A.

Usefulness of Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons many benefits to human needs, both in the field of food, clothing, housing, art and
aesthetics. In this case the use of hydrocarbons will be presented in daily life for humans, namely in the
field of food, clothing, housing, art and aesthetics.
1. Field of food
If youve talked usefulness of hydrocarbons in the field of food, the language is not a pure hydrocarbon
anymore, but a little wider namely carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are compounds of carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen are present in nature. Many carbohydrates have the empirical formula CH2O.
Types of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Monosaccharide is a carbohydrate the simplest that can not be hydrolyzed into smaller carbohydrate
molecules again.
Glucose / sugar wine is widely available in fruits, corn, and honey.
There fructose together with glucose and sucrose in fruits and honey.
Galactose, the source can be obtained from the hydrolyzed lactose digestion through our food.
Disaccharide
Disaccharide is a carbohydrate that is composed of two monosaccharides.
Maltose (glucose + glucose), can not be easily fermented by colonic bacteria, it is used in baby food, milk
powder leavened bread (malted milk)
Lactose (glucose + galactose), found in cows milk and 5-8% in the mothers milk.
Sucrose (glucose + fructose), sugar is normal. When heated to form invert sugar called caramel brown.
Used for the manufacture of ice cream, soft drinks, and candy.

Polysaccharide
Polysaccharide is a carbohydrate composed of many monosaccharides. Usefulness of hydrocarbons on
polysaccharides in food such as rice, starch, corn, etc..
2. For clothing
Of hydrocarbon material that could be used for clothing is PTA (purified terephthalic acid), which is made
of para-xylene in which the material is essentially kerosene (kerosene). Kerosene is all of the material
formed into aromatic compounds, ie para-xylene
Para-xylene is then oxidized using air into the PTA (see map above petrochemical process). Of PTA
shaped like detergent powder is then reacted with methanol into polyester fibers. Ester poly fiber that is
the synthetic yarn that looks like thread. Almost all uniforms sisters may wear made of polyester. To
facilitate their identification can be seen from the price. Prices of clothing made of synthetic polyester
yarns are usually relatively cheaper than clothing made from raw cotton, silk or other natural fibers.
Fineness of material made from polyester fibers affected by additive (additive) in the process of making
yarn (when reacting with methanol PTA). Actually, there are others who also dibunakan polymers for the
manufacture of synthetic fibers finer or softer again. Eg fiber content material for sanitary napkins. The
polymer is made of polyethylene.

3. Field board
Building materials derived from hydrocarbons in general the form of plastic. Plastic base material similar
to LPG, which is a polymer of propylene, the olefin compound / alkenes of carbon chains C3. Of plastic
material is then so wide, ranging from the roof of the house (plastic tiles), furniture, interior equipment,
bumper car, tables, chairs, plates, etc..
4. The arts
For matters of art, especially painting, the main role of hydrocarbons exist in the ink / oil paint and solvent.
Maybe the brothers knew thinner used to thin the paint. Temporal affairs sculpture for many of the
sculptures are made from plastic or trophies, etc.. Hydrocarbon solvents used for paints made of Low
Aromatic White Spirit is a solvent or LAWS resulting from Pertamina refinery in Plaju with a boiling point
range between 145o C 195o C. LAWS hidrokarbonyang form solvent compound is a mixture of paraffin,
cycloparaffins, and aromatic hydrocarbons.
SUMMARY
1. Usability and composition of hydrocarbons in everyday life can be grouped in the field of food, clothing,
housing, commerce, art, and aesthetics.
2. Example of the usefulness of hydrocarbons in the field of food that is in the carb.
3. Example of the usefulness of hydrocarbons in the field of clothing is PTA (purified terephthalic acid),

which is made of para-xylene in which the material is essentially kerosene (kerosene).

4. Example of the usefulness of hydrocarbons in the field of the board is a polymer of propylene, the olefin
compound / alkenes of carbon chains C3.
5. Example of the usefulness of hydrocarbons in the arts: the main role of hydrocarbons exist in the ink /
oil paint and solvent.
6. Example of the usefulness of hydrocarbons in the field of aesthetics, among others: lipstick, waxing
(hair removal using a foot candle) and other ingredients mixing cosmetic, pharmaceutical or shoe polish.
7. Petrochemical industry is the result of material-based oil and natural gas. Some examples are the
petrochemical plastics, deterge, and artificial rubber.
8. Petrochemical basic materials can be olefins, and aromatic sy-gas.

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GLOSSARY
Hydrocarbons: Compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms of carbon atoms.
Carbohydrates: A compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are found in nature that has the empirical
formula CH2O.
Petrochemical industries: petrochemical industry is an industry that materials derived from the fuel
industry, da petroleum gas (natural gas).
Olefin: The basic ingredients are the most important petrochemicals like ethylene (ethene), propylene
(propene), butylene (butene), and butadiene.
Aromatic: Benzene and turunanya example benzene (C6H6), toluene (C6H5CH3), and xylene (C6H4
(CH3) 2)
Synthetic gas: A mixture of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2)

Alkanes
Hydrocarbons which contain only single bonds are called alkanes. They are called
saturated hydrocarbons because there is a hydrogen in every possible location. This
gives them a general formula CnH2n+2.
The first four alkanes are methane, ethane, propane, and butane.
The alkanes are highly combustible and are valuable as clean fuels, burning to form
water and carbon dioxide. Methane, ethane, propane and butane are gases and used
directly as fuels. Alkanes from pentane up to around C 17H36are liquids. Gasoline is a
mixture of alkanes from pentane up to about decane. Kerosene contains alkanes
from about n=10 to n=16. Above n=17 they are solids at room temperature. Alkanes
with higher values of n are found in diesel fuel, fuel oil, petroleum jelly, paraffin
wax, motor oils, and for the highest values of n, asphalt.
Alkane derivatives are used in hundreds of products such as plastics, paints, drugs,
cosmetics, detergents, insedticides, etc., so the fossil fuel resource from which we

Methane (CH4)
Methane is an invisible, odorless, and combustible gas present in trace concentrations in the
atmosphere. It is the major component of natural gas, a fossil fuel commonly used for heating
and cooking. The molecule consists of one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms (CH4),
making it the simplest member of a chemical family known as hydrocarbons.

Ethane (C2H6)
Ethane is one of the primary alkanes, along with propane, butane and methane. Alkanes are
carbon and hydrogen-based chemical compounds whose carbon atoms only have a single
bond. Before the 1960s, ethane was not separated from methane for use as feedstock in
petrochemical processes, though its presence was discovered in 1834 by Michael Faraday.

Propane (C3H8)
Propane is a chemical compound that is made of three carbon (C) atoms and
eight hydrogen (H) atoms, so its chemical formula is C3H8. It's classified as
an alkane, which are compounds that consist only of hydrogen and carbon
atoms with single bonds. A by-product of natural gas processing and petroleum refining, it
is commonly used as a fuel for engines, oxy-gas torches, portable stoves, and residential
central heating. Propane is one of a group of liquefied petroleum gases (LP gases).

What is Propane Gas?

Propane gas, also called LPG, is available almost everywhere.
We use it to heat our homes & hot water, cooking our food, power our BBQs
and fuel our cars.

Propane is also used by business and agricultural for all sorts of applications.
It is an amazing transportable gas that comes in a bottle, but what exactly is
propane, where does it come from and how does it work?
"What is Propane Gas?" The Short Answer:

Propane is a flammable hydrocarbon gas liquefied through pressurisation. It is classified

as LPG, along with butane and mixtures of these gases. Propane comes from natural
gas processing and oil refining. It is used as heating, cooking and auto fuel.
Where Does Propane Come From?

Propane is a fossil fuel that does not occur in isolation. Propane is found naturally in
combination with other hydrocarbons. It is produced during natural gas processing and
oil refining. It is isolated, liquefied through pressurisation and stored in pressure vessels.
How is Propane Made?

Propane is made during natural gas processing and oil refining. It is separated from the
unprocessed natural gas using refrigeration. Propane is extracted from heated crude oil
using a distillation tower. It is then pressurisation and stored as a liquid in cylinders and
tanks.
What is Propane Used For? The condensed version:

Propane is utilised in numerous applications. Propane is used as a fuel for many

residential, commercial and agricultural heat applications, including cooking. It is also
employed as a propellant, refrigerant, vehicle fuel and petrochemical feedstock.
7 Important Propane Facts

1. Propane is LPG but not all LPG is propane. LPG is is the acronym for Liquefied
Petroleum Gas.
2. Propane is a flammable hydrocarbon gas that is liquefied through pressurisation and
commonly used as fuel.
3. Propane comes from natural gas processing and petroleum refining.
4. Propane is LPG but not all LPG is propane. Propane, along with a number of gases,
falls under the LPG label. The other gases include butane (n-butane) and isobutane
(i-butane), as well as mixtures of the three LPG gases.
5. Propane gas can be compressed into liquid at relatively low pressure.
6. Propane is frequently used for fuel in heating, cooking, hot water and vehicles.
7. Propane is generally stored, as a liquid, in steel vessels ranging from small BBQ gas
bottles to larger gas cylinders and storage tanks. (45kg gas bottles shown)
Propane Goes by Many Names

In Australia, propane has many names.

It is also called LPG, LPG Gas, LP Gas, BBQ Gas or Autogas.
In the USA it is just called Propane.
In the UK, it is referred to as either propane or LPG.

How Does Propane Work?

Propane is stored under pressure, as a liquid, in a gas bottle.

It turns back into gas vapour when you release some of the pressure in the gas bottle by
turning on your appliance.
Almost all of the uses for propane involve the use of the gas vapour, not the liquefied
gas.
What is Propane Made of? Propane Composition

Propane is a hydrocarbon gas with 3 carbon and 8 hydrogen atoms in a propane

molecule.
The chemical formula for propane is C3H8. (Propane molecule model shown)
Propane is not made or manufactured, it is found naturally in combination with other
hydrocarbons.
Propane is produced during natural gas processing and petroleum refining.
Both processes begin by drilling oil wells.
Propane does not occur naturally in isolation.
Propane processing involves the separation and collection of the gas from its petroleum
base and other Natural Gas Liquids (NGLs).

Following its refinement, LPG is stored and distributed as a liquid under pressure until
used, at which point it is utilised as either a liquid or a gas (vapour).
What is Propane Used For?

Propane has hundreds, if not thousands, of uses.

The propane uses most people can name are around the home, in their cars or for their

business.
It is used in leisure time activities including caravans, boats, recreational vehicles, hot
air balloons and camping.
Business and industry use propane for a multitude of processes including steam boilers,
kilns, ovens and forklifts.
Crop and produce drying, heating greenhouses, hot water for dairies, irrigation pumps
and heating animal enclosures are just some of the agricultural applications for propane.
Transport is also a big user of propane, either alone or mixed with butane, to power
various vehicle types.
There are also many, many more propane applications, including power generation
and the hospitality industry.

What are the Properties of Propane?

Propane Boiling Point

Water boils at 100C, becoming a gas (steam).

In contrast, propane boils at -42C becoming gas vapour.

Propane stays liquid because it is under pressure in a gas cylinder.

As a liquid, it looks a lot like water.
It is colourless and odourless in its natural state.
Odourant is Added for Safety

In its natural state, propane is an odourless gas.

The distinctive smell that people associate with propane is actually added to it as a safety
measure.
Without the addition of an odourant, leaking gas could collect without being detected.
Avoid Direct Contact - Cold Burns
Caution should always be used to avoid direct exposure, as liquid propane is cold enough to
cause severe cold burns on exposed skin.
Specific Gravity of Propane - Density

Unlike water, 1 kilogram of propane does NOT equal 1 litre of propane.

Propane density or specific gravity is about half that of water, at 0.51.
1kg of propane has a volume of 1.96L.
Conversely, 1L of propane weighs 0.51kg.
1lb of propane @ 60F has a volume of 0.24 US gallons.

Conversely, 1 US gallon of propane @ 60F only weighs 4.23lbs, instead of the 8.34lbs it would
weigh if it was water.
Propane Gaseous Expansion

Propane expands to 270 times the volume when it goes from liquid to gas.
So, 1L of liquid LPG equals 270L of gaseous propane.
As there are 1000L in a cubic meter (M3), 1L of liquid propane expands to 0.27M3.
1 US gallon of liquid propane equals 36.38ft3 of gaseous propane
Energy Content of Propane
Propane contains approximately 25MJ per litre.
This also converts to 6.9kWh.
More propane energy content facts:
1 US gallon of propane = 91,502 BTU @ 60F
1ft3 propane gas = 2,488 BTU of Gas @ 60F
1 US gallon propane = 1.1 therm
1 therm = 100,000 BTU
1 watt = 3.41214 BTU/h
Combustion Formula
In the presence of sufficient oxygen, propane burns to form water vapour and carbon dioxide, as
well as heat.
Propane + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water + Heat

(C3H8 + 5 O2 3 CO2 + 4 H2O + Heat)

If not enough oxygen is present for complete combustion, incomplete combustion occurs with
water, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide being produced.
Propane Flame Temperature

An propane flame burns at 1980C (3596F).

When it is burning properly, the flame is blue.
A yellow or red flame is usually indicative of incomplete combustion.
Limits of Flammability
The lower and upper limits of flammability are the percentages of propane that must be present
in an propane/air mixture.
This means that between 2.15% and 9.6% of the total propane/air mixture must be propane in
order for it to be combustible.
Propane Flash Point
The flash point of propane is -104C (-155.2F).
This is the minimum temperature at which propane will burn on its own after having been
ignited.

Below this temperature, it will stop burning on its own.

However, if a source of continuous ignition is present, it will burn below -104C.
Dissipation
Propane gas is heavier than air and will sink to and collect at the lowest point.
If propane is vented to the outside air, it will quickly dissipate with the slightest movement of air.
Conversely, if propane is vented into a sealed structure, with no air movement, the propane gas
will collect on the floor and rise vertically as more propane is vented into the structure.
Propane Vapour (Gas) Use vs. Liquid Use
Propane can be supplied in either liquid or vapour.
The difference is in the extraction from cylinder or vessel in which it is supplied.
Most propane applications use vapour.
Appliances such as water heaters, room heaters and cookers all use vapour.
If these appliances were to have liquid propane flow to their burners, the result could possibly be
a fire or similar safety hazard.
This is why propane cylinders should always be kept upright, so that only vapour is released.

Butane(C4H10)

Butane is one of dozens of gases extracted from raw natural gas and can also be produced from crude
oil. Butane is also able to liquefy quickly when it is compressed. Butane can be called n-butane (the n in
front of butane stands for normal); n-butane is a multipurpose colorless gas. For instance butane can be
used for heating, refrigeration, and fuel for lighters. Butane is often mixed with propane to create LPG
(liquefied petroleum gas) which is also used for cooking heating and other commercial purposes. Butane
can also burn to form carbon dioxide and water vapour when oxygen is plentiful; however when there is a
lack of oxygen carbon (soot) or carbon monoxide can also be formed.