2.

EU energy & climate targets:

2.1: Energy Consumption:

Gross inland consumption of energy within the EU-28 in 2012 was 1 683
million tons of oil equivalent (toe). Having remained relatively unchanged
during the period from 2003 to 2008, gross inland consumption of energy
decreased by 5.8 % in 2009; much of this change can be attributed to a lower
level of economic activity as a result of the financial and economic crisis,
rather than a structural shift in the pattern of energy consumption. Indeed, in
2010 there was a 3.8 % rebound in the level of gross inland consumption of
energy in the EU-28 although this was followed by a similarly large (3.4 %)
fall in 2011. After these three years of relatively large changes, 2012 saw a
more modest rate of change as consumption fell by 1.0 %.
The gross inland consumption of each EU Member State depends, to a large
degree, on the Structure of its energy system, the availability of natural
resources for primary energy Production, and the structure and development
of each economy; this is true not only for Conventional fuels and nuclear
power, but also for renewable energy sources.
In keeping with the data for the whole of the EU-28, gross inland consumption
of energy fell in all of the EU Member States in 2009. Consumption rebounded
in 2010 in most of the Member States with only Lithuania, Greece, Cyprus,
Portugal, Croatia and Spain recording consecutive contractions in
consumption in 2009 and 2010 possibly reflecting the low level of
economic output and consumer confidence in several of these countries. In
2011, a fall in consumption was recorded by 22 of the 28 Member States, the
main exceptions being Bulgaria (a 7.4 % increase) and Lithuania (3.2 %). As
such, Greece, Cyprus, Portugal, Croatia and Spains downward paths
continued for a third consecutive year, and this pattern extended into a
fourth year in 2012 when only eight Member States recorded an increase in
their consumption, including three of the largest Member States (Germany,
France and the United Kingdom)
*Table 2.1
2.2 Renewable energy:
Renewable energy can be produced from a wide variety of sources including
wind, solar, hydro, tidal, geothermal, and biomass. By using more renewables
to meet its energy needs, the EU lowers its dependence on imported fossil
fuels and makes its energy production more sustainable. The renewable
energy industry also drives technological innovation and employment across
Europe.
2.2. A Production

The primary production of renewable energy within the EU-28 in 2012 was
177.3 million tons of oil equivalent (toe) a 22.3 % share of total primary
energy production from all sources. The quantity of renewable energy
produced within the EU-28 increased overall by 81.3 % between 2002 and
2012, equivalent to an average increase of 6.1 % per year.
Among renewable energies, the most important source in the EU-28 was
biomass and renewable waste, accounting for just under two thirds (65.5 %)
of primary renewables production in 2012 (Table 2.2.A.1*). Hydropower was
the other main contributor to the renewable energy mix (16.2 % of the total).
Although their levels of production remained relatively low, there was a
particularly rapid expansion in the output of wind and solar energy, which
accounted for 10.0 % and 5.1 % respectively of the EU-28s renewable energy
produced in 2012. The remaining shares were 3.2 % for geothermal energy
and 0.02 % for tide, wave and ocean energy, the latter being found in only
France and the United Kingdom.
The largest producer of renewable energy within the EU-28 in 2012 was
Germany, with an 18.6 % share of the total; France (11.7 %), Sweden (10.4
%) and Italy (10.1 %) were the only other EU Member States to record
double-digit shares.
2.2. B Consumption
Renewable energy sources accounted for an 11.0 % share of the EU-28s
gross inland energy consumption in 2012 (see Table 2). Over one third of the
energy consumed in Sweden (37.2 %) and Latvia (36.4 %) was derived from
renewables in 2012, while the relative importance of renewables was also
high in Austria (30.1 %), Finland (29.2 %) and Denmark (23.3 %).
The EU seeks to have a 20 % share of its gross final energy consumption from
renewable sources by 2020; this target is distributed between the Member
States with national action plans designed to plot a pathway for the
development of renewable energies in each Member State. Figure 1 shows
the latest data available for the share of renewable energies in gross final
energy consumption and the targets that have been set for each country for
2020. The share of renewables in gross final energy consumption stood at
14.1 % in the EU-28 in 2012.

2.2. C 2020 renewable energy targets

The EU's Renewable energy directive sets a binding target of 20% final
energy consumption from renewable sources by 2020. To achieve this, EU
countries have committed to reaching their own national renewables targets
ranging from 10% in Malta to 49% in Sweden. They are also each required to
have at least 10% of their transport fuels come from renewable sources by
2020.

All EU countries have adopted national renewable energy action plans

showing what actions they intend to take to meet their renewables targets.
These plans include sectorial targets for electricity, heating and cooling, and
transport; planned policy measures; the different mix of renewables
technologies they expect to employ; and the planned use of cooperation
mechanisms.

2.2. D Croatia
As most European countries, Croatia reported a distinct contraction in
economic
Activity since the beginning of the economic and financial crisis.
Its impact on Croatias economy spurred negative business developments,
trickling down to the
Primary energy sector, affecting the flow and scope of investments in
renewable energy sources.
Nonetheless, steady technological improvements, cost reductions and statesupported schemes still render electricity produced from renewables
attractive.
Renewable energy is gaining momentum in Europe; the continent has
achieved the largest growth in energy produced from renewable sources
(wind, solar, hydro etc.).
In the structure of total primary energy supply energy in 2010, transport and
distribution losses increased by 5.8 percent, energy conversion losses
increased by 5.3 percent, and final energy consumption increased only
minimally by 0.1 percent. Energy sector own use, as well as non-energy
consumption decreased by 4.6 percent and 0.9 percent respectively. In the
industry and transport sector (final energy demand), energy consumption fell
by 1.7 percent and 3.3 percent respectively.
Energy demand in the other sectors (households, services, agriculture,
forestry, and fishing) increased by 3.3 percent, primarily due to adverse
climate conditions.

The shares of energy forms in total primary energy supply in 2010

Liquid fuels had the biggest share in total primary energy supply in Croatia.
This share was 37.1 percent.
Natural gas accounted for 27.1 percent of total primary energy supply.
Hydro power varied pending on hydrology; in 2005 it was 15.1 percent,
while in 2010, when hydrology conditions were the most favorable ever, it
increased up to 19.4 percent.
Coal and coke was 7.5 percent, while the share of imported electricity
reached 4.2 percent in 2010.

Other energy forms which participate in primary energy supply were

increased:

Energy produced from biomass reached 3.9 percent.

The share of heat energy from heat pumps was 0.4 percent
The consumption of small renewable energy sources also had a high
growth rate (wind energy, solar energy, geothermal energy, biodiesel,
landfill gas and biogas), due to which their share reached 0.5 percent
in 2010.

National Energy Strategy:

The Republic of Croatia is endowed with a good potential in renewable
energy resources. Renewable energies present several advantages, three of
which stand out as most appealing:

Renewable energy is drained from the exploitation of clean, domestic

natural resources, thereby reducing energy dependency from third States;
Their use as a means of improving security of energy supply boosts the
development of domestic production of energy equipment and services;
Finally, the development of renewable energy technologies is crucial
towards to the achievement of internationally agreed, binding
environmental objectives.

Croatia will therefore maximally stimulate renewable energies, but at

acceptable social costs of their use. In this vein, the Government has set the
following strategic objectives:
- In preparation to the countrys accession to the European Union, successive
governments have pledged compliance to EU goals and ambitions in the field
of renewable energy, as set out by European Union Directive 2009/28/EC.
This Directive, which amended and repealed Directives 2001/77/EC and
2003/30/EC sets out the following objectives:
The share of renewable energy sources in the countrys energy mix
should be increased to reach 20% of the countrys gross final
consumption by 2020.
The obligation for Croatia (and all Member States) to increase their share
of renewables in final energy consumption in transport to 10% by 2020.

Looking towards 2020, many possibilities exist that will enable Croatia to
reduce its emissions. Preliminary analysis shows that Croatia should be able
to reduce its emissions beyond the 1990 official baseline levels perhaps by
as much as 30%. The costs for this reduction are estimated to be between
approximately EUR 114.7 million and EUR 535.9 million for that year. This is
equivalent to 0.31%-1.43% of 2007s GDP. They include energy efficiency
measures, sustainable transportation policies, renewable energy policies,
measures to encourage fugitive methane utilization, introduction of more
renewable energy and changes in industrial production processes.
Furthermore, the potential for GHG sinks in Croatia is quite large, though
this reduction measure may not be fully eligible for international negotiations.
Forest cover and carbon content increases in soils could have a huge impact
on emissions reductions, though the costs and benefits need to be further
explored. In order to carry out these measures, tremendous public, private
sector, and Government involvement will be necessary. Potential, though
more controversial, measures also exist, such as the development of nuclear
power and the incineration of waste products for energy. These have been
identified as potentially cost-effective but may not be feasible for reasons of
environmental sustainability and public resistance.

On November 10, 2008, the Vice Prime Minister and Minister of Economy,
Labour and Entrepreneurship introduced the Energy Strategy Green Paper of
the Republic of Croatia (Green Paper). This launched a 30-day public
consultation period on this important document. The final summarized
document (White Paper) will be submitted to the Croatian Parliament for
discussion and approval. The Energy Development Strategy is the foundation
document of the Energy Act that defines the energy policy and future plans
for energy development. The Croatian Parliament adopts the Strategy
proposed by the Government for a ten-year period. Based on the adopted
strategy, the Government creates an Energy Strategy Implementation
Programme for the following four-year period. The Energy Development
Strategy of the Republic of Croatia focuses on the period until 2020, and
provides a general forecast until the year 2030. Because of the high level of
uncertainty in forecasting beyond 2020, the Strategy can only suggest a
general direction for 2030.
The main goals, principles and challenges

The Energy Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia follows

three basic energy objectives:
Security of the energy supply
Competitiveness of the energy system
Sustainability of energy development

Appendix

Table 2.1 Gross inland consumption of energy, 19902012

Table 2.2.A.1 Primary production of renewable energy, 2002

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