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the database used by the system are all located on a single computer,
such as a server or mainframe computer.
Users in remote locations access the data through the Wide Area
Network (WAN) using the application programs provided to access the
data.
e.g. Some major banks do all their processing on a mainframe,
in some cases in a different country. Clients may use several
branches, and online banking for transactions.
-Airline reservation systems need to be centralised to avoid
double bookings.
the data is stored primarily on disk, and usually the server copies only
small pieces of data at a time into memory.
DATABASE MODELS
identify the purpose of the database and the activities that it will be
used for.
(such as to keep track of rental properties, student grades,
or customer orders)
Determine the tables and fields to include in the database.
To determine which fields go in which table, you should
group fields that logically belong togethereach group of
fields will fo2rm one table.
Assign the fields to the appropriate table and restructure as needed to
minimize redundancy (normalization).
To keep redundancy to a minimum, fields should be
included in only one table whenever possible; they should
not be placed in multiple tables unless they are needed to
relate one table to another.
Finalize the structure of each table, listing each fields name, type,
size, and so on and selecting a primary key (data definition).
Relating Tables
After all the tables in a database application have been created and
their primary keys designated, the tables can be related to one another
via their primary keys so that a primary key for one table can be used
to extract data from other tables as needed. For instance, once a
Customer table (containing customer data) and an Order table
(containing order data) are related via the Customer tables Customer
Number primary key field, then that field can be used to extract
information from both of these tables, such as to generate an order
report or an invoice containing data from the Customer table and the
Order table. The process of relating tables in the Inventory database
discussed throughout this chapter is shown in Figure 14-16. This figure
also illustrates how, once the tables are related, the related data
located in other tables can be viewed from inside a single table.
Repairing or restoring data that has become corrupt, such as the result
of a storage media error or a computer virus.
Continually evaluating and improving the security measures used with
the database.
stores data in objects. An object contains data along with the methods
(actions) that can be taken with that data.
Attributes are data which defines the characteristics of an
object. This data may be simple such as integers, strings,
and real numbers or it may be a reference to a complex
object. Objects in an OODBMS can contain virtually any
type of dataa video clip, a photograph with a narrative,
text with music, and so onalong with the methods to be
used with that data.
Object databases should be used when there is complex data and/or
complex data relationships. This includes a many to many object
relationship.
Object databases should not be used when there would be
few join tables and there are large volumes of simple
transactional data. Object database work well with
Multimedia Applications because of complex datas.
Multidimensional Databases
Information retrieval
the Web is, in essence, a huge storehouse of data waiting
to be retrieved. Data to be accessed and displayed via a
Web page is often stored in a database, and Web site
visitors can request and view information upon demand.
Store user-generated content
such as content uploaded to Flickr, YouTube, Facebook, and
other social networking sites.
Support and facilitate e-commerce
such as to display product information, pricing, customer
information, shopping cart content, order information, and
more upon demand. Other information commonly retrieved
and displayed from Web databases include product
information, press releases, and other documents retrieved
from company Web sites; ZIP codes, driving directions,
maps, and more retrieved from reference sites (see Figure
CGI Scripts
A CGI (common gateway interface) script is a set of instructions written in a
programming language (such as C, Perl, Java, or Visual Basic) and designed
to accept data from and return data to a Web page visitor. CGI scripts usually
reside on the Web server and handle tasks, such as processing input forms
and information requests. On very busy sites, CGI can slow down server
response time significantly because it processes each request individually.
Active Server Pages (ASPs)
Active Server Pages (ASPs) are dynamic Web pages that have the
extension .asp. ASPs work similarly to dynamic Web pages utilizing CGI
scripts but the code to tie the database to the Web site is typically written in
JavaScript or VBScript.
PHP Scripts
PHP (PHP Hypertext Preprocessor) is a scripting language that is increasingly
being used to create dynamic Web pages. It uses code similar to Perl or C++
that is inserted into the HTML code of a Web page using special PHP tags.
PHP scripts usually reside on the server and are typically used to perform
tasks similar to CGI and ASPs but they have the advantage of high
compatibility with many types of databases.s