,

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DELHI

HAUS KHAS, NEW DELHI-110016

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Course Number: CVL 742
Traffic Engineering
REPORT
Lab 3: STUDY OF HEADWAY DISTRIBUTION

Submitted To:
Dr. Kalaga Ramchandra Rao
(Associate Professor)
Civil Engineering Department, IIT Delhi

Submitted By:
Name Niharika
Entry No. : 2016CEP2352
M Tech Transportation Engineering, Semester-I

LAB-4: Traffic Stream Characteristics using different Models

Objectives: The main objective of this part is to describe the relationship of various traffic stram
characteristics using various models.
Need for the Study: By comparing different traffic stream models with real field data it is possible to obtain
a measure of the model capability of revealing data from different facilities. The objective of this part is to
compare real traffic data from various traffic models.
Overview: With more vehicles on the roads the interest in enhancing knowledge of microscopic simulation of
traffic streams has become more important. The number of freeways or highways that experience significant
congestion during the morning and evening peak hours is always increasing. It is therefore important to
increase our understanding over various flow models to estimate the efficiency of different road facilities and
therefore prepare a design process of new road facilities or improving older ones.
Study Components: Traffic stream models provide the fundamental relationships between three macroscopic
traffic stream parameters for steady-state conditions. The traffic stream parameters include flow, speed, and
density. A unique flow parameter is the maximum flow or capacity (q c), which corresponds to the xcoordinate. Two unique parameters are identified on the speed-flow relationship, which include the free-speed
(uf) and speed-at-capacity (uc). The speed-at-capacity is the speed that exists at maximum flow conditions and
corresponds to the y-coordinate of the speed-flow relationship. The two density parameters include jam
density (kj) and density-at-capacity (kc), often referred to as the optimum density. Jam density is the density of
traffic when both flow and speed approach zero. The basic traffic stream model establishes flow as the
product of density and speed i.e.
q = ku Eqn. 1
Greenshields Model: This model proposed a linear relationship between flow and density and it is expressed
as :
Field Work and Data Collection:
HEADWAY DATA

S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Time.
0.85
1.45
0.61
0.95
1.45
3.68
0.96
5.34
1.88
1.01
0.68
1.06

S.No
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51

Time
0.76
0.53
0.50
0.31
1.81
1.16
1.55
0.63
0.45
1.50
2.80
0.85

S.No
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91

Time
1.08
0.35
0.73
0.83
0.36
0.38
0.33
0.45
0.98
0.96
1.80
0.33

S.No.
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131

Time
1.70
0.55
0.36
0.63
0.90
1.20
1.44
3.63
1.75
0.60
0.93
3.53

S.No.
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171

Time
2.86
4.30
0.70
2.41
1.61
1.86
1.53
0.25
0.23
2.13
1.23
2.23

13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

1.01
0.43
0.48
0.46
0.66
3.98
3.05
0.36
0.24
3.06
0.58
0.80
0.38
1.48
0.40
1.38
0.34
2.31
0.88
3.00
0.61
1.33
2.56
1.10
1.33
0.31
2.11
0.76

52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79

1.23
0.61
0.45
1.40
1.60
0.21
0.78
1.46
0.38
0.75
1.05
1.33
1.95
0.33
0.46
1.46
1.08
1.21
2.89
0.28
1.23
0.31
0.76
1.46
0.40
6.60
0.38
0.43

92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119

S.No.
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215

Time
0.84
3.15
3.83
0.83
1.66
0.99
3.03
0.34
3.05
0.93
1.51
1.48
0.44
1.16
1.48
1.64

S.No.
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255

Time S.No.
0.41 280
1.13 281
0.83 282
1.51 283
0.81 284
1.15 285
0.79 286
0.88 287
0.53 288
0.38 289
0.38 290
2.58 291
1.58 292
2.28 293
1.31 294
0.81 295

0.40
0.44
0.86
0.28
2.56
1.56
2.01
0.88
0.23
0.71
2.63
0.49
2.68
1.63
2.18
0.75
5.57
0.29
0.46
1.18
0.23
0.35
1.56
1.43
2.73
2.11
0.49
1.94

Time
0.63
1.90
0.51
1.03
0.29
2.72
2.43
0.56
1.68
6.45
0.49
1.33
3.17
0.87
1.03
0.40

132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159

1.21
0.56
3.86
0.63
1.26
0.85
1.15
0.53
0.79
0.90
0.58
0.65
1.29
3.55
1.28
0.95
1.44
1.56
0.61
1.30
5.38
0.56
1.68
0.91
0.68
3.19
5.60
3.85

172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199

0.39
0.86
0.73
1.28
1.50
0.25
1.04
0.96
0.58
0.36
0.35
0.66
1.18
0.43
0.30
0.53
0.76
0.68
0.41
0.41
1.28
2.51
2.13
1.73
4.55
4.04
0.85
0.23

216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239

1.23
0.98
0.68
5.90
1.51
1.83
0.29
1.06
2.66
0.49
1.56
0.83
1.66
0.64
1.30
1.41
0.56
0.71
1.26
0.50
0.29
0.31
1.23
1.25

256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279

0.78
0.61
0.66
0.76
0.91
2.48
2.63
0.66
3.01
0.33
1.13
1.88
1.38
0.41
2.21
1.86
2.03
1.10
0.76
1.05
0.73
0.39
0.29
3.47

296
297
298
299
300
301
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

0.41
2.42
0.46
1.24
0.41
1.53
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Descriptive Statistics: Time (sec)

Variable mean
Value

Standard
variance range IQR
deviation

1.3315 1.1344

1.2868

mode N
skewness kurtosis
for
mode
1.08- 0.41 6
2.01
4.83
0.38

6.39

Histogram of Time (sec)

100

Normal
Mean 1.331
StDev 1.134
N
301

Frequency

80

60

40

20

-1

Time (sec)

Histogram describe graph as normal distribution.

TEST FOR NORMALITY

1. ANDERSON DARLING TEST

Probability Plot of Time (sec)

Normal
99.9

Mean
StDev
N
AD
P-Value

99

Percent

95
90

1.331
1.134
301
16.555
<0.005

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
5
1
0.1

-2

-1

Time (sec)

Anderson Darling test describe whether data follow a particular distribution or not. Hypothesis for Anderson
Darling test are :
H0 : The data follow a particular distribution
H1 : The data do not follow distribution.
If p value is less than choosen alpha value ( here 0.005 ) then reject null hypothesis that data come from
particular distribution.
Here p value is less than 0.005 then according to this test data do not follow normal distribution.

2. K-S test

Probability Plot of Time (sec)

Normal
99.9

Mean
1.331
StDev
1.134
N
301
KS
0.162
P-Value <0.010

99

Percent

95
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
5
1
0.1

-2

-1

Time (sec)

Here value of p is lesser than alpha (0.01) , null hypothesis is false . Sample is not normally
distributed.

ERROR:
TYPE 1 ERROR:
TYPE 2 ERROR:

When null hypothesis is true and we reject it, it is called Type 1 error.
When null is false and we fail to reject it , this is called type 2 error.

Here A-D test and K-S test reject the null hypothesis which is actually normal thus it is Type 1 error.
To avoid these error we should use lower value of level of alpha.

WORK SHEET: LAB 1

DATE:

8-02-2016

STUDENT NAME

STARTING TIME:

DAY: monday

Niharika

WEATHER: sunny

ENTRY NUMBER: 2016CEP2352

12:00 pm

References: Traffic flow by Adolf May

Traffic engineering by Roess and Mc Shanne

ENDING TIME:

1:00pm