ta ithay sir inde the doin ae wel” Figural speang, drmla Is singly connetediFihas no "els" (Fp 15). ‘Withoat pong into mathematics dtu we shall sketch a posite method of proving Green even wach gray fates He phys itr, Fist ofa ot at Fs, 9) and (3,9) alas be trate the components tats) and a9) of tome veor Bel, and etal ndop, for commence, ths Beaten. Let us now die the aca Salo a network of meses satel io Fi. 1.16), Taking the ima J(ea) around each mesh in22 vacrons, nates, sn coonowsnree fo _courterlocknize iretion we can ety deduce tha fled = E feocay (Tie conttaion from a common boundary biween two meshes canes Tense af oppose oeatatiens of tector de foreach men this ees nly he btn rem the lees of C) Furthermers, mliping and ving ach {Erma the um by te ren AS ofeach mea, we Un Suppose now tha the numberof wees ncesed to Ffaty and that exch mesh “brink ta pin 20 tat 85D, the iit ion Fst) Be S569 - ton ca an indepen of he sap f AS? ten hes ede a ier Sidwenne f= ffranes “Therefor it emg for to evaluate the Fri (sy. A type mesh bs Bown ie Fig. 116(0);® nod pot be rectangular since the gues peered tetow ar vl foram aeirary shape It and ty have coPuou pata, hen we can write toma oart (2), 0-01 (8),0- 9 nae +) wih the appeonimations being wit the fst order in be — and Ip ~ ol There Ph) ithe fn poe to whch 45 elinntly sents ant MC 9) 1 tuba plat on the Bouaary ofthe mes Weg now foray fase fads i Ea ht arg eter of Sat epench m0: the nes sho wo become Intent in weenie fete ere {hy the tee cna to feel, needy te com of 040-9 Ww ‘ecron nee rua 23 sree hatte following i tga wil be ede $e fen fame free fro The ist two me zt, the second two ate +85 and —AS, especie, andthe Insttnn ae aero. As reat we he foams (Me in £04) _ 34 ote ae as any fords CConequely, Kan~ ‘wher the stilton thatthe pal ae to be cued a Pan be omit Since Pic now an arbitery pont within ©. Weave the he ren fens nor-ffr-S)a ‘Which simply Gree’ theorem ia stain. "With rege toa vector ald w = kh the Feet f(s») it known a the cr of wo that By dion, Fed) cute = Jin £53 ‘We have then eshte the expen for ett in (rho cree co vga in pare! oar Aten een te et ht fra ect ln plc sv sr alm etr The pat vets me mat an aes ‘ovenbest + Brand ln eyo type eer ent oce ed a ‘A sclr fl which ret cel at some point called an satan ld (tise point If sotalol in nply connected dons, the by Green's theory it a conserve eld (gradient Bl) in the demain ei hab 200 ‘Seaton. The comer hs tobe worded rather cael: Tw pradent etd (oummiyu = prado, then iirtatiral prided te coninons cc ‘ter part drvtves in amore cata nme cel cle peor to te pan rove of carga get he ed pero mtcanpl: Soe Sen 10524 yecros, mame a8 commis W : c, y bos oretat ewe tt Example. The magyctic indction fell (fe) dee wo an Infite corer ‘arging wes knows to be (outset wit )® Bm ee MRSA un) Ie the spplane (shown in Fig. 17), ptr ont 2, Bea bn Be Beosy = Bel oe oe + “Thin Std happens to be iroationl everywhere excepto the ogi. Tere Fold) = O1C does ok soc he eign, ta nt otherwise. A foncton Leh maybe found ch that B= grad x ha soply comes dori D, Pot {his can te done ony ifthe desnn des wt contain the igh “The De ide te wes Rrewe ob = Baro hese Ristherniof ewe, Mees ~ — ul! 0 By ~ al, “Te ik ot tana an anno be presen as pad pamper {et ws ow tn ou ateson Co the coer of Bu for etorsin plane. The tao the threes ease the Inesat ae fcomar= cee) inten over a eure C (oot aecesaily cost) with ne bring the wie noel to (vecuve td d= age Tie suse in Tip. 18. is he il tr ht eget he ce ean around he a fhe wi, uv vecTon mmLos IK ean 25 Ei Fora oof id ne pen rb te tal ahve oe aunt of Mit toting te ce pt Un Spey pa fa are In many ppiatins, efx teosgh alse crs isnvlie. Evident chodet | ayer den apt as $060) $ ord ~ na). aud he nea cant tafe hy means f Gens fuweff rao ‘ovided, of coms, that the pri te continous everwhere inie This etionsN is wally refered to the sergerce harem Gn plone) sod sete fect [fovea ster sano eon derivable om a lord a shown asthe dergence oa "Wiles above derivation sraighforward does ot even the geomet (ox piycea mening a div. Tei ststtv to ke the cig tet in Green’ theorem: Dividing te aren Sino network f meses, we Ha tht int hard welsh tht because th veer da tthe common boanday of two cent ten ar o- fostelyerecee. Tne obzervonperaite wr to dee the deren of 22 fi ot af a nitecmal ten per tae any, sive jin, £0280 mc Dei te fora civ ~ iu +: a sting en he nove = ina athe segment aap theft. Spl e oons 113 sandr coment at fer est eres lane nd od sc be ‘sec te poe nna Be ates ea,ener. Fre io of cat ne wt sen at bot repre etd ‘deve noel cir wth ret oats ee te an nies sl dog luna) cate = im FEM, sing = tin $0, ss ~ Be as rye otto menon that earn af seal a be erent ‘tft oolong tee onto nS Anoie tenn oberon hat cnx cae aed oa itn an dive tan eral vig de Inde be ei (eae ea, oa = Xa ot ed 10 yn poi we cl hes est two vein in lan SETA elon! Bingo do Conseqsenty elven teen alee? fax, en FOX A co E's Vector fs which have ara verve ar cal soll fds. They are rey coma in pyc For inane, the setottc Rl sled {he ttac of charged mater the magretcsoducton Bl iasueial every, 14 VECTOR FIELDS IN SPACE ie wool now lke to extnd the anal of the Ts eton to vector in space ‘We sal start with the a ofa yctr Bel oop slowed ete, eras ths integrals, perhaps, eset to Hane 1 seats = fh 00) = $$ dS, 4 665, 4 08, where dS dS, and ae pejections of vector 48 on the corsnate xs, negro th lye canbe Rance by Gaur shor I Si 0 (eceise mouth lsd erent soce coined, lng wih is inror, 0 domain D (ed Listy Ms, 9, 3h and MCB J) hace anno Ft pri, then ffs. se was = [ff (Ge Sf +E) here Vite volume bowed by S. ‘ A yal com protect of wo ect nk eto = 5 File fo ‘ecantisp ie corpiel deed by mete and mg Gece wou ‘Hows fee onat on. wich wey leat oectere tha ho rode itt plan ins poendoater ard dene). wecron reine wi snace 27 Pome ‘Gaus theoren cam be reste i vector naation, hy ening L, My and 1 with the components ofa vector Sed w= ax gh} mk The concept ot Giegerce om sire a icy td ht Gn tet an be eit ff 0 ffenrea nds fen refed to asthe degece ere “The dodecton of Chia theorem an be done asin by 4 msthod elogs te Thain the preceding ection. In this ease we et ie veane n l es, Say, etagule eck, one of which stows In Fig 1.19. Uwe ete the fh oF w thigh each Uock at 288 al the rel, we mist btn the fa ‘rough the outer Dourdary 5. Jota before th of throagh a intestace fecnen two blocks mest pps in he sim tie, tt wih The Spe Sn ‘tase ofthe changed destin of the “outward normal” ec the fstnte ro cose fhe = 28G Mor Inotucing for an obvious purpose, the volume AY of ach lock We now av the vergence of ease oF ‘Ha-as) dive = fin, Has {Gans theorem can ow be deuce by iting oat the math de tas and developing the Fortsla for divw i catesan eeordintes, We sell28 vectors, armers, Ano coosoONATS 18 ‘ve a simple seion ofthis fam the consideration of a revtangsir block 2° dip 1D). wot herd to show hat th ae of w ough a rectangle sich as ABCD, Isler niin he st exer ny and 2 by Senco Cr ABE. sete (ap ised athe cele of the vectangle. Inde or ny point iin aC we have wa eet (),o-94(%),6=0 eth ts to tern il eo when ntated over the aces ABCD. Conseycey the on of trough the ace ABCD” be detained by the sae of a the ene hia and i ven by [oor 2) os ‘Silly the fo hough he opposite ace =o), “Ter x mies sin in font Beouse we now want the pose nora inte tewnve dco, Adding tee wo ons we btn “het ough her or eosin i sar wy ning 9 Tememer seu ets rashes ard a (ee Mey ar tare (Mee BB), “The epson for vergence om realy flows aed conelades our analyst tur now cont the oetion of crelaon of vector in spsse. Sich an Integral ha ie Form $00) =f (ode + mpd bands we shall assume tnt Ci (pecenie evo imple closed ene in sce. Tecan ba phe carve bt we shal azure that cn be pare y (ee ‘seam ont sce 5; hat C em seve asthe bud for ch { pssuing a poate noel in he paste reton & x ° ufc he station fied i Fig 1.20) 1 tndad convention 1 in the psve dren of setiog noun sues dene 93 tht fom the "ightand ren gems wht poe sora othe sacs "The pte eon of teat ul te ave eae CB toni at coe eth on terse ie 20, Whe a ssn, nccan gute Ste en: is ce Samet) neta face ons 9 ete) pe so C, mutually oriented as described, then a a rarer ried by Mond W hes cots prin domain cons and eben ya Wa econo oe. By the tom fier tecgn, we dide 8 to's hewak of (eevee {Fie 130) ond on ai a1 NM yas (=) an 4 (M2) ara] Flude td td) eeeaer ae as Contig sl es abou point 91 web fore pit ME ote bunny (Pe 3), sieeee toone ears (8), ce— 9+ (),0= 08 (% Aral wal hapw fom he stay fap ub eeWe tal ed itera ike fie fede fiydis fords, soe eae teas can be eat by proetng our mes on the ‘Soda plane. ‘at ne ant Lo obtain te laterals of he (pe efx Dee amd Sista) dy. Se the pine M snd AV (ee Fi 120 tae he te = p ‘Bes fuga rue to ffx phde ted Fes gh dp rept forthe ie ‘nbc depends onthe creation of he med ffinien ef Renin nt MY deserts Tn counter. ‘The pl sign for Cave Fi 21), where the ‘i 1200), wh 0 alg ‘oese ction, the wna sgn i Yor Cae Seebeiet Te part, note dat, fideo finde forte= af rde= 0s, hte AS" ie the sea Rourded by 1, i, the aren ofthe prjection ofthe mesh Deon g By inet in meant to inate counterlockie integration! ee the {The atin of cmt chon wl cnet een the eto A Inthe pnt deren tnd he eh ‘om the apple Since the meh eal we hve (Fig 121) inCwe, (here ng isthe wit normal 0 AS). Ie citer ems, » AS asco (enh) ASS Sco (anh) ie Cue fjrte= asc Sint, we cas dedae fx tascorun) focaaas| Towolucng the cr of x veri gue (eich snow tetra dtinon| othe plane sn) by mean eh eae ote Bie Bis Ge Be nic ko sess to te sttement tha cetaton of @ aroun a nite (ental sen decribed hy i egal to (las) Toun Sther Weare ha now be wit nthe Cormac orm* f 00rd = feat oa [Asin the cave of ets in plane, the tr fds stiying v9 tata slencfal ned thone saying coi w= @ ae aed enna, he oncep of wroains ie lowly tld fo the comet comma fe (e's grad) ba here tn Fis should notte etd heen a opto ‘completions In pacar slit ertaoal inn damn 2 oe et one 4-The spe of the area element ie; econ of this we nn Kl a BERT ao Passe ay ae422 vectors, warm, tm coomONATES u | ato hate iesiation about an aia spl cloud cere in Dis ero. The ort in that ne rng nat be abl to iaroke Stoker Coren twos We ay NOE Ile iconic asta panning srfaceS which woul i inside D. camp. Comider sil wound coi of cavent-atyng wire in the shape of tovon Te eld lose he toes etadomal; fee, co sates he tenth ousronn snd there cree denity Sand no dace tment cucet in th imerior of he tora: we vue 3 destation.Howeve, the Bel st {he centro exch ar ofthe eis Keown 0 be = orl ying ncrelton tor the cena he Co th tr: y $0: 8) = nat 208 0, aaa et tat ag ce nig Cat meesyeeng caiete tors aden oh nnd B= 8 Siete genes dv ad cca ln ve ten tnd et ts 3 sis Gre npc hsb el nen rte (Say yee ace hap ce ane Sistine haat woe marae cute = me, HES, the surfer over he boundary easing the vluwe AF. We secs poe of heaton cvsdering AY in te frm of resample [ansepiped rr shown in Fig. 22. The contibuon to fas X w] fom He {op foc vole ony ul ted nf 0d i in he wal notation, [Jess nsssn [+3 4)s- (0 89): nbereP isthe center ofthe paslepped, The oto face wi have 28 wih The drain reversed ond forens-vl 88). D4 * One of Mazes equations; se, Ret 4 Millon, pp 296-707, Ainge, we bin (Ge) Gi) favor CContitions fom the other oer Feta ested sn, eishing the We sill conchide this ston by mesioning some eu From te een op ‘bere the et rs ttn is involing gradient, vergence, cal, Ft al culate ‘pcg the ate ht orev fl lay onion ‘Sai Gen pi oy ecru eed Sep 2, These operation ef snk: Wp yk aon te Lape Salva opr Pray be agndan aes Pend ead, ‘ih de wlan creo In caren cons ven Beate te get hit Gs Ath eft operations Bae i entra fr plane vec. Thee sry two operation ich ne ely pont fr ncn pce: vce fd eteate Sighforard sison i canecen comdate Slt vette.” A ore tphisite sgumnn of sane inet fro he 2 ‘loed sce Sina Soran Dvr cet de le pone have imino pra Spt Sito pats, 08 Sy yvonne inFig LD. By Sher theown, a fy (4-0) = fieate-dsy ~~ ffeae a8 cal abo 4 operator erie eee opi of rernig set, cartes anf cul Wy meas of te ts ilies eva (a see TSW the onthe sake1 veons, sarmces, 0 co0RD the mins sen ates fom the “ron eviettion of Sy with eget Lo Congest. {feet es fee was» fhe {or any cloud src in D. Apving te svete thorn, we obtain ffesounar 0 as) “The see hs refer an arbitrary volume FD, follows that iv caw = 0. TReuing the operation curr we can deve ie following expen forthe crt coarser celeade = paddivw — Fy, sere the symbol 0% sac forthe operation Pus} up Dusk. This Tov, however, eld for lhe coed sens uci Vite sore ra wig te exes for erect ai, nd ‘lncaesan corde ts. fs Perea 9 CURVILINEAR COORDINATES Sometimes it is more convenient (oe cordate syste lier tha cares Inpora apt space con be desea by te pares which we wi Bac ty Lin Awstknown etomple ss gen pha! coos iva, av sown le Fig 124, slg whe vial eatin comedies 3,2 coupe youl olf th opine, uty ra va = ut a poate beat sce We dee et nek he oem "aha ape tcomponceto hich te etd to by In genera 7. ca be though a eng Fanctions Fm Fe Mma), hmm, tlm ‘We shall enn tha eat within one domsin D in sce ve continue censor to bette fr me re te 7.2h pee mts yh ao men) (Ober a th isis hate Sabin a Men am 3 owe as ces ot vaih* Let us now choc «patie point with exit oor ‘es 9) can aso be Seed M(H, tes f the cores mum IE we keep m = p= cost adn =v cont apd change thee tin» Giooth) carve pasing tough M which may be called the Fue ‘Shirly, enn dene mcaree and cre ‘Thi how nF 1.25. Farther ‘moe, we cam inrodace unit vector Inn an log the fans to these orn Gite the erection Bf hezeng Tmo). Ts esas © Toa! rom of are. Fer conven, he abel mse chosen 2 hl (leat 83) form hc ie "Our al tems pss In generate oon features whch dings ‘tem em these ore yearn wit vector J and The es may ot be ethogona;mereowes, the angles Between theses may 2. The oretton of Ione Coithcespct tL.) ay chan rom one pin to soother, ve tare betocen theses rain te sre 3. The phy meaning of parameter Zn may aot Bethe length, 2 ddnsar ead no be senal nih he ches do of are Ue tespete at aie propre (0, and (3). Wecan alway ink of pot 1M as teng diel by» postin soe f= Ef hake Tring a Se Kal 93 et36 wecrons, wares, 26 coononanes 9 ovens fim we ca write AG. + mn + mm Changing by ce amouts to changing 72 by ds dd whic ent, aed by charging my yl. dn dn. We bree following encrl aton oe ae am Sa, y= Bins Bn toa Mas ams Hn Ire move song th Harve thn dn = dy = 0 2 dr becomes? ae ebb ay be de when = (i+ Bie Ge) a “This eines th drive a wid spc othe parame L 2 he, or, eet By its ery meaning 2/8 vector along the ein Oly These Ip ‘ante exes tga SAL. Gulati + Qp/00) + @s/20k 1 ara” eaulane + yl + (TTR The ceaty ne GY GY tesa singe oma tpt: Te kh eet pee ten nly change hem d= [Daal = el Te inde fashion we dedice ne = Ge!am often + Oslo, te + G)+ Gy lo org eto, 4 IEE We eth ion fm Fce amedyeames’ (eg ears ch dt whee learbe conan, sate Suppose now thi he ple tami. 6 3 tga pe. Then we at ‘he rato ar sf for mvt cowie syemsenglyed in phys in prior tri te for spol and yea cone sony at Sn beet seed, fae eee Ths amy cries foe (1) of fr syste of aes Rearing the vst of Fst tat He ed sayfa pa pa fo sn ct om ay a ie {nas tasted ty spherel and ine coo Bvets wis ome ce Derters umn repent anger rat this kag At eel il, he nent dace dvempon Song else fe il ad tat ant an nat hades ens Dion by espe formal, aaa en the let of as ts = tl = VIE PS Re Bea For asc, for phil conta, he = fy = n= rand = VTA Pa a We shal mae ou sarvey of cuinear coordinates ty the derision of fxs for common alferenat operations in veto cle ovder to ‘re lod etn term fnew tes ad ow eres we coud sat wth mates athe, ae" Hae fd eso expen inf of feta A vice wy fo alin he tend 9 dm do 8+ Et + Bon The ied comnts ae hen le etn ots,none snd in eo onsen = (nats (8) eats (Eee {hom which few inmate that wade fet “The calelaton of dvergenoe can bea ated ont sating fom te gee Aksien ‘Without os of eenerity, AY ct be taken a volume eesti theses thong the Fy my and mesrve (Fi. 1.22) In perl the ax Crowe an ee Ietery ah vented in he yen ive by gd. [As we sub the aes though the areas ACW’! and AINPQ we mo {org tat nt oy Bat sso hah, ate Tnetions of fom, and mt BY 28 Srpument silat tht on p38 (ne ie ete sbi version). me dee fat he net oor Box rough hes tno Tne Bota end ‘Ating the analogois contiotion fom the ter four faces and ding by the volume of ur volane clement whi 1 yal dh de), me bt ineneditly tiv = gpl |B uhahad +B Coahahid + Z Cush (GSI, We ely sume bat he cones te ots Hecrteien cordate, = hy = Ae = Ws cunvuneas coomoutee 9 Example lspci coordinstes me ie fm wi 18 by py barirep embry viey pie heekerd eke Give ahag Re snsent Zesinem + 20 “his my be simplified anf eal, amt ede to ou cote yt ay Ben SHEE St ins ot “eect af wan be asd from the esatin fw ara the Fe the ‘ooyatme volune emer ian, he face MPO yi (Fig 1380) [ioe fsa» tater = Crue» hen, Souham an, tien condom teut ey tactn ican = {2548 ~ ft] ms ‘Tis ctemines the Feomponent of cate. The comple forma rade might — Soaps ++ a jem ~ Sewn ++ phe Boost ~ Sento Filly the exprcion forthe Laracian © i obtsined by combing the Fonts for pete and epee tame jacicln(' fi) ane am) ane) For instance, the phere ytem i ede (fertigation) ECA +m watery ® HaasAcre TM Mate dnt, Renting, Mas: Adon Wey Posing apn We Aone Cal, Reading, Mos: Ain Wey Pblig Co. 1957 Keeioos, 0. Feu of Per Thy, Rein Serine Vetot Oh 1. ar J. and 1 Mono, eons of Ercromoee Ter, Reding Me "hao wesy Poin Co 1. Cal Mechs, Renin. Mos: Non Wesley Pung Co, PROOLEMS 1 And, be ad ty te gr cones of ti (ese dod by rs), obo ow Bs et tno wets toe tedand tn nctlaad te trbnrivand 1 le ear ron of ee er it ee te een 6 (1 ‘Show that forty tes estos ong ey hl xt x oll BX (0 all + eX fe] = 0. (ex mx ell = bar ctw, “Te above frm, om th Jaca ei, apa in any ote bys mater 5. Contes th fling tee we nae en by hr corns GRD GAB ACL ED. (0 Wed tt ha reste tector, oo! ech er and em "hha pi ocre a be 1 Carters te tntauon aie afocing the old components of 8 vcr (Gael tae win eoet tothe eves (nih rep, «Ent ween mga the Rew oor of te et SOD. MC aca and ca, heat) Cangan ther pone {Stn af pcs bi of vei? 4.4) Show Sate hile radu (93) of wecers ei an an, vy 2n0 mon nnmhean beers ty he dees = rw. 1) ig te pov at 2353 mine rbogona ten i ermine eve aly ve inter P00 eee 0) Comite beats ote] ee Pava8 svar 4 ool on) bo mw vial. oot ae eet: {tee wh ns gtk, dee te soma 5 cern ei sn AB eo 3X matin cot one =sne ont sd giv tgs ineettin of is eh 1. Show tha emt sing some dirt gen ation se, Gi weil nan nati ie Se SS cea wc es ee rm atan P21 a(42 wacrons, marcas, no coonomares 1. Find he eric ofthe along mics by shin he eqns A= I p40 oa 4 Ae]otonih ae] ecw wa “104 ain vs ~vu6 4a tos a-|aas} a-] 1 a 0 pad aes Oat Slat iy) tote conde ofa point inestew fy ‘ran atm le atte an a8. ‘mak ani td 8 petty, wi te wa {12 Sort ta ih AEE PTE D7 = 2) = meimcenaaiisacmm fF, ete em Rewetat ‘Show tat te or = 7h — De can Be exe in hls aon, tn more then om way Cie theta cxpnon fhe ate Aa ves pet 11 Ene tb lowing tre rod tcc x4 9 = Witiseomennt 9) Seay mre = Gy — 3b + bey = Foe act 12+ yap 8 lesan ote = CF ~ 2 dnd om p28. 12 Let Flay) = 01 ~ 7. Bante 1) 128 nd F- a) sng te ce» = 2, 10 f SE arama cc 89? — 1 Hee ate deta den 13, Show tthe wer fee = ot rah +n beth cata nd wei Tod pach tat wady ws Con you fod vce dd Ah ta T= 0 14, Prove he flowing Heir esi and ete ee ce: 2 wad f= Fenty 4 pad, ~ Meal = fete’ eed fo, 1D avn = fale) = cat, sing eercse end Stake tere is omen nat he allowing ines 9) Hate 29, show 9 = 84 A Phan 8 hee aa abot fora) whee y= t+ 7 + Pend Sk eae in), ©) Patedyat ted 2d whee Se ean 4 Fete ween “3p t | hand Pm the Ge inten = 2 ‘at ik ots soo th minal is plat eng eek ete ‘Show iat hv eer a any pot ent dk ee eon Pat bbe Considers enti mcr nth al ae yr.) and vite feet diy 2) Let 9 be any wn th he a oe Uy heen smth) closed sree 5 Contr tefl amount of rae iste and hve eng ite nk ne ooh te mac eet $fffecsna~-$bonmes Wh toby ete here dla ce on nt artes Ung the ech loed in Seti 17a 1, te te pie proce tte oloning sateen ee ee eo eis Mf a ars divergence, curl, and the Laplacian i cylindrical cooctinate. HcuaPreR 2 FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE In he cova fsa of rons ales eqatons ang in pts he eae “uion iat bee found convenient to inuece the ene of number ‘he sane equal to 1 By weltesabsed rion, sewer 6 rooted by and we ete? lands = y/—I- Henlow ito be malipid {rr mumbo cn the s-aled iogiay nor” the fre (ere lave Ith wel ru of isan are extended to eapinry numbers, then we ms cone tht he produce af gary number ae rea umber Imereti oars se neal fa mbes. For ise (04-4) ~ O49 = ¢ (C308 = 9 =. It inspeay mambo ate ade (re mbes We Have a stm witin uth ce pvorm moligiaton aed vio (yy se of a). Ween thatsnh som od uncer mtipceton ad sion ower ‘usec tor adon an acon} Tlie is iELsp ce trsntenros, Thome We RxD = B 4K (ob reatoumten) and are asa to chy wppropinte algebraic rubs. AS wl be shown below, {he yatem otcomples nusere closed oer ation sasction, mali tion, and dso ls the “etoton of ots” operation Ue shart it has al the ‘Satie spi haat and vests exten of the veal mane Spc. The say ef complex mbes table or every pays cae {he econ of ys wr sch ore complied without them -Jmginary number rel alle ure imayinary moors arene he sition fom (ee ie tench sce tum nr "Ihe mane aad rs the ee ‘BegEits nes onl corer member ao not eps Sey erate ‘Sobol Sra Wile hsp of vw © fom monty abot he ‘Vite ot & wt ceed nr te open of etacon af the wine root ier [ercumae Vis ten el ue) esa 2 NSC ALGERA AND CAMRY OF conmUEE NewaNRS 4S 22 DASIC ALGEBRA AND GEOMETRY OF COMPLEX NUMBERS eomplexumbersrewtten nthe wi Fra +o (ora +b he the waa lps operation th hen re Sfned slows. 1 Adition (L404 los Hite) = (as Had + bs + 2. Matiszaon Ge, Cos + d= 1p ~ By + Hoe abd. “he econd rule ic ny 10 Flow ie recognize at the exprenions 4 ase sil ip the ame me rn, ang the tbe sd set Then ands repiced by = ‘Compl numbers the Tim a + (are ty iene wih ea be sine they obey these algebra rules and ae gery Indngabe rm {och eles” Compler nambee ofthe frm Osh ae then (pte) inane) hombets. Tei estomary to writ ainmy a} 10 rand bib Bh Sue Tron af compen martes be end ers oon thai i (oy 40 ~ et im = eo OV B= EE Mea +) frm which flows that ken n a and pbb An tcratine sto Fr he negate ofa compen mater, ett) = le += 1 Kab = me — ib, ‘There or divion ca be arty deduced by vesting he mito, [stove cod gen by he len ten kW ab eM Gort Wt ihe od) Spa eae wih, femal oe SBE ET tL exo is rely se ha th zr can te ay eomplex nner exp rey ‘tember 01, which wlque and mite ry 0) et tess af es mantr neeponeees ees Fits gly posed ht xy sy =ty 4 pean iy = xesed yh =46 roncrns OF & commen YAMA aa 1. Tae itn of comptes mire ys te ame rl the nen of erin lens panded send bre acd vth components ret No, bust bat ‘femulipetonof canter mors lr rm he frmaon of ott ee "The wc of he symbol and he ed Bem 2 | convention, tt wot inpeenti Is foe 19 doo cnplr nomer s+ pe of ra br ‘Cyprabeying ceria por vk, ce mation cn be deel ty 2 abi rd 90. sos ae at he fom a+ i it preening tis Satamary te represen comes numbrs by pies nthe soca om ex ple, ov Agand dnpam (Fp. 21) It we dence the complex nimber FE tgs singe sya s and wite 2 = x 4s then Wo cach F tere cor responds pati the complox plane wth the abi «and Ue ct). “Te iden st eae ur othe tgonamce representation of compen nabe: (eu bleu) ~ (ues — Bi Farland tino, wie 6 VET pnd ene te te pa {Msreposentation ve unique (poate guste eo, sere comers | ine [ieee arc musiedeues cman fama 9 < Of <8. "Fh oltwinesomecatar nd notation wil be widely sed: 1 mb = 1 cond Hain) tee EE ReE tthe real yas os sy = Ime isthe imaginary ptf 6, = lo inthe mor of ao Known asthe maps ratte eat 02 1 ithe erumcnt of 2 called the polar onl pet The somber ~ i cae the comple cong of the sue & = 5 4 Ip Sind yee vara, Wer dente by, We can say hat >and = eee (on ‘he cnpen pam) he fection ack ober i spel ote Yea { Anste commely we omenton 0 @ oRle— ohana acne “The sltion (0 4/8, = a) nly red fh ven ere, "The aang: the compen mth fy te epee Fem the tha the atl process sing the ext ice very We he render the eaolation (parton of he el ar) i rect oman (eal sch rota nd ttre coe be edd f al4 rINcTIONS OF 4 cou YAMA 26 14 MULIIVALUED FUNCTIONS AND RIEMLAS SURFACES Certain complex furtions are mtv and thy are uly considered a siting of nce, cach branch being siege vain! Toncton ef 2 For Instance /() = 3c beat no two Wane acovlg fhe al fore onthe rots = 1 Principal ranch, $40) = v0, 2 Sand tame, fay = rel, ‘Sil spehing fe) and) are two separ orton bt they ate itinatly ‘ranestd tnd forthe reaon they are ated Lgetior ae (wo Dacha of 2 (dvb ar fasion) = Vz ‘ote thatthe priya brweh doce net map the ele onto the ene septa, bu rather onto te gh hale (Rew > 0 10 nhc the postive Taney seman ( aed. The neptve agiary sens wo ede. ‘The meond tach, which ha m6 spc ate aps the rane ako the le alplane Rew <0 ls the meative impor emia Except Tor 2 ~ 0, ‘no other pnt on he wlan omige plone) dupieted by bth apps. “Ave carve acter impor festere of the tno brah.” Hach ach taken separately ie romana on te pave rea seni, The meine of thea Fllow The ples reeaigeed eit where #2 smal postive number, 6 very clo cach ler. Hower thet isge unde the pial banehmaprng mae Wen) = EFA aad files) HH, ae very i rom sth athe. On the othe (be map 0 namely, Silex) = erates, is ery hone othe pit le appents that he contin of maping ea be acd if we ich ances awe ros the negative ra ema “Fo th Hen a more prche rain we mal defi the concept of cor tins fron oa comple ssa, Let m= f() be ceed some ni tarood Ge pp. AT aa 6) of pia zs and et 2a) ~ wer We sty that J) ‘conn sso J) renter #2 nthe sme ha gen > 0 (ecbivary soy the neat [f@) nl <4 hae whenever IF = tol for sates smal. Wr esiy Sowa that i = us 7) B42 them the contin af pes he comity 9) ants, 7) nd Yer. rd, ok tht he ae of 2 der FA wr a i 0) = { Forempa ne Kaplan, 195 16 MENU ROIONE JD MAO SURES SS Riemann proposed an igesour device eee bh ranches by means ‘fa single contncous mapping: Inapie {wo seperate x ptnes et lon the ‘ete real semis rom "mina ity” to vere Tope tt Fm ae Superimposed on ech ter Bot retin the separate entity he sane of ‘0 she of pape lat on top ofeach ater” New suppose thet the second ‘iarant ofthe upper et jined log the alto he oth Queen ttt tower sheet to form coninions sure (Fg, 24), It now pesble to art {carve Cin the td quanto he ope she, arn hes ress te sgntive el semis sto the Wire eendrant ofthe lower tein co Snaps mio (emaning on the ee). The cove canbe cori nthe Tomer het arco the rin int the soon uray the owe she. rant ofthe lowe set joined tthe tid “quart ofthe uper set lor the same ca deen the fe ai ek ‘stil dpa ts exten). The eee C ean thon be conan te tht ‘rest a rear The ct ts jing to planes Kade othe fralon a Roan ove with oh of 885 ope contin sac Fores a 0 Rion she Fi 27) ‘An sport rrr now in rd The ne btwn the con qudrant the upper shel and the the quadrant ofthe toner st eto Re omer 8 ‘Son fo thee tees th son qunant fi wets ad the tid ‘quant ofthe upper oe This is where the pope model als ws Acari {his med the pega ree Seas appear tele where all our ees of ow at mt." Homacs the Rn ss broach age ee oe ‘0 eal negate sees on te Rien sie ot tee met el po ne seman ‘The rapping (0) ~ Vs may tpt vile th: The piel teaveh maps the oper Riemann het (nea vel semi ealode) to lhe repien Rew > O ofthe weplin. The ie amin he ean wope othe ied ower idan i lo tapped by te pica banc to the poate init sian Te Tower Rlenze sheet (npn el sos exe) israpoed bythe second branch eno the reion Rew ©, The be joing the sccoed lowe wt he thd wpper quran ip (y the second base) ‘wo the naive inary soma In thi fon the ete Remove oe16 ramenens oF «cows vane 26 is mapped one-one onto the plane (2 = 0 ie mapped esto w = 0: this attr covcaponire, sly speaking, belongs to elher branch sce {he polar angle nt deed for = 0. "The iiog ofa mld function nto brances ie abivary 0a ret tet For intance, deine llowig wo Teco which abo may be rented St brancer of) = 110)= (ets fe OSES, - nf Be Oct ‘Note ha ranch ominous onthe negative el seman bat sont ‘on the pose ral ela (5 branch B), ‘The two branches consi, Together the dvbleomived fenton (3) = /, abd is eepeseatation is m0 Teter and no wore taste previous ae- Also sre that he Riemann race bit op by thee two tance he sare a the one esibed eee anit oe that he neti 2) = Van be split inte branches in wany oie mys Inall hem, bower hare wil be Branch ie (tBratch ‘np extening om 7 = 010 infey. Ths ie may be» curve The Riemann ‘vac cone obtsined ty ying to Ria shes Avo the ut a hs Siac sige The poi = O where any baech Hoe mut st (or ed) {ea bch pon. The postion the heap temo! he natare ‘the lvls fonction wade ndopendent of he coke a ree. "fi tecique can be caened to other mulialed fonctions, Some rece snore han two Riemann Set (or sence f()~ requests). Some ‘eave tno Rican hc but wo branch post Jt) = VE THEE DD. le "There are fain reuring a infer of Plan shes sc 8 Flo) —'= wih ration! nd me of transcendent fncions wh we sal ‘wieny couse below. se the detinson of exponential fnew, Fe eooy + in, ve ty deine tigenomeic ad hyperbole Fonts: SB egy Sen 0 hate nec ems 26 MOLTVALUED INCE Ae aaNO BUHEACES 57 Al thet fncions are pei: an co Have (rine pied 2, {ons has a (imi) period, nah sand cae: Dave prime) pi 2A coe of fama loeag can be eb for isan, se, 29) = ny com 4 8082529 sin say = 2eos2E Min 2, te ‘No et a : ee che = cons) sabe = sina) is wettie to mention hat ins nd ot by o mes bound ty iy Tor bc aie in 2324, “he lps fartion deed a he inves of exponent fn Sing 2 = reform bine ner soo = NUE WE oe = nee, “Ts fenton is uate: es rel ane i wy dented byw = loge 2c i elon aie uf loge = bert Gras. “The emir maid fonction refered to as w= Logs = loge ne “These formals ae often ite wth the lp the artnet of function which sae mulieud he pip ranch ting amin t (orcesa athe ene octonveaing Arg? = ag Jae, That we may write loge = lpi + fan, Lops = tole +1 Araz ‘he finton Arg and Lop # rete &Rimmonsufce cnsang oii sneny Rinna shea “Te defaton of inene Wianonetic and hyperbole fenton now en fotowe Aare aan a Avcons = iLog(e+ VET, Actin: = 5 Tee Ash ~ Log (e+ VED, ‘Acosh2 = Lope + VF=D, Asis = Hop Ee Arians = } rota = f Log58 rovers OF 4 comune VARIABLE a “Thi penis rancher ae deote by avec 2,6 The genera power fico PS Eine Foran oa ~ p/ where pg te neers ang 0) th faction oir sik Ye" (q > 0 oF wit C2)" (g <0) aed tg Graches. For ition ‘Tike pone fonction aftely lave 2a feuLImC HNCHIONE. CAUCHY TORE tah eto es i hemes fas of ons ome tne fGen ar coy acne Ton ey emai oak toe at tm pte oo gue secrecy) fr canna feos ieeniaes. A So ‘Sa Ron sa animoue ntn cron Eee pent toh caren compen) onan on te ng ee! fume cat be defined and expen intra of a nea by ting flo) = 9) xy) and de = a Lays [serie [cede — oan tif (ode + 2a, inthe cine fo vas — 0a foe ud) ae known crt ae sah intonation me seed Ser rae aa ca a ts Isto ots inte eee so ot a Sgt ra eye, eet cee el ep Sous tower thie [Ui sede ~ [fended © [pent =f fords “C= cmpercontenn, 0) [ierden [sede + [sot o where Ci decrmpon into to curves, C, and Ca, The abate valu of an Tiga can beatae bythe fa [fA] sa vce M = aan Yoon, and the length fC ‘Fanatic wideaprend notation Baten x = ss, ami ¢ = sh, ad soon { Foret, Karen 0.6 [nthe ome of Ronson eCourant Va 1,19, 998 Kalan 29 a MLE YONIONS CALEY TOR 59 [As our ext conept we sal dene the doveie of comple finstion ‘Changing int 2 + 35 (wih comps 3) weebiain (+e) and econ we= = 1 = fp py BE i nt cro ae hat is, x +z muy appraach 2 along any curve or by any sequence. This rather satan ica estar ita He mace apne parsed att a yt {come nchar teens ofthe cfriny Te eae comple ele els catia th sate tenedons “itacaeasanantieittittamrnarae ‘Ses titer vate) at Sate ef cepts sei Sovten peg ° : F Kvn) = 0182 4 8 uy, a ete SE-B. etme we nt ant P= stey, ° fereer a tien ® san Te ie of cone tne i wy or real functions: If w = J), then de = (2) dz. i Cee Le) = MeN th tn ten oe dere Fey ty Ce Anh AN = Wp Be any ba a ‘The lintng val on the igh Sand side st he the sre for thea for he aby proach a2 =, In prc, st 8s = Ae (approach lg th eal 33) the re = B48 “een nti th att ore diton oH {evee, Keo Phyo Fotos Yo6 rencro oF & cour YARANLE 2 Avera set Ae £2 approach slong the ign) 248) th ro Wotows hat ftw diteenibefntian ~ wt we mat Bae fie, wm “Thx te the Cech Rion condos hey follow det frm he defiton TUG desiaie Mri, fof aay, en 72m Be onan which, ita Epis hs the pal drones w and ar oninous “I sats tec to los: I (3) sed es 9) bave conto Si | port derivatives ssttying Cauchy-Riemaan condthon in some neighborbood Gtr then f(@) = och analy at = = MSpace ast Toney poss some Yery implant prope. Pet ape moat fordunetel e expel bythe Coc seem: If) ‘bei a simply comected domain D, and is (pense soo) simple nda Dy hoe ff = 0 Pr Writ the gra a fillod= §,lods 064 if, 0dr bd. rst of) inp contin of uti dete a a Gis ee apse. Howorss the te Cay Baan snd ™ fw -vanaff(-+p)eons fosruana ff Gi Z)aon sd th hore flows. “The 2 comers of the Catchy thorn, known the ‘Morera heocem:t IC f(s continuous in a domain D and i $f) de ~ Pay sng ose pain D wih Utero also In D, Cen 2) is seasin D. ies at be Cry eo rhe iad coin cee cpa Cex a crn Fee ee, Kavi. 1 opm Pho a Pcios,Vob Ge, te pt dos vot nce ke; Fg LAS, Site eto efor ‘ie integral tora bat nil be quoted er, wae “he ven con ep an re sou img ec path) ‘cine rte toe npn pen neg Tne dec Soe of Sarton 1 an teal Cay to coat heals lee fhe astenent I 7o)ds~ Ofer te ips pty ten eng [Loa independ of path (teen 2a 2) Seppo ow tt te fst Zp te I te nepal Da is oe ai hae ee cn tee es ‘imi tino 8) Cr anche go (9) floes fo he Karl ern tales FS te say ee ‘at, fan, Fe ~ [seat ‘sab ona nD and 1) = oF Pra Since fei sagt the ina i independent of pth an thecore A oetion In he expesaon Fe) UE af Cade 08 +f fade + 08), Sot enw niet of pth Gre thee ad the ray ena eon) Habe flow tat wi, w 10 that and ost the Caney Rima condions aswell Therefore Fe) ‘Banas Moreover, Brett we fa, sd he theorem ollons, Any two priv fons mest er bya (ome) const; hi allows fete at) ~ Bing 0) = oa eds = uy = 0, Foe Kap, p20“Ls OTMER INTEGRAL THEOREMS, CAUCHY INTEGRAL FORMULA 11 shuld e empha that al conons sated inthe Cauchy theorem must te cred before eppaton, Consider fr ite, te itera te 1s his ipl veo oot Geneaiy speaking, f= Mle ~ os a0 attention haifa e anal tome (oly ome) point, rae, Fe Ta fction isnot sven aca ths pon sd thus enna poses eae TE th curve C involved the deflion of ea ingle cloned curve. Then, it ve poi 2 > a b ome the env, the Cay ere bold aed = 0. Tt mie, the Cay theovern anno be appl. fc, he negra i ot ‘yun so so, denntited by te flowing cosas Ca ce of {alias Retard at 7, then the nepal exuly vaunted hy sing PONCE he i hice de = Ie aed ra ff 1th = tet const 14 not iat 0 show thatthe ame rent ue fr any simple aed hc, ih nice poet 2~ a. Suppose hat Cy ete inside the cle E(hig 20), Tha thin chanel made op of ves By ad By can be contre fosoniet he inter af Cy wh he eter ef Can the Gack theorem ik te sped to he shaded region; » domain D canbe consrtet co that the ‘adel region sith The intel ove Cy i locke As the ides By ul Bs ofthe thane se allowed fo approach ach fer, the igs of Form ite a) along By nd By wl Gite cane ont eving ith ‘Se ntenent oe f.serdet f, tore = Reversing te detion ofthe ead ineraton to untecackwe, we obab flee §, feds Pent (itn bh recone comerocknise) Tre iemely win Cate prt sla. IF Cand Cy nterct t prot seven singer cai, Pott 8 prot of dhewued atone en that Cand Cnet 1 the intra Ji evaluated aro! cles path which not sept ‘alue is nat necessarily 2. In eases of practical interest i wll be al 10 m2 ete isthe number fines the pa ences the pot za Coontlokns [es the numberof ies it entinen the pots ~ a kis. OF cure isha be andonoo ht inepal FV de may tngen to tear een if the Cesena dct nt apy Fe ane tse tenees! ae ‘ren pate ter ala oy a honor a Raround z ~ @. Using x ~ a+ Re®, obtain in “hs et evident for ny md pth encieig In both hse cmp, the pom of te pa ~ s bing exon te uh of ine ar ne sp nee ‘canola be eae. Whenever ts sates wcusn patea robes the path ot be deformed tae he be poi, How bh ted Atpends on the ater th problem ‘nction (in the Cnty theorem mut of cove, be singe wed may tes partic broch f« male sled fon, bt then ers shou ‘aken tha this ptr bene saab. Coser for inane, he neta vies alone thet cc seat gin. a he an a the (obec Fanetion ¥/= rmst be specified. Suppose iti the princpod branch. Then 4 frien [Meet a= a Te Cay hate ot ape ene tani hee THs he po oer eo eee be tae fo Bo“ is Zo mre 0) bce canes NO Se a ie F4GYis continuous at x ~ 0, iis not analytic at that point either. 7 ‘Soc he ee $oana Pe ‘neste shen Scion 129,runcmons of A conten VARIABLE a tetanus = =2 i 2, ie pir ach icon sr Cay nent tc ewer Vo 5 ating te tesa on aaview 8 Oct n cane ces, Van veer HOES Vic Views ncaa sea ‘Now te branch cts lng the pov re sexs and exch rane is ante iin Condon) the cic e-F3]= 1a the Cocky theorem may be nti. a ore 220 “ue cael hoe can be ener or tan ae way, Obes the mee Met land pth eee Spy omen ene ih eestor efoto A (ie) cfc 0 reitereing sone [etna fr t maliiy coveted domo wise 0 Fe 210 Se pe CC nd Ca orm he oy a he ey comet) domain 5. Mavens down Oe conto Cj, Cy ad Gy ol Talon see (esp) The pose etn of creonwond Cu Co ee are demain Sopp ei Tsien ow MD ‘Soweto ef Crocs dont den oC “a pcs oh cae Cac tere for mally coed rn Sica ati emt Soman won ey Bens of fa ‘Mtr mp sed ps ee $, fode~ 9, rod) samt Sonn Beh natien coin tin ite ce trey Te wee scored iow ata whe tetas fans. wi ty gators thes) co 1 ete Ts cee Coy een ee a ‘oer rieDROW. eave ToRMNLA 6S the contour tobe located wi Some simpy cones orein D._ Acti, ls conon cam be retated ae teflon bundy intra orm be J) sarap ia tensor So a sap ceed pth C anf) comin on Gt then $e at ~ 0. The proce based on he neon 9 eotoat whic sn Sand arbitrarily love to Cs the Cauchy thrern vai or ‘The cominlty offi then ult show tat she imepa ve Crt asc ‘bengal vee Cat ©" appontie se Ince cn ceeded ny ter roe oe {ebro ting the Cauchy ral ermal ff) alice and oh Caf he pot * the teri of © hee fede = ey Pref. Const a sie C* about = « with an arity sll rai ‘ck hat th cali within C (Fg 212). The integra ver Ceviche ‘Sie a the ner over Cee the cine chase) Resets nce Sa fas nf Ae “fm by provou elt. The rraing nega onthe set end de st be inde- Pendent ofthe rds R (beck ober er ar pent), econ alto be etna tat. [fz feal cf UO Boho Maan ere AF = man) ~ (0 0 the cncle CIR ig bose sunt mal, then Bf canbe mide i ‘Thevtre he Ld + fae ‘can b shown tbe ese than any posite be, orate how small Thee pou cays fe tthe thorn ftlovs, To hai, ond 9 pion Capped rm he ii,(ranean OF conmese vamae 29 “The Cauchy itera ora tees a remarkable property of any fae tina tthe els o's foneton ae spect long sed conto, then fates alan atary pot ine the conto 8 akendy predetermined, To paves ti rpce oi ow formas by = (ible) an denote te Eureny vary a 1 fs p0- fOE- 1 ifr the inte non € the (abe) paraetes = am can be teenth reget to 2. The following theorem (ati ae) Tatows rom te corespondine properties of eal aes Ef mona = fee (contour € mat te a snp closet carve inthe ul seas, mam it shold tol eveed fini, other the eontergenr questions rast be conser), ‘Roneton of te enter t he Cauchy teal harem yan = ‘a expen fo the deriva: Ho 1 f fom oF Repetition of thi proces iver ws te ath erative 2p tf to: obi Mite 25 COMPLEX SEQUENCES AND SERIES wri ly of ele ation i pone witout he repeniaion Melia tne nto ao oer i ‘Sob ef tec Ow fo ob com ene ee “Anne inf compce monies a) enseeed bd to cower he cl ets pond Innaice fost g conan att oie er, Con “vergence ‘Seer ‘sequences is reducible to that of real sequences by the fot Teeter Te sqenes (a) roe fe ond pi Revs cme renin omer) Prone AR 2g = eg x80 Ug = arty i ee A= = DFAS Ia ED ACID TI Fe Koon 9.28 29 cons sequences an sts 67 feel te, Comer ~ a 1 core he ois (8) Seca, Knopp, Py at drltin fia See, Secon(8 runemont oF comune vAMAOLE 29 Inaceevergentseiene, Dente Sto Sx, we cnonariy wie s- Ee ane sequrace of pata sum doesnot conver, thn the serie sid 10 be eget It tobe england thet, ander srtineoumtanoss, eget Sens canbe gen deferens and such ser are wiely wed in sop lianas However, the theorems dered for convergent seres sold ot be Indieiatty appt ivergent sequences. “hots ea tobe aay conerge he el series of modal fa omergent aries, An ately conerger ec is comestet (he prot [itiva.Inmoe cae one prove coven comple sry exe that ie abuey comers. The flowing tts are mes conmnn Comparioe tet A fl S soon, Ratio et, W east < Ror all sicily nee a <1 then Ese Someg atk. Ing 2 Kf ally iit are, ad k> T then Pe diver Root ext, WOES & < 1 fram sti Ire, hen Ty comers Moots andil P| > > ocallx ance nge hea Es vers roofs of these theorems ae sila 0 tho fr relies they ce ba ‘on ic inet for abeolte tales which we ao Wve for comps wuters Disergeme ofa ven can tn be qoekly eased yh mth orm te ais coaverg toro ten theses Te es ‘eceseary. the gestion of convergenen of = comple srs cn says be r= duced onto i eloeaby the base heron: Theses iq = E Qa Fs) onvergs to $= P+ 49 and only ox converges to Pan Fy comers {0 0. For instance, series whch are convergent ba not asus cornerget ‘atte resto nti on ‘Comlensefn can be ade and eeraced eon they are cone “They can be mpd oly fhe ae absolutly convergent the prodaet be oo en abot convergent teres the srr are not aboltely conyers them we a no ith th roles of ranging the product sven} sd Lay converge, then Tze comers tr Fer oi Seton 64 {Se Knope hry ont dln of Ser, Secon 29 ore QUENCES AND SOMES Terms of comlerseresmay deyend.onaeomple arb. Most coninon seine pe sei for fans Eretespeaes 1 min ces th sts wl omer oly i “Theabove ves conerpes hay by rie, pode [Ths ees reg ot Sahota seme = een the thier tetShows tat he sts Seg Hise ese yey ‘cis eure tet fra ote nde ack frais Rea ee ‘hernia of emp ‘The cm of the rad of convergence canbe appt ery poner seer Inde fs power eres comet once ef somes tes ‘ei seaaey eannsget erry ide hs cede (by compari tea ‘he pute nfo dt ope hod Of ehh eso as a ccegece Pde be ae pt ‘ta nis cme lo Ah theses Veet ae ant egrets attests =O ear ahd 1 he upper Bound decid above docs not ex then the ses convert ooh fr al ales oad si to have an hfe nate of comegent Frreamrle Bye tereBa peg Part sums of a power eis representa sequence of plyaoal n Sequences of other Farcons caw ago be cankered. Tie selweee (ft) of Fes defined in ein (elongs oi sal conere tik fe ‘ion 709 , ied Bn £0) ~ fe) foreach sin Ror nsones th pat sf the sees Eecteeeees Tissot kaon Ate ene. Se Kepli, 3870 runes oF A couse vAMABLE 29 foun a sequence offietions (poimonias) i= Ea snd this sequence converges 10 the funtion 0) fexlon | I teem Yet = 2) ithe (open) KOm EEE Rte oy : “ tit For thie resto the fonction £9 owe eis lr <1 ob) YC) = 2 eid tb the a of the Ereu-9 aien When epesting oon by a seers of ter una ts necsry te io i wc ein fstn /) aprae by te hr ycne Ut Te gue ead othe eon 8 fer ore ‘eeqces (f{0)s w come nyt di aan 8 proved thai gently Wie = FH <6 hich esate itm >, hd silanol forall 2 Tn pie term Lat or tuppove we ee srna ecu € for OOF 3p wosinatioe For sone partite tbe tent faci i the sequence my ioe (eosin we ating sat paras Dat for another Eth leih fenton my be nadoqate because the apeed of convergence Slower ‘In peas we ay noel to g father ard ve along the seen {re ptoee To points whet tbe convergence gets reesigy wore. Uniform “overacnce este end to ths proces ‘The eevergece ca be no worse than ‘Tole pecied ees sl the Mahe wil aarantr 8 eri Recta) forthe entre rein. sane, “The quence of part sume of he sees 4s convergent for ol <1 bat tot eon comerpns the convergence TecomesInsraingty worse as I~ owert inthe repon < k whete see irate convergene fe nform. Ut way be “bal” A= 8 Ba once Ms 210 ston ano tALHENT aes 7 Four auc tot Eran, for alm > Wand = & the he same of Hw ol foal ther wis Hek ‘he ses of Fnctins i alld smo concern! Gn 9 vein Ri te szquecr offi port sun is vifrnly convergent (Ua eon) Une ‘Sorverpnce offs most common eae hy the Wetrast Mt ‘The aces FJ) tietions 3 wilrmly convergent in egon Reve xls «sete pave constants My sh ha Ute < My fora ein ‘and the ees CM, conver, The pron flows fom the corms iest 6 he fat thatthe My ate independent 2 ‘Several imporea tleorems sane ead for eirmly converge scree flow, Contin there. The sum o's worm conteget sie of continous Integrals A efor convergent sis of continuo fenctione ‘inte Interste terin y trm Dieenability theorem. A ufo convergent svi can be derentated term by tem, provided all ers have conte devetes ad the fing ef ory converge [tee theorem be proved bythe se meth hot wd forrest ‘avnbles* “One con ube show tht the sm ed profits of alormly co ‘erent sre ar ule convergent (ihn these tein, coe). From the above reals one can Se the Wiles theorem. the terme of te series T/(0) ate analy init and on tpl load carve C andthe stes cere ier ew ‘nis ui an anal Tonction ode aon Ca the srs ny be Aitreinted oe eerned ty number af nes, 210 TAYLOR AND LAURENE SERIES Comite power seis of powers (2 — af where ae x Reed comple er cot ele— bee a bese" 1 this series comers for some value zy a fr 26 =o the wis ales converse) len i see evergen vay the ter of he ee Fo seta oe Kap, 45-3812 remeron oF A cor: Vannes 210 of ris [zy = Re ABOU the pit 2 by compaion ts) Moreones i STH be wnfoly covegent thin sce of ras Kes than Ry (y te rics) Teele tht the above power meres reeset, Win © ‘Gre at eas comple eetion fe Eaunor y the Weiss thoi, this Fncsion mst be nays within the ile ‘Sonmarting thes eit me caste hal every power sees With nore alr of comerenee reper trp urcuen In sore wepioorhod o he pont Sach es may te2dded and mul (where the reighborhoods reap) and rented an negra any miter of ies “Tae converse tere a ao ve: Boe) fnetion {oom ats = sm beep in poner series ese oF old in some righarhnd of plat 2. Ts ere, know SSthe Flr erin renin and the coeisents xc ‘robs om the forma 4 ep ‘Prac. Let 0b sale win aici C abou the point and et «be nie (Pe. 212, Ks then lung pose fo conn il P sich tht Irlde Candie pnt side TT necessry to csue that 7) anne ‘on andthe Cushy fora i Meee Te en sent te ine a, ewe « ewe 8 fton fis oe enveton mb te Wests em, ante aepaee ee, $9)~ Een or f Meee In view ofthe fon (6) 10 Bl fe Aaa. wo- ve obuin 1 an emis fr show at power si ign nde te ‘series with undetermined coelficienis ¢x, eee ie ” fe) ~ Zest eke ae on noe pron pat tei Sting eset an tig =a, we cba TN Oem ich compte the proof ore series can be eerie to coin mepmtve powers of (¢ = a tore E ator. ‘Sochsete may he pt ito pets: Enc-or oa F Paeaatt Rare ‘ne shal wees wl cones vie oh pts oe tig tn rg a a of ame ay south pu 3 The oem of ate powers wn gel ces atid ct ene ra Ry abou t= Toe th eee 0 thatthe ares of neve power of (6) kcomes Eenes sss hapens fo have sr rade of convergence wil in pera, ‘Serge within sce ads R' abou the xa Bat] <2 ipie le-al> UR Ra ade stent eliows. Theorem concise that iy > Ra then tees Eae-or ‘ei convere within he eats Beck Re ean, of eure, ape that Re < yi whch ca ou serie wl dere cee "Pe towing there cin 0m be drive: Fer fein J) oa on nner Rice d chy ee yaa mee eee tow Eaten “his sere, own a the Lamon sre uni for a ‘Sree ana, and the coco cy can be Oi Prot. Cotes the rnivs Ra sigh 20d expand the nda Ry shyt obit yar opion, wth pois seo wich te geerlzed Cacky formalin sont 210) Dat, 6 18 10-284 28, ree TF The rt ner can be ene in the derivation the Tyr sei: Lf Mt LG MMP Feo Lh, Grn ait a arr ‘erm-y-erm tegration spermine by aniform converges, | ‘We tall oousionally une the convenient oymbols § ard #0 niente eockwise oF atone ern of mepnion 20 "Avon Ao LAUHEMT sis 75 eo Send ntact by ending 2a samen set wah 4 + Zeatp nf sera. Reyacem by ~ (0+ 1) (est be eal and eit he bore as sy be jst os we evade coon cl cone with ad ‘nd ng wthin the are Ry < Re ileal "To prove the wigecesy, soe that expansion tan tin ean < he < smd bth ses of th exon by — lide about: = a ing within the ats. Then ‘neil othe sig-had dew vanish exer on, fer which = Show tle br Theta a jane ‘whieh complete the prot116 ramen OF comb VARIABLE 210 “The pas of the Laurent mies cometg of positive powers of (= 0 is cate th er port reset the Taylors bl oud emphasied ‘atte cote cane be acne, peal wih) tena the Sater may at exis In ot applications (2) wot alle at z=. Tie tte prt coving aati overs, calles the pic pr. Eth pat (Gx bat) nay terminate ov he emeat aero. OF cours tthe pcp oats ‘Sentey eo,then J) ie nay ut ¢~ a an the Laven ess ent ‘vith the Tylor ees ‘enw the Lael sre ne tfc ase ens. Tn eal fe Een 7 my pone roo resi dren ere sos att 8 en Po. ‘Stuf Scn feneesapind ene er ec pipet estes, ocbleh rence (e otton D << 1 4 be ander << wa catia TU Seeman © fe Mw atrry Inthe olionng examples, several very common feces For the construc in of Taglor and Lasint ie are sted. ample. Use of Gromeie sre. fl) = We =) (0 = Teeetettoe heh wen a W tte EEG) o aap, rample 2 Aaron! faction decomposition se) ~ wr The roo of te dean fe 4 = 8 ~ 2 Gl ane in), Thee ‘fore £(2) fils to be analytic only at z — (and z = 2 and should | pose Taylor ‘ets about 2 ~ O vai foro] 2 Toctaie thse tein we sete ent PrOth twee me-2 rila-e) Sen hat he Lae sees a fr 1 < <2 ded The fein ea oa thn be cgi Tap cs atat 0 aay 1h sia inn foc I 2 Mhetomion pod ‘orn fe tart wt ss = 0 wl for I ease Witenes ti oun eh) Str) ees wa ‘is the desired Laurent series, eh nt a xanete 3 Diforowinion f() ~ The method pedo somietor, Aton th shore tet co nt pleas ee neue ofthe double oot afte ative mes the peste paps toTR runctins OF « commun Yanan an Thetis freee De den can be dicen erm by ler within te cre af conergnce. Therefore wieadieteos Seep dich or ample 4 tpn, 2) = lop (4 2)~ tow IL "Thi the pineal arch eke (los) lope teanchtne exten fe “ren nf to mins on a fg (I-F 3) aoe ‘thin ie eel fonatoe jh; There my em Meagan tattoo Bere anette / where Ce he constant a intpaion Sine eet +e Wen @.H lions tint € = Od i kp tyer-8 den aoe Beom Other branches of Log (2) wl hve the sn seep fo tent voles of he comatC. 2.11 manos AND SINGULARITIES Poi = act rer (or $n he fin 1) fla) =O. AF Jd raniyte ats =n then Falor sees s~ Bae or mt have ce = 0 Wey Othe pet z= ase ile ew (ors x0 of ‘rd ne). may heppes that pop, several oes wet coeicens Ssh Let eq be te ft noeuishng oct (els (4) = 0 sh co (et ste. Them te aro fsa to ef ovr The order oa 290 ‘Tay te caine (athe he krowlsge a Tyke ray by ekg ti lear for a= 1,2.3,-.-: he lowes slic a fo wich ‘hs ni wil ot si is equal othe oder ofthe 2, fenton 1) sant inthe neighborhood of same pot # — with eeeeplon oe pois ~ wel hen sid io have an led splay {eran ltd gaa poi t+ ~ 2 Teas casomry to dingo Holt singers ty the fllowing types of| hebanioe a fn) wt rain am airy on 1. fo) emsinBounded, thai, IC] < Bora Bod 2. 2 J i mot bounded and (2 approaches ini, mame, > ME (any Ay Tor |e = af <€ome 2. Mather ofthe to cas above: in pain terms, (2) sites xarples of thee ts pes of sings tz = 0) are cue, J) = sn care2, 7) Hsin, Cote 3, J) = ot “The fst case tur ou ob rat cs the the si Hiya fC) te, nd the fonton J) dena a = 0 by lo) = ys 7 than es ‘reper ats atv amor The ova fo) = sn 2 et mot df in tes see, We aie of a so fe ore he df cto J) a+ = 0 (a ae. “To peove the above sent onvning Cae 1, bse tf) antic Inanannscap <2 el Ridin neighborhood of = a. By the Caachy Meo fray pein = win hs anmaen (ig24),e have Lf Rot, Uh Me wiPtnt t BiPp pee oe \Weshalshow tha the secon intgral mt ef slp Whe so, Chen 72) oe sppowe Cet ser af 8 ich wil prove to things tone: (4) Fen 0) is, (fl) dete by ths tthe rode fret tration (2) aniye ss = ea el89 FUNCWONS oF covet vane aa ‘Toschi this rest aie = 2 = (= 0) (@— aban observe We 9 @- 012 ka dee Then fora fied, Lfnod) ot > we Wat Pl aeioe rts “The nel rust be indeed p Becta he nati of the inte Shc i es than an arirary pone amber ler erty el pm beeql oer, The poo is now complete. ‘Bectse ofthe deribel property, ltl sigur ofthe fat ope are calle rene sigue. In pra funtion dened bya (rule whch fa or some ltd point + = then the forma taely rpc by Ube carespoading Bait hs ses, he fseons Ho) = nsf, =, Mele Wir cote ecanajieatz = 0 “Te second ype of ated siesariy, when YC —+ as 2» cle a poles Since he larity, here mt ext a Latent eit ton Eea-ot sald For 0 < fz ~ a < R (or some A). Wthe pig pat vermiates, be {he Laren wis ioe form Boy F eae then fe) hs pole of der m2 = a, Conese Ja) bas a pole x2 =o, Iiast net Lantet ste © 2 ol = of he above frm a eh from the felowieg apunents Cone he farton 2) ~ Vs Unies /¢) = Otere etext eghborood os = awhere foes ro aro Te hs meighborhond (6) arte snd ad0 ae see (Gecane + ). heer gfe) hos wo as = a THs zero st be of some efi order m, ral, @sk-dem a eae Hoy = or En ohare. ere B= bean and 8, Now JO" Ba" TF HO Sic) is aay t# = ¢ and dees not vanih th flows that 1/2) mat be onl swell nd pone Taslr wie tS = a Thom $9) AR Ee at weve, hee erertly 0 Laent snc with» terminating prise part tha the argument coe sample, The fonction /() = ese = sin = Bas th Latent seis valid for oebler: a de+ ieee rm which otows that thes ne pol at he in “he onder of poke may be obtine! without kno he Laven sre ‘Thiedone by evmining fine ~ one) fon = 1,23... the toes vale of fr whic his iit eis Wl ie the ter ft pole Note hat thie pate canat te ro “The Und typeof flat saul how a exo singsy. he Lasretseres ald fOr 0 < 2 of < A for tome A) wet bate a nie pial part Example. The faction 2) = eM posses the (lowing Laurent series vali for0 Lc R (ean be aia) ‘Sic he principal pat is infite,the fron fas eel sagt at 2 ~ 0 Note ta (3 eter resins bounded saz» O nor epproaces ny, fr a9 sbivary manter of eprenc: For insane, Hf appeaces 20 ang the ‘gate rel sens then [7 —= Ot appeencie toto sone the psi ‘el oom then [fe] —> ses ppronhes tr slong the Ia 2x, then [2H veins constant blag (2) oles, awn,nt ts no ical to show tha even in. aby sal ihre’ fan eat singly, a finetion JG) aetres vas arbrrly close to Shy desired complex moar (Weseraree Cana orem), Alo, eve ore ‘lc statment can be proved ow Pears theorem. Jn a arbitoriy smal neighborhood of an sen Sogsaity, + encom f(2) numer nb many fcr ery comple tale excep petaps, oe pests ena. Wako be cpt tal en ite cpl prin he Latent | ps ews sin ers adapt te nelle 7 eaR e T ae no eta 4) as ein sary a= The zl ta te wove Seterconerm ole > neal een be fncton we ee enn 1 < Je HL A or any #9, Ths futon eiety hs sims Apart fom ltd singuaites,comple anton en have oter pes oF ‘weatdow of ray. The mon common ese Ut tarpon tir, for iat tbe onecton[@) = 72. For every pat except the vgn i |r pei Yo cnatra neighborhood and Bnd a banc of 2 Cat wil be nye tha neighborhood. The trance may na be he principal ane 9 ‘npementry, cle the second branch i Sain 2.6; ate may be some ‘hag ike branch ai the tcealegy on p56. Po teri iss ot pole because my epiboehood of =~ 0 wil consi sport af the Bameh ne (never ny te) nse the selected anh scones Sib sate Inte on be made tut ater mallu farion an he trae. is evident tha there ea be mo eyloro Lae tes val for herein Oc ens a) © Ror some 8) about s arch point 2 = omen Ltt feet aid for Ry << ol & Ry ae soeties pose, eae ee “Tissier > Land representa ranch of thefancon VFI eich elt a this gion. The Bach ine jis in ths ese, to branch rin 3 = Tand: = tam does nor exend ay (Fg 2.3). Replocng, Maal fra pine in a wihberond eo < rnp 2 aie "Wr ROLE Tom AN MB AOHLCANONS 8S {bp (2 — we obtain «Lawn er centered show the ach pot # = 1 ‘Teeter witconerge fr = > 2 voter ‘pe of sinc behavior fam amatic Function occrs when i rose niin nit of hte pin conse so et 1 1 f SOF ~ aT : ie sek weanan ae ‘Te function fas np yokes hese pein rd the eqns ofthe ples convert tae the one. The erg cael belle a alates Sguaty ‘won every nihtorood of contigs est oe poke ately en ile amber of them) et (2) be anal in some nighborhod of: = @ eee ern at = a ‘veo oter words (2) eer aaite t z= wor he an flat gly {ice} Let be sie lowed path yn io ht nlorn ta surg PINE Then the integral ‘independent of th ebce of C ad is ele he rei of Fastin at he pint Ema Evi (2) analye als ~ o (he pnt z= aren called ‘el inh ein 81 8m gay en te amples 1. 0) 1; he ese at: = 0 equa to unity. 2. fo) = Yate esd tx = O eq 020, ‘According t the forma p78, the vesdve sen tobe Heal with the ‘tie = inthe Lauren seer n~ E senor, Ror some of funtion attested singles fod Wee apicton ine evaluation ota, complex ore, The bas for these spieatonthe residue tere: If 2) nap on nd ise a oe centr exe for, 12 finite ber of olf sorts a2 22.» wih oe lated Irae C he fpnines~ 1 $5 ne fon Thi hore is prose by he echniqueof cing the chao btween the con four Cand anal cece Cy, aroand each inglnty (F210 meen Peeet7 “Tere is varity of praca metho for ick evaation a etic FIRS METHOD. Fiom the detnon, revs ~ 3h fever (ring sila chosen contr C)- This eto irae ud, but may be ra ‘bie e pile fan of J() is Known a has aback poi ot? = a cal. (= Ws Fo) = Logs, Any team of Lo yb chon bal ere {oon te aie 1) = Fe = Sod Forinsune (2) f Sac tn = tm toe ~ a = 2 etn amc wa wed, which posses sony oon Ie epi an I #ESOUE THCORBK AND TE ARRUCHSHNS BS [SECOND METHOD. For imple pole at z= o he flowing foentaheis Res fe) ~ tin — a, ‘ent ml is fen ohana y sie sition ote wa of tk vamp’ fo) = 3298 The or) be Fan ZWIRD METHOD, Fora ple of oder mat + ~ othe following forte hobs Res f= aay Emme J) = ee Then es (0) = JOUR Mea. Acne dn Me em o-8 sine Ont 26 single 2 az = E this ene Re fon = $0 Note het C2 i single zr of ¥0te ¥0)caot van Poa f= ens Ton Ce FIFTH METHOD. Expand fo) othe Laven sees an pick out the resid, Th mdi ah Jo) x ade ftir wit Kno Laer seis The series for /() then obaned by wiieton.. tn pc, the fence» rn be ped oo by ngection Erol 10) = s+ 242 There n = 1's dee le et, ttre oe15 POMC OF counen vARASLE an a th acon ppd a 700 shee tah, remo ee shectrta tb Fe Ft] Hee he hd tp eat (nein te cei nh rome od a he nthe oath step, eat te ese: woe uece Moe te vay of he il ead gen ave WU: Repeat) 2¢ 10) = eoyie— 0 de he fom fom 3 “he ted theorem can be appled to the evahtion of a wie arity of lini integrase cr smn Some ofthe on fesuely aed robes sreshown nie several espe which ame 1. Conidr te rel ineeat Lf rengdas ‘Thine ca be corte ito a contour ity in complex plane by sting Pee thee wien ond hse is he uit ce the spac, The itegrnd br two oles: at = p Snd't = U/p. Ile < |, the poe #~ pi nade the contour, whe the poke P'S Ups Gide" Only te eidve ae ps ede an {We seaOUE sDREN AND HE ARPCATINS 87 Wel > 1th needed cesiie at = pond ti lt a> 0 ote tha oth esl cam te combine it feptay theo wide the itera 01 Sted fr = This method can be weed for integrals of the type Jo" A(cos sn Oa, shee RCo i ain Fanetion of co. an xanple 2. Conse (he einer i Loata inh. are (> ‘Te mega [58 def + a? an etree as potion of te conte tet Fosse + al elated eve the contour C thon i Fig, 218 Indeed ct Fem the el ete a reat Els = Ri very ares then f/2| = 48/R is ala + 02% abst iat fo umty (Fig 21), To be prec, observe that [1 724] > f Tor Feit Perea8 romeo OF cone VARAOLE an R> av and coneqventy Lap <2 or R> avd, Tray his ips : ee Nom. employ the eit (5) ott a stoop ag Ro tome ane Osorio en VBcaovel=f gene ‘Union convergence of ef) means tht lf e ot abi sma «) homer lM (ha independent ofthe wanes in whch # approaches into) en Baan sD4| <2 andthe therem Fellows. The conn of the theorem ar ied by the Foc Prt < gmp 1) = 82 cotneega> oa? +2) ecase (all tos of @ must be witha some ie! re about he ein and {© the condone) eer el © kor ome) can be mt Rover. Tae meh des abo cn extent en ne f thee Lae. ‘ere a) hom em Fanti of rape 3. Conse he el nea eo, nth ote besa oz & ot wel bets” the voor falpane; it rot Bown, ower te foe ‘is besned nth perfec ee on) fed 1 Ue te)0 runecro OF 8 comme vats nae nie" < 1 eomegatve Forth eon, cone be comple ites of f(t Lito |, tenth are cau ov he conloe shorn in Fig. 22, Observe tat te LiFe (ein Example. Al cot en smyrna of ry ow sitters acter Soa ta wat move Tre Co a 1 fite Atco oe tat Soe sin set wel behaved” onthe wpe ane we sal ty ocak the complet nee : fe ‘vee probe ow aie: the integrand as ape on the al evi, Note that ‘AES et coucd by sex bt exer by cor hh has bee ded to on he compe nepal He APSE ARE AWD TS ANRICATON: 44 owe 328 we To be able to mpl hereto emt 0 he pal ot in some ein. Tat appre ned ee by Maes a aoe ots uh ri the upper bape oe sown Fp 2.21 Then we a ~[iSacn[ Car fae Tiernon ie chen cone Chef inte ion a ete -»6 follows. Note that (by continuity of sin x/x) a [is Now, ie evi I fotlows that [Cimon ecg at th aay oe frat he id er te fe -[Suel. Se il ge ws he deste ein the where r+ Oa ‘ronag cae the eer tee pte aes ea Tt cnt te eral over Cy TRe med of Ete 2s ‘bowever, we can perform integration by parts * cate Le atl Se LESSEE 27 A esi vets titty pt io SE ae tn52 raereons OF A cone YAMANE an 11 R42, both terms on he sgh side appreach 0 (oe Rs bod Tecnu Ae ‘New we evan the neal ove Gi: Since "is comingous at ~ 04nd egal oy there, ows tha lenauee for = flint el say 7 <4 or some 9). Thecore |[etstal[or maken een alt nee eang pow tour btn ating cons in and wing he [ites [tao foc a Rn dee at fetanifcinsec rite ae Sa the thal sides ero (ope of within the contour), Takin eit Pgs fa ee vce), we abs nif Theron? Ofer inca a ec fe le as oot [Seiestg ae a oi sac ro a0 [We HeNDUE THORN AKO FI ALAIN 93 ‘amples. We sll now ealute the ior f Example 4 ty © somentat ‘itera metho. We wie ae kd pa [tah [a fa, ee we eat itera cons itl ath an hi i ‘pero. Sefer = yr ea as shown ia Fig. 2.22 and claim that es [Se For che the contour ail ig. 29), Sowa nega oer Ce ony eon ce at . [sac Fos I ds ne con a te othe sw 2230) wet ban howe tte gl oe CL eponees tro On the ler had eta) re cots fe pst the oogn and (te cocks hia nrc tchnge te ‘Wher this is taken into account, we obtak a sna be “The prob ito cnlte fae pee [Ste = res 90) = 2044 runctine OF & comme Vann an ‘Combing thes rent, we dee that ayer naes in contonmity wih the previous re Aer Tn eel ae sea ie Thelma hx cel to obi! fy meron et Tet cc One my proves ma ese oth elect Jee aa st PST Sorte aa [es Wed ths 20 "Te pf = ait) am hore nt} 2). cle Prove te wen wn es sina oth in Eagle ener 2 Te sere ht te neal o/s oe Cain En vanes n be fut = 2 Bebo aay oe ofa mone eal rl Row e's ea) cnegeraniml 0 ote ara, ten [oP t= ere pride dC te ef of he a = “Te erm “ude comer 98 #1 as Ha ah < «whee > Ur cone baa mtr wht pase 92 sample 6 The impel ene Crsecn net cash a tives ke Je, Concent the Intarand teh Eke Se", andthe alert comers Fer fare bit fegute sem px behaves ke fen" = ean he intel cones an "hosing the contr by a ecw ot alin ths eae see he tt isnot dishing, in mod) a eo Up & damn song the agin a Toneve, lett the rectangle contour shown In Fie 225, The pokes of ‘Ober thet for eg ps theta me = te sam ieper, Wii oo com ee four tee only ore poe, mal, x Fai. There =F 7h tn oe ep nef Sh cube = Kore Observe hat 1 the it a,b wt eet heh (R 4 onl et pemnbes net inc ol <=. A sone argument bi or. Catng eur rt we atin9% runcrns oF ernmuse vamaeue 2 ‘cage The cmp det with te eso of reviaus ecu CSREES ivohing Soe ines lisse) fenton. Come her nf the inept dfvd (convergent Both Hine +0 ide O 0) the priest ‘ranch ith k= 0. I iscarenin to work with be rach ot wich OS Ange <2 “This ranch coincide with he rep branch for Jz > nd wit the enh Em Iorimz 20, When ou eal ine U eoices® with tbe egal ofthis teaech along the upper ee ate ech i oe Fig 270). Chose the como {Shown nie fave Te incgal oe eve phe anche he Wee at foe LSE lr “here spa f 228 detRes (0 = ons [4 [ Ge Now 0 = [[Spel-an eto a= Se tet 0 rr). “The eke ate = 1 8 2-H erfone Posh Qsand Rov, aca 2 CONOMUAL MAPRIG RY AUALIMICHUNCHIONS 97 Perea Remark ico psiloc with nt recal anch ¥ < Age < Weingart vanes ref ting 1 mapped ono the intron of «| Si phil cap oa pot P= AL Rsv We exp sinks oh" “These at snr properties gre He oa ser of dfn api tothe so-aled ested comptes pla Less comes pve whet the pont 3 Inaty fared ae coves suas Aap poor ar mumery 10) sampler 1) The maping w = 1/2 maps 20 = Onto ms = 2 (goat tiny aint io ple fn vie ean The gous mesning ft ene ita saqune of pen the pave conege tof = 0 thn acne ing soqerce of pts onthe maphere converge oe nth ple 1) The pion > sa migborbond of he pats ty. “he importa ofthe cme phere reay ean ty he fac sai eosin hsm nh les agepe ‘inert tes ng In ne reggie proton eo. {The poo na eh Bt i 6 ac) Tp te eon ‘ibe oe oft which te cane make hy eee fe my Be rlne This ange ded o het ange ha tees on he pee tke ne pout io the owing then cn ae ‘Theorem. The mppng 1/8 cafe athe rin =~ 0 bere that he fancton fo) ~ 1 ot dete k= ~ 0 bate mpi ve = Ii deed (by the aberog ofthe sper) The eoafrmay doesnot {otow fom the seal, bt rata rom the sonspe on th complet sober Coral. The mapping w <1/e i sonoma at iniity (site the fat (8A0/') appoacen ero arses ob a= 4008) ‘anaytcat =~ 0. Moreover pol ta indice the concep of pl at ‘nfonp bravch pita fy, le rgh oe cenrspoing behavior ot £0) Ue org In this conn, the ftom JG) which Hato 08 {nd wo nga athe env compe lane, ire ooo pores een Singles infty. Other farctons mich ave no singles tea al albromins in) ns foun o ave & estdoan 3 aeaealy oy rete, Show ht» pln) af pee a pe oh os ts, ct, vey ffi Coton een the ac that fertons wich are sale at iii poses atone sina elewhre efor sone he ‘alu of The aera conjeture that re may not be "pert eae Fortin. This robe Bas acta been escied sds cuba i the ate orm. The ly fonction (2) whieh i aay in he tie om Het lane nd the pint tity theca anton f() = cont104 runcrens oF 8 cone Yat as 1m comcation, i yt toned hatin so ett term complex poe in acy same to ean the extend campo pln, withthe point a ny Its. Centsin theo ay then te moe conercaly sated Hose, one ‘ould neve forget thaw there na pin ti, thee atin oh hing Ses complex numer ini” he mae shoui poss We elgebate oper shared by ater complex numer Mba ery common ocerence tha ceiin fonctions ae ropteteled and cen eine ty ga wih soma or variate lite Fo tance, cose he the cera of which i eq to an s/s Tele thown that the Fite gral of sin 2/8 aot exgesie in te of entry feions® In fine form: Therefore thee no ober aerate odie uch fron Dy means fan ital ed ie cnoray Lo wae ere (3) isa new Facto, cel th sneer Ie sof ous, bt one of TRary primitive functlon of Sin x/ Goethe one whi vanes atthe 9) {he ater bring obtainable by adding an astry cont 081 (9) pe wat to extend the dein a 5 0 compen variates, can be one in al way We ne suf were fs. comps variable an theta i ow x cia nel the hpice Fplane over vone path comcing the ps f= O and Fz ‘Grn not mater wbih ater pals corer mec the anton f() = ain /¢ etal forall (nite vues} ad the Integrals independent of a, "Aaiferent station encountered nthe ssc eu nigral, Seo by : ~~ ["epha ‘This oneton easly sent be mite felon of cs xf. The coke of Timi contro! tthe ln este tat he rere verges st = 0. Wi i il pure to extend the dean to compen vale BY wing ae =- fea, Ee Tits alte erpanetia nme ond th ever nts 1 Sethe cane 9p 799. sing, Sa, the qucton ars at he socientin ofthe pth of neration. Peery, ‘he upper tt mpesan arpa eprach ethereal ae* ‘Thich paths tele in ig. 29. The iter a long Cy and Cy ae ea shomn {oe eneal, bus the tga akong Cs wil er by 2 wanes he sede te Snurand at = Th seve ctl tha C4) 4 aed fenton, ‘he inerals along dierent oaths iellng fret branches. Two of test tranche are charac bythe pte Cy ava Cor her path eqeaent {0 thew). Other tances canbe obi by sisting heen ms fore Proweding toon init Remar Te sone was een tat Cfo tea eae «shoal ead De othe tranche fis hctn 1) esa inte [pa Recwiet aeceesaceuey sce Sowee that i deren neyo ike ary Sar er) can eer ene ‘remot ye recpon call sl norms be Cant rc er any herp and ten ded fsa cae hie a A cis ie Gt) far < by cs ft, (<0) iia ves of ings oct wer fen In phys ppt: the cone ‘erin fs dein wtb ge shor. pee we ree 3) 0 rae to Cs tx bce al ad poe Tae ke pig wy em eh iy PREECE 04 alts beh 0 th tn106 rumen oF & comune vaRNLE as ‘A. scond type of repstntatin of fnstione by integrals oscars when the lint of eteraton arc acd tt the inlegrtnd depends oma paroncter A we owe etpe of his id the egal caring ia the kc theary of gus and many ote bronces ofpysicn tay be wed negra teresa of the fncin 10) ~ (5/2 “he pot of ew ie a ater of ft, aid in practice when the faction 1 ieee to yd her moran le he his pra example the fancsion 1) eerste bythe neal ai fn, the sae he ca be ad to genre ney af pe fens. Cane Ser, for nstanc, he nea f= [roa om hich sega to ola no elt to pove "Tie shove sepa rpresnaton of ange he extension te stion of Ascri. We ay dee he oto fnction 2) te egal ney = [eet tte snot nteey& postive integer The nical conver inty Forel sles of bt wes demand hat x > = orth pelt comerse m= 0. Consent, the fonetion 113) i dened fr al (eal) x > 1 BY {be above Integral representation. Smeg) = awe have He + = DM) “This formula habe Forays of (> ~ weobuie NI Beood Inde, iterating by pat, [levetan He + [at ie i * For the evaluation of this intel, sce Kap, 218 { Ditscnnon timer esl eid by amen eens. See teiaptn, aus rion mpeesrarins 107 igre 20 ata) Imre" 0 Geen, 1 Ftows tat [itera tee nz cota : ND = te MM) G> Inpartear, m0) = 1. Thi the at sofort commonly wed omenton “The seus formu e+ 1) = (4 IC) pert eoion of) for sy 1(¢> 1) vided ble ft) iscomplel fr the eral Ot 1 Moreover i permite cvs ofthe deiston of) oe reigns vample, Colette), HCD “The fiat sats can be obec fom the dettion nay = [eee by the substittion #2. Then wo —aff bya previous esl, Te val of (—}) can lot atin dict these ines. Bt ican te ately, ence fom the reson fonmaar It Seber =f then Hg) = HD: Nob = ve erefore ‘The val of KB) cama be obtained ety (he ing iverges) bt may ‘afd via the recon orn, Tf we t= 9 ten MD = ho-B. WED ~ -2Ve. ‘An important este of si htt approaches ify a x epproncbes —t from the ih. The coelsion that ie) he ne cote tre ! rege ne Flow rom i fst the reson forme enh G0) steed in Fg 2, viene108 rumcrons oF & commen vanasut ais “ie the tension of the concep ofthe factor widely wed in apd Unenats, is nt uty secon by reas of the facil fetion Ina) et ater hy mene the rela gar anton ec by 19 = = vient (2 sais he elaons Tet Des) — Gain, FO) = (= BE (= pose ner, cha the ner represenation re =[0 ‘The tev of TG) ab feton of xi easy obit trom Fig. 2.36 jas Ty ehting te origin vo he pow r= hay 0 He > 1% ewe Ingel representations ofthe ye ven fr fava arom factions an Be ended to complex ntl 8 we. A complex Futon g() may be Sen by a dete nega 0) =f" Reet whee the cognac 55a wl she poh Cte th speed Inman case the point, and cine a the path va lsd conc From the theory of avi fection, felons at the pth of ntertion can be famed win crane (8 cn he Cay Were sed ‘neque permit (9) ‘aml. Futon (31 amt the ane exept for ole sigs bhnersts = Or ised y= Det ro) = [see weve © the contour shown on Fit. 2380 and oth iis ar 9 iit, Ini cones to dato the contour no ane eoatowe Fshown on Fg 2350? ‘Ace the new contour docs ao eels any new sep ot 810 be ferentered tat he Crky tore hs ber deed for aie comers on {Tien cl for eacton W Comiser the contour 1 (Fi 260) th the fri acorn shown on Fig 2.6(). 1 he conti ‘She of vias R aprons 20 a8 mi P holds. Otherwhe, docs nt endpoint Ie ean be com thee 97 of the tthe eee Between © ‘ample’? Sagas we deve fo extend he ner representa ofthe mm Fanci fo commen vai The need fe0~ isaac fanction, wht oth e20d ere est ae comple, with bh feat 20. The bares ae gen xy by flat) = Moat tet us lect the ranch of Log for whieh O-S Ave < 2 with a branch ine bog te rot postive snes ns somo Hehe ee shone FeMeee 237 Fig.237(9). 13 pt Sard ose tha th contribution to the integra [eta {rom the (acre) ce; vanites nthe nit wh +0 athe integra ‘ver the upp ee oth rach cut eens 10 Te) zea The ing ‘per the lver ede ees to Te)e"=0"" o, what the ae, 10 TE" {Consequently dene Inga equa 19 (°#"— IR) for eal = Mie now “ret that we ay dor he pl to path C (Fig, 290) wot ating the wae of the impala any way. Mrtve, he inal we defied nat ‘ny fra bt ala for comple sats Tie pee to defn the cm let ontion 1) by mane the tal presen With te path Cand the rank the integrand psd shove ana Th formless 0 sgn tal 2) Ha poe Sr «el to nr ‘Ts ctyteeny 2a ponosive ee = 12,3. hem te and ieee sad fncon aah a =O a one wal ee Ts ‘Se ie anh en her ld yi res [A reat name of complex inal veesenatons wed in pies hove the pcr etre ta the pa of iran app: ob parang nroug the Pie ofthe integrand. We dalle dita the ested guests ample 3. Let the fncin f(,) be alt the Apne eacept fr he sm poles tk = Kyond B= ~ hy ye al paitve numb) Conier 6) =f foto shee Cis the ea ais (ter om eff i . é The cole very sir ot emgone in Ese 7 of Seton 212. Nae tome ttre we dm ae he su he bree Cf or ep, 8) ~ e709 ~ 1) eno aed Secon 129 aus femora Arscsranions 1 te ine [Asi stand, the Cecion 4) i ot propery Sine boca the pth of| ieretion tives (ie) signs Moweve, we can give g(2) © dite ‘neaning by deforming the thse tha the pleare coker empl, it {on be dor in tno oboe wa ani the pa couterlocknie, 2 avoid he ple och, by “sopping the ineration” a short stn a rt of the poe ad going ound # in ec of "sl" adits. I thc, which ol conten in pi, he imps “pong low” png shove he pole Pi... Inia of te 0 iterations the vale of radas doce not mater to longa #4 rata for 0 e+ hl D, wot hat ¢ mut be the same in bth inerls Thi ion (Gecorele reson ofthe concept athe Cocky pineal. Wis ot iat ‘oe tha the above defnion igen 30) > Hes + 800) As ur last exarpe otra representation we conser a important cue etter sel eal onton ened troop x compl ipa Example 4 The sep finction. Let teat and et «be comple, Corser the inglin eens Lf eae o> onro lakes long the vet ine x ~ 9 a5 shown a Fig. 225). Tic otc path, ‘tele the Braet contour iinporant nthe hey of Uspace aos (bee Seton 59), “Te above integral if convergent fie rel fonction f() which we wi fom proceed te evant. Draw cle aut the eign wiht te aes {neo the contour as shown Fig 239(0, ie aly tapraebypae® [fa “Convent. 9 ‘The inetd ier ae eer emer befalls i 1 bras Sol nt ROR Te the einige estimate Aa Wels ae ‘The quamiy él be bounded i <0 ance x > O on Ca) and he this ‘crm aso speach er a8 R= ‘Shee the itprard #1 f any within the whole sed conto onto ner vanishes; His pes RG Res fea teats en ict sn fr pte i pebearecuetegt fee teeetarieiorrermear ton fy ea han ker ae oetegs oe oe emer ren tae SRiiia ss Sane Son tee en erceaee Deas gaa pe uaa Us ect a se ae aefete er mene rareers ls een ene beeen et roe sd thee contin ete. inthe conto, honever, theres now ple tthe orp with theese 7 utes cc gem 1 othe wor, fis unity for ll paste PO rhe may be done nitout recor to ee a 7 alin SS is sell tha nos Kooba the al the pint 1 tat enn some wth respect tthe el nate ecto ‘This somewhat analogs tothe proses of cfaing the pop alr of 28 “The fetion f) dined by so = [an (coment tation fe the nrc th efi ete ef) snd dented by SU: 0 <0, sH= fh 6-0, 10, Renerk, Ths tm “op econ” mare deities se conn witht fenaon 0) = ty wtsn any rye Inman beak tha SO) ~ 9 et ‘used woe falowing don wen, wo ute 9 for = heen} son pin te tion wi in pro of eb teers, Aston Hasty {rset apd tern 2s owenae verneestons 115 The function SU) — a) whith fe aa 0 wea oo SHO Hb Oo aa peo Pome represent ep fancton which hs been hited by on amount, aid tthe "ight a> 04s show in Fig. 24 The fn ical» Rep foton i's (ocr ene and wiley wedi phy appeaons. te evel tat se a= Functions sven by comple integra reprsenlatons ae ofl subj dil atin ar inert irteegrosig The vali ch pees ‘Selene by the Fllonng no thorens mich we geomet pot ‘Therrien Lt T tel te te ue (en et) 204 EF eesti oth pa dn Ftd ee [fo deft fades = ff teed hea Par tt a ny, rn ann SrohennSetled a nae Then We. et 109 [ tonne AEC at thn ep al J mew op on cthalegin anc open 2 rosnaning ne mint BE ene he intsior of D), Agi, if he pth Cinvoesthe pitt nity, ten wile connegece of he sified gral sully roe fora eteson of Ue teem Foc ints, the nepal Should ot te dist wader the ner sig tae he “aierntind Inepa™ 3nd den no comer a af th es fry, fr any Soleo Nottie re det the fc Ua he eretve (ex foeall except =.anc, Cofrma Maing. Now Yok: Cea Pebising Co, 195 Gums, Ve Comper Presa Aoplotins, New Yok: MeGrow HD ern Jy Aled Camper Yara, New Yok: Mian Ca 1S. ere Ks Ther and Api of ite Sis. sg: Rachie Som, 195, cre Thy of atm New York: Des Pans IMS, ema: Deine of Cea Roretns Ner York: eve aston ‘Nowa, 2 Comal Maing. Ne York: McGrew tH Book Co 192 Trea EC. he They of Fat. New York: Oxon Unity Pes, 95 1. Shon tat Ress Reze = HRe ua) + BRe Cee 2 ovethatifef 1) ~ 24 Dyan aes bev ot 3A 3. atone # tee comple nates ad epee tn exeesion FTG 9 mgaon wave a comic pane Ses x a ferme te panei equton = a0) ad? 30) of hen Wo id Some nith ‘Show tht the eqn = = det Bet here A and B ae compl conti, (SU yl prams, rent an iw Dobe tr pe Gomme ‘er otto ce) intro aod 5. Shon tha tft Shae t (e= comple conte erent at tcp an. Sto hat he eatin Getto stot repens dice in the compe ne. (a Set 4 in Dada pes mR ae renee rept, ert a a al in econ ase. Con hee fminaear He drwn ft bp Hepecon of Oe ets bt ay asa ‘rok? Li Rea cai dant proprio fpr nd reba 1. Prove he nel py py lees etats vito red oe ‘gt dat) ogo: Ft poe te nae ieastebh i—del- bh edhe ect the by setine# = 2/2) aL on asthe coupon eestor cna Expr ie allowing cms mamta nant en eT eet Show that Oe neg, in Cae Lo py siey 2) in ssconsy consis BNC keg = eh syea ey essa. ‘at ae he cron en fer at a oh? ‘Ste that he comple oon n= ih ony 9 ‘An wih ces hcl pn oh ann Sh oan poem (alge Al aba pois i the en ses ee appointee Ft be 70 eae a een eget: Deconpsnin aan inagny sive eating apt] sine ci: Ses nh fam etx gente matin AF foal cover - HOC De, ye one Wat te competing mm soins act ‘Are he ie the peeing sce a cake te infin be conte ew ee118 roscnons of 4 couruex vastL Figwe 241 roprsmts «porn of ow ACeut Reger lteh te 7 Se ‘Stee ye thus) man obey fe enol si = Va Ya~ Vaso Sow bow te meh of complet xpi ca eed i complete [y"uhcn wes harry Eee" te ttn te rato, Ho) = Incest 18, Doth ncn sutty be Cann Rienon conto? Cat ad sere a a and ner Rivofue unten ats iv ces 29, Cone fenton 19) = OF) = 21) 4 Hor? 3, 1 Ar the Cay lena emo sie nh pit te ea a? 1 Aree pr Stee tse ncn fami och pot of he ra as? Show ht th fecien 0) 2° 4 not aml for anys. Cement {be bei fohae need Yo depend on te pause his yl ‘Shae ete tng he mesh uta a our che comeing oe Pu fis : 2. tthe near inependet of ai? Hs, sate dy wer wat conns. ow wold yo (tre or ay en oth Ci tht coneien 97 rows 119 e217 dete he pip vale of the sane rent, Compe the neat ant 1) soe be wpe taf of tee i = 1, 1 ge rer ha of heck il =. Ug the Coa tera ancy ner Tr hl coreg abate {Se faloning ite sh us moon he choc = 2 oft, wf tine sate the ing ee ee See ills ewe cn Seta raceme 1} yt bea Cae SE es ead ie ame SENSE ST contr ali! so =i Comat tone bing Fee ee esc gta ie Rn es ht se ado gate — 00-4 reek oo, Conc ate anh) fF in the pectin poem wich con tows everest fo wast ga ha ate om = ty, h Irom ti for Ain sea Jo) a cnt ere ‘Show tht ao the loving care soe of coe oka of" he sie) ard (corre nay, heres) cana, bt notable, nde ses ver29, Show ht the lowing comp per ees ae ately end wom com sermatter 2 20. Stow that he ser (at ache cee oa. Sw at ts ions env ror arty Doe tet at Rest, {iy wold be coed oy tat te sere cmeres ut for al? 21, Show thatthe fncton ) = wt = mt poses «Tala ere boat the not be sul V2 12, apd the fig iment a Tar of Lauren valid he oe ‘roe wetbrband of the spite pane Detorin he ens wid the ‘rerone ea. Dire o-o wegen Om pon gig em a Mniehy oon 0) form sf =O Ian May eve read 41 9 Je) = an =. 12, in al Laven GF Ty) epemions of the loi econ bet the ed sionggiy t= BiOmee OHO on on wont om rg Ont om-mitn eno piaainttl ono Since the tsetse brane ren (ob) aos, vil whch yo ein xh prc ex 14 ene pit wt he faving ft ra ani. We ignites ‘einen, dea tse hares ol st ere an cle he Yio RETA 2 fo= ©) 1) = toh, 0 0- ea ‘ame Bowe 3, Stow ta fo = fata succinct a=, DSSS a, whew cites = 2, oa Of eta whew ch tncane st byt {se Poem 246) above oF he ese es etn of te own anes a (r= sen ite 1, Ee flewing ret hf tebe of eto 212: 0 [as ay OL tae b 0 [ate of tig fehemte a> 06> 0% 9 fatter -ata(F-2) ow yeti erento io = 601 Ont a rms ee a ea122 crows oF 4 cour vaRAaLE o [eRe eden Lin Rfac to Empl in he ext tm Use the rect wth tee» = 0, y= Be = Rand = ER for recon) o fleet Ui: Ue te ncand th sie = 87 == soak ay + So ersten man. Cae Dees ere eae Deewana te ene sTTaS Sores rio Sacks eecancnecs aoe eat i roe ae pemmeturnng ep pimetemmier at ae ae SataatiacstteaataCoat man bn tee Sevcaaa cuenta omen eet om et sit. Show hate ieset 11 (ie 0 ‘ oc ev a eu fo 0. Show tat be tive Ftc of 1 iSSle heh at or bah pout md seat] ene cmarter 3 LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF SECOND ORDER {M1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. ‘THE WRONSKION ‘Agra vase of phys protems i ee fo iar erent eaions 'n partsa,t towe of snnd onder Thee ap oor inthe ert ot ri iret eqns. The nea foro ck on equa donk m+ coy me ‘Alvar, a gneral complex but psi eps poten el eqtions Wis eaomary te eve the eouaton by 4) [pts whee Aa) vane as Ue ven spc tcatnenth + PW + OtHy = ReH. AC) ~ the eqetion is homogescoat. Otherwise i ronbomegencos acing th dieusion of te propeter ofthe ecm il be ly ‘sume ht te fncins P,Q, and Rare ona wt the ein of ae 1) unde comideraton. ‘Towerer PQ. oR ey ft te aman at some rts pots «g, when 43) ~ 0. Whenever ie ocr, wera tenn ‘ibe gent hie at {et est come he homage eition $+ Ploy + Oca = 0 ‘A fundemental propecty oft nao sts rom to ier of he eto: ‘A near cotinatin of to ei ae a eon ay, P= Cnet Cater 1 slain proved and yy ate tltons, Function p(x) = 0 is always & ‘elton andi Hnown the telson “Two solitons are called Piney tdependet proved that weer of then ‘so peo the ther, tat he endon Canter + Cantar = 0 ‘a be said feral x only Cy = Cy = 0. Ie absoas hat ctr nor Ducan be vi hy ar sl independet.tinea degendenc or indepen of ection cen be established fom the onto tet aes nd te vals el Mt deans sone pate pots sa It led) byes) and Fil) = HaHa) ~ com, then yy an ya sty depen, One ay to ee thi to note thatthe DEP Yas rit) ~ batten ‘Now diferente the DE and deduce hat yaa) = Ky ed an 50 0 Tollows a the fontons yan ps st be maps ech ther ‘Conversely pseivtse oleate ten the funtions rns be Hcl independent. To demontte thi let ox rede the faction yao) rae = GavieD ~ sedi wich scat the Wroskian hee saan andy. th to cations ener deperents enter Wronsan vrs seta. The Wromkian fs rewareble ropes Ether ita entcaly mr never 0; ent tai for any partenariat." show thi clube te deivave fea i+ Peat + OCH = 8, Wh + Pa + Olay = 0, it fetlons tat yirt = pant + Petras — ref ite mn the st eqtion by ya the second one by anda, Thereire aH 5 maw 9 od We) = weden (-[LA04] whee H7(ca is estan, equal the vale of Wat some parce pein we allan th abesiaton Df diferent pnt. {hese he arty aL = a4 0 129 a 1S Sic te exponent fen mee wate, sei Kenny sro ited “Herts seer me hey = rota Retining othe conbiion yy) Pee) yz) Yi, we se ttn tin case) 1 O20 ha the Wena cn neve ra rc et ac cath er, Ter yan preted sey dependent fons at her oe Tae spend aa ne) va syed ao = et Hoa 0) 12 GENERAL SOLUTION oF THE HOMOGENOUS BOUATION From he provi Scion eer ht ton of ou DE cong ‘techn vane md he le td pel sa po 2 From th bts nee fa 16) ~ Cob + Csr whey andy re wo el indepen slations an Cy and Cy ae witty ‘hosen oman, fexesert he geal sli ofthe homagencts mon nee, (2) te 8 soltion with spect ane Wesl= eyed = & Sustiue thee value at the shove forma (Cotied by aiterentavon 1 no the fora or 9) r+ Cyhbenh “his tem can be sce fer Cy and Cy and die ones 4 ane selon bse he tenn za rior 6) | yey ib) 600) tbe ner 208 ae Hiner, one slike yy(0) ofthe DE fs nn heh # son ne nel nde eadet ofc Be ound by te eng sahlermoraprsedes Obs 7) -atga. ae‘The Wrontlan own font me) ~ Wade {- [5 A0<} ‘ner fo the conan 1) (maybe ehesen abies). Comeenty the "lop canbe evened pt a cota far 219. wun” oo[- fe 319 - mol ool [noel rth andar ahiay Tn ha if i eerie: Se Ter nary nent op) ion wt ie, ect Ws) my Be poked “The beet ca hob btn! ye ca mth of rion of ev neo Logins pe) na Win, hen On) (en co) San tet eet ett fod and ‘shronymiting Ca abe hate at 0 = COI 00, Setting thi formats nt the DE. bia a DE for CC whi cam be sole Ina wrighforwardfarion. The rel rede a = «foo [- [ra] gti eral ree cman, xy, ane Amy Be cote iy, vec il deta te drat fhe before for Cs) “The iesty of the nonhomogeneous equation allows us 10 sate the flowing Inpoctant eoicm: Ing msn af the noshomoperews extn tad 12 taluion orth coresponcing Romogeimo equation (olaned Oy sing Rea) = Oh then the fn 9) = 604300) Js ako 2 slnon of the nonhomogeacou equstion. The prot i ial (by ‘baton into the DE). "This hare the bs forte not common eed of sing nn ut equation Known nthe red of employ fein. Lat bea ive sluce ofthe nonhomogeneous equation (town ar the poor Inert) a tbe the poral sition 9 he Homogenena easton (kaos "Rio widely oo 2 he math feta of pereecers 1 component tan Then =n ect te evel bio Thies must be’ slaton by he pacing there. To show tat ‘rer seltion, e's represent the eamplenentryTuncon as feat ‘ation oftwolieary indepen solu a the hemngrsois tm, Then 0) = Hse) + COV + Corb we se ee) =, and (2) =, hen the Following equations st Hel for Clint Cs Calan) + Contes) = 2 ~ me Clea) + Gaited) = 8 we. ‘Since Wy y2) 0, thi pen ba aig slaion for C) ond Cx and the theorem fio ‘Apart ing (othe peer sotto, for at ate) of noahomog: ‘eon ution can be obtained in shir ard Faso ithe corplnenary fiction sown Te prea steel ought et foe 1) = oie + xO, hic can be obi from th cmpementry fton by replsing the con tows Cy and Cy by the Frctions oy and oy; ease we have th ae ein eons ‘Note tat the aove retin doesnt deine (and els ey, even it 13) is specie Por htane spol toad oes) an tb fant 4G) a0 ihe same tine bit frm He eto CA) Crt Os + be wire ore bo {We can proft fom thie exbitriness by inpsing ceva ain eqiements ‘ony a eyo fata tr determination, Utell) =O A oa i bt Te ake the adits eaieent that cin bebe =, ‘ili the eermiatio of ed oy a sen Pow. This as a inter {Sing practi meting I the vse sy) andthe slope ng ae fed tse {ointy and 43) were tobe approximated nest by neat comeation Cups + Cap then the conan Ca Ce Wood be determine Irom te ceeetions Mn) = Caled) + Captor Was) = Cates) + Carteed