Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
com
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NMR
EPR
linear
Poly Propylene(P.P)
Acetal:
Poly styrene ( P. S )
ABS
Epoxy Resins
Poly Styrene
Acrylic Plastic
PPO
P.P.S
P.B.T
(66)
(106)
. v
.
Polymer Science
.
.
R&D
25
.
27%
.23%
30%
.
145kg Kg 124 101kg
.
.
.
.
Polymers
1920
.
) ( .
Associated Complex Secondary Force
Isoprene 1860
:
3
2
CH
C H
CH
C
C
CH
3
C H
CH
CH
C H
CH
CH
C
CH
Is o p r e n e
CH
D i M e t h y le c y c l o o c t a d ie n e
Rault
.
10000 40000. .
1920
Macromolecules. .
.
X
1953 .
.
Carthoers 1929
Nylone66 .
....... .
1884
Vant Hoff
1887
.
Goodyear Vulcanization 1939
.
.Ebonite
1838
1838 Cellulose Nitrate 1870
.
) ( )(.
1857
Acetic Anhydride 1900
.
.backland
Backlite
1907 .
1900 Styrene 1930
1937 .
.
1838-1777
) (
1868-1338
)(
1920
1914-1856
1907
)(
1937-1927
1924-1927
1938-1929
66
1929
1931
) (
1936
1937
1954-1939
1939
1941
1947
1957
1957
1962
1965
POLYIMIDE
.Colloidal Particles
Natural Polymers
Oils Fats
Natural Resins Arabic Gum .
.
.
2002. :
.
.
....
.
Purduo University Afabad Opsis
.
.
.
E-Coli .
.
....
. :
Classification Of Polymer
.
:
Natural of polymers
Starch
Protean.Cellulose
Synthetic Polymers
Plastic Rubber Synthetic
Leather Nylon Poly Ester dyes Coating
% .
Modified Natural Polymers
:
Cellulose Acetate Cellulose Nitrate .
Organic Polymer
Inorganic Polymer
.
.
.Poly Silicone
Thermoplastic
.
:
.
) (
Elastomer
Fibers
Elongation Resilience
: .
..
)
.
Classification Based On the Structure Shape of Moleculars
Linear Polymer
Macro-Molecules
Covalent Bond
:
*
* Vander Waal Force -/.
* Polar Molecules Dipoles
H O, N, F -
/.
Homopolymers
Copolymer
Polymer Alloys
.
:
PE
H
CH
CH
..
, A,
A , . PE
A=2520A 2000X1.62. .
A .
. .
Ordered Structure
HDPE
.HDPE
.
.PTEF
Radicals R
:
v Atactic
v Isotactic
v Syndiotactic
:
< < .
Atactic o
CH 3
CH 3 CH 3
C
CH 3
Isotactic o
PP
CH3 .
CH3
CH3
C
CH3
C
CH3
C
Syndiotactic o
.
CH3
C
CH3
C
CH3
C H3
Ladder Polymer .
Aromatic Polymers
.
CH
CH
H
C
C
H
HC
HC
Copolymers
Binary Copolymer A B. Ternary
Copolymer ABS Acrylonitrile
Butadiene .Styrene :
.a
Random
AAAAABBBBAABBBBBBBAAAAAAA
.b
Alternative
ABABABABABABABABABABABABAB
.c
Block
AAAAAABBBBBBAAAAAABBBBBBAAAA
Graft
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
Polymer Alloys
Vulcanizing .
:
Elastomers
Thermosetting Polymers
..
Poly Isoprene
.
CH3 H
CH3
H
SULFURE
C H3
C H3 H
H
H
Soft Rubber
/ /
..
Mer
Hard Rubber .
Shore Durment
Indenter
..
Phenol
Formaldehyde .Thermosetting Poly Ester Resin
Covalent Bond
OH
H 2O
OH
n
OH
OH
CH2
*C H 2
CATALYST
C H 2O
FORMALDEHYDE
PREPOLYMER PHENOLICRESIN
OH
C H2
PHNOL
OH
CATALYST
C H 2O
CH2
C H2
OH
OH
C H2
OH
OH
CH2
CH2
C H2
OH
OH
CROSSLINKED PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE - RESIN
-
Thermo Degradation
.
Thermo Degradation
Curing Optimum
At Excessive Temp.
Time
:
v .
v
.Thermal Degradation
v
.
.
:
.
Resin
Astage
. stage Resin
.
.
Crosslinking
Composite Polymers: (
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
Addition
:
Fillers
Secondary Phase
Additive
Anti-Oxidant
pp
Stabilizers PVC
HCl
.Poly Vinyl Chloride PVC
Flame Rectadant
.
.
Fixing Agent
:
- PVC HCl
.
.
-
Carbon Black .
Plasticizers
) (
Celluloid
.
PVC.
Tg .
Phthalic Acid
..
Solvent
Fluid .
. Di Methyl Chloride
Solvent Welding
Cross Linking
PS, PMMA, PE, ABS
PTEF ..
Lubricating Agent
)(
.
Fillers
v .
v .
v .
v .
v Reinforcing Agents.
.
- Wetting
.
- :
Equaxed Rains (
Stiffness
:
. ,
CaCO3 AlO2
.
Minerals
. -
.
Flakes (
.Anisotropy
Fibers: (
Young Modulus )
( .:
Interface
Buckling Directionality
.
.
Polymer Blends (
.
.
HC CH2
C
H
STYREN
PUTADIENE
.
- Lacton W O
O
+
C ( C H 2)5 O
H
O
O
HEAT
C ( C H 2)5 O
H O ( C H 2) 5 C O 2 H
W
-2 Lactam W-Amino AcidO
O
n
H
NH
C(CH 2 ) 5 NH
O
H2 O
HEA T
+
n
C(CH 2 ) 5 NH
NH 2 (CH 2 ) 5 CO 2 H
Diisiocyanate
O
C
OH
O
Daiol
HO
HNCH 2 CH 2 NH
OCNCH 2 CH 2 NCO
n
O
O
+ HCL
N
H
N (CH 2) 3
H
O CCL
O
CLCO
H 2 NCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 +
-- :Warts
A N IT IA T O R
CH
CH
:
- Chain Growth Step Growth
Chain Polymerization
Catalyst Initiator
.
A N IT IA T O R
H
z
C
CH
N CH
H
C
n
CH2
n
PP PVC PTFE
CL
CH 3
PP
PV C
PF
PTFE
PS
-CO2
O
O
O
) (
) (
:
Coupling
.
. +.
Disproportionate
) ( .
.+ .
CH3CH2CH2CH3
..
CH3CH2CH2CH2. + .CH2CH2CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH=CH2
:Chain Transfer
.
CHCL3
.
RHCH2 CH2 n CH2 + CCL4
.
. :
AFTER N STEPS
CH2
CH2CH2
.+ H C
2
.
CH2CH2 + H2C CH2
CH2CH2CH2CH2
CH2CH2CH2CH2 CH2CH2CH2
CH2CH2
n
OR
CH2CH2
n
) ( ) (
) ( .
CH 2CH+
CH+
CH 2
CH 2 CH
CH CH 2CH+
CH 2CH
C CH CH + HCL
H2
CH
H 3C
CH
C CH+
H2
H2C
H +
H2C
CH 2 CH
CL
CH.+
H3C
Cl + H
CH 2CH
CH 2CH CL
CH 2CH+
CH 2 CH
Cl
Cn
Rco
)
) (
(C2H5)3AL
(
) ( :
+
C H 2 C H- + M g H C lH
CH2 CH
X
CH2 CH
CH2
n
C H-
C H2 CH
n
CH2
CH2 CH2
X
X
CH2 CH
Mg CL
C H2 CH- + H A
n
C H2 CH
X
Step-Reaction Polymers
) (Cross Linking
Polyamide :
H O
H2N
C OH
:
OH H O
H H
O
O
+
HO C C OH
HO C C C C OH
H H
O C C O CC C C
n
H H
H H
) 6.023x1023(
) ( .
) (LDPE
) (UHMWPE .
Inorganic Polymerization:
.
S
) ( R SSNI
SI
S
S
SI
SI
S
.
Na
CH2CH2
Na
NaOH + SH
2
REFLEX
Coordination
: Ziegler Natta Polymerization
. Catalyst
Co catalyst
.
:
:
CL
CL
C2H5
AL
C2H5 C H
2 5
Ti
+ AL
(C2H5)3
TiCl4
CL
CL
CL
C2H5
C2H5
CL
+
AL
C2H5
Ti
CL
CL
) (:
:
CH 3
CL
HC
CL
CL
Ti
CH 2
CL
CL
CH
H2C
C2H5
+
CH 3
Ti
CL
CL
Complex .
C H3
C2H5
C H2 C H
C H3
Ti
CL
CL
CL
+ CH
C H2
CL
C2H5
Ti
CL
CL
C H3
C2H5
CH
C H2
Ti
CL
CL
C2H5
C H2 C H
CL
C H3
C H2
C2H5
CH
C H2
Ti
C H3
C H3
CH
C H3
C H2 C H
CL
CL
CL
CH
Ti
CH2
CH3
CL
CL
CL
- :
.
C H3
n C2H5
n C2H5
C
H2
C
H
C
H2
Ti
CL
CL
CH3
OH
H
C
CL
H
C
C H3
C
H2
H
C
C H3
H3C
++
CL
OH
Ti
CL
CL
) (
.
. :
Homogenous
One Phase
:
) ( .
.
Exothermal
.
. :
.
:
v .
v .
.
v .Viscous
v Continues Process .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Solution Polymerization
.
Ionic Initiator
.
.
.
.
.
Chain Transfer .
Heterogeneous
.
.
Bulk Polymerization
.
: .
Suspension Polymerization
Stabilizer
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
:
.
) (1X10-3
.
.
-
.
MICELLS :
.
.SBR
.
.
.
.
.
Interfacial Polymerization
.
. : .
.
100%
100% .
.
Tg Glass Transition
.
) Quenching
.
Density Specific Volume
:
Kinetics
Segmental Motion
.
.
.Thermodynamics
TG
.
Tm
H Sm .
Tm=H/ Sm
TGTM
:
.
Empirical
Tm.K=Tg
K K=1/2 Symmetrical
= 1/2 .
K=2/3 .
1/2<Tg/Tm<2/3
.i
. Tg Tm
Cohesive Energy Density
.
)//(
Tg C
Tm C
-10
160
9.5
82
190
15.4
120
317
.
.ii
.
.iii .
Tg Tg
.
Tg
3
COOCH3
CH CH2 n
105
CH3
CH CH n
COOCH3
-20
CH3
n
CH CH2
Tm
.
.i
CH2
:
Tm C
66
265
610
228
620
189
.ii :
)( CH2:
n
CH2 X O
Tm C
240
190
215
150
170
.iii :
:
O C
XC O
)(X
260
355
Tm
.iv
) ( :
O
O
CH2 CH2 CH CH2
nO
CH2 CH2 C
R
Tm
-H
108
-CH3
86
-C2H5
40
.v
) (
:
C
2
10
Tm=210
.
H3C
O
C
CH3
Tm=180
.
O
n
O
H 3C
Tm=200
Testing and Characterization of Polymers
.
.
.
:
Spectroscopic Methods
Infrared Spectroscopy
) (
) (I.R
.
)(KBr dlse
Absorption Spectra :
_
(' Cm
) (C-H )(CH2
) (C-H )(CH2
) (C-H )(CH3
) (C-H- )(CH2
), (
), (
), (
), (
), (
)(CH2
-(C = C )-
) , (
)(C = O
) ( -O-
) , (
) , (
,
) (
) ( - CH CL
) , ,
(
) (
) , (
) ( CF
) , (
(NMR) .
) (Chain Configuration
NMR Proton spin
) ( .
NMR
.
-
. NMR
Double Resonance
Multiplet .
EPR
Degradation Products
Mass Spectroscopy
.
.
Gas Chromatography
.
.
Chemical Analysis
:
.
.End group Analysis.
Stress-Strain Curve
Tensile-Tester
Stiffness
Modulus
) (Yield point .
...slope
Yield Stress
.
Ultimate Strength (
Ultimate Elongation
.
Toughness (
( .
.
:
Thermo Plastic
.
.
:
.
:
OH
CH2OH
O
OH
H
OH
O
O
C H2O H
OH
n
:
. .
.
.
.
) % N-Propyl Benzene
( .:
.
:
:
R ONO + H O
R OH + HNO
2
Nitro cellulose
R OCOCH3 + H2O
R OH + HOOCCH3
CELLULOSE ACETATE
) (R
.
Nitro Cellulose:
) ( Nitration
.
.
.
.
.
% .
Cellulose Acetate
-:
:
) (
-:
) (
) ( .
.
:
.
.
-/ v
.
.
-/ v
.
v
.
v
Conte De Chardonnet
) (.
.
.
H2SO4
C S + NaOH
R O C S Na
R OH +
) ( Staple Fibers
.
) (
) ( .
.
:
%
%
%.
:
.
:
Dehydration
H2C CH2
-H2O
H3C CH2
OH
:
H2C CH2
H2
HC CH
Cracking
Naphtha .
Tubular Reactor
Monomer Polymer :
Demethaized
0.5%.
(3000-1000)atm ) (-
5cm 5cm .
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
(H.D.P.E)
Linear
.
:
%
%
%
%
.
TiCL4
C C n
n H2C CH2
H2 H2
.
Properties Of HDPE
%
. 0.95-0.97 gm/cm3
Modulus
.
.
% .
%
..
.
-, %-%
,
-,
-, %-%
,
-,
) (LDPE
) (HDPE ).(LDPE
.
Injection Molding
30% .
.
.
.
Poly Proplene(P.P)
:
. .
CH3
n
C C
H H2
n H C C CH
3
2
H
.
PP
.
2-2.3 106-
1015 /.
0.91
.
.
:
) (.
:
895-.
0.920 / .
140c
100c .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
) (,/.
165C .
.
.
.
.
.
(
50% .
( ) ( Staple
.
( ) (Injection Molding
) (Films.
.
:
H2C
CH
CH
CH
H2C
H2C
OH
CL
.%
H
H2C C
+ HCL
HC CH
CL
HCL
H
C
500C
H 2C
CL
H2
C
H2C
CH 2 + CL
2
H2C
CL CL
.
.
)( .
.
H
C C
H2
CL
H
C
H2C
CL
.
.
.
) ( PVC
.
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
.
HCL ) (
.
HCL
.
) % (
.
.
) ( :
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
.. :
v
v
v
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Vinyl Acetate
CH2
CH
H3C COO
CH3COOH
HC CH
O
H3C CO
O
H3C COOH + H2C CH
H3C CH +
H3C CO
OCO
CH3
.
:
C CH n
H2
O CO CH3
n H C CH
2
O CO CH3
Bulk
80
.
Suspension
70-80
.
Emulasion
.
70
.
.
.
.
200
.
.
28 .
.
) (
.
.
) (
) .(Latex Paints
. Chewing Gum
.
. .
. :
) ( .
C CH n
H2
OH
H2O
CO CH3
CH
H 2C
)( .
) (
C CH CH 2 C H
H2
O
O
CH
C3H7
C 3 H 7 CH O
OH
OH
OH
CH 2 CHCH 2 CH CH 2 C H
Safety Glass
.
.
.
CH 2 CH n
OH
H2O
CH 2 CH n
OCOCH 3
. Drawing
150
.
. 90
. .
. ) (
.
.
:
CH2 CH n
CH
O
CH2
CH2
30
.
C C L2
C H2
C CL2
H2C
SARAN
:
40C -
50C
Ca(OH)2
CH2 CH + CL2
CH2 CH CL
CH2 CCL2
CL
CL CL
.
.
.
.
.
.
) (
.
-62 +140c .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
/
15 ,
.
Acetal
.
) .( Acetal
.
H2O
CH2 CH n
CH2 CH n
OH
O C O C H3
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
( P . S )
Poly styrene
) (
) ( Berthelot
.
.
:
Poly Styrene
Styropore -:
-:
H C CH2
H 2 C CH 3
MgO
ALCL 3
-H 2
F.C
CH 2
+ H C
2
- -:
HC CH2
HC CH
-:
CHCH2
CH2
HC
n
Emulsion Solution
Suspension Bulk
) ( .
:
.
.
) ( 90 C .
: -.
200C
- . Atactic .
. 80
. 240 C C
. .
. .
. .
. / .
. 90C
Clarity and
- .
. Spakle
- . Rigid
.
. .
. .
. .
. ) (
( 82-88 ) C .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
a
.
60% : 40% ) (
) ( .
.
% %
.
) (
.
c
.
ABS d
ABS
. Electro Plating
Divinyl Benzen
Suspension Polymerazation
) (SO3H .
.
.
.
.
.
:
.
:
: - .
: -
:
:
.
..
) ( Swarts
:
:
:
CH CL3 + 2HF
CH CLF2 + 2HCL
) ( .
H CL
F2C + 2
F2C
CL
6 0 0 -8 0 0
F
C
F
CL
H
F2C
F2C
) (
)
( .
.
) ( Fluon Teflon .
.
.
.
.
.
.
% %
) (
,
.
-.
.
.
.
.
.Aqueous Dispersion
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
F
H2C CH
HC CH
+ HF
:
n
CL CF2 CH3
F2 C = CH2
:
n
C 25
H
n22 C
H
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
) (
.
.
: :
) ( T D A
CH3
NCO
NCO
O
CH2
Ethylene Glycal
C C OH
H2 H2
HO
C O C H 2 C H C H 2O
OH
n
ASPANDEX
H
n
C H 2O
H O
O C H 21 0 C
2
95
O
O
NH
NH
O
1 18
O
CH CH CH O
C
125
C
137
: .
.
.
.
. .
) (
.
:
. .
. .
. .
Rubber -
: -
Synthetic Flbers
Cooting Materials -
Magnetic Strirrers
.
Poromerics
.
.
Acrylic Plastic
.
:
( PMMA )
%
.
.
C H3
-H2 O
COOH
13
H2 O
H3C
HO
CN
H3C C C H3
7
O
HCN
C H3
C
2
H3C
OH
19
C H2
H3C
C H2
COOH
H3C
C O O C H3
Bulk Suspension
.
:
CH3
CH3
CH2 C n
H2C C
COOCH3
COOCH
:
.
%
.
:
.
-
.
.a ) ( PMMA
.
. .
. .
. .
. .
.
.
.
.
) ( ) %
(
.
.
.
( PAN )
:
( ABS ) . ) ( A) (B ) . ( S
.
( SAN ) .
n
CH2CH CH2CH
CN
) ( ABS ) (SAN .
( ) ( Bunan N
.
:
H
H2C C
HC CH + HCN
CN
:
HCN
CN
H2C CH2
HC CH2
CN
-:
16
HCN
OH
HC CH
O
}{O
H2C CH2
n HC CH2
C CH n
CN
CN
50C
:
.
. %
.
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
CN
CH2 C n
COOCH3
CN
H2C C
COOCH3
.
.
O C O
Phasgene Bis Phenol
.
, :
O
O n
O C
CH3
C
O
+
n CL C CL
OH
CH3
CH3
n HO
C
CH3
.
:
PHENOL
POLY CARBONATE
O C
O
+ 2 HO
C
CL
2
CL
:
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Resins
Epoxy
.
.
.
CH2
CaO
CH2CH
CH2CHCH2OH
CL
CL CL
CL2
CH2CHCH2CL
CH2CHCH3
OH
CH 3
CH 3
HO
OH
CH 3
CH 3
CH3
C
OH
HO
CH2
CH3
H
C C C
H2
H
OH 2
H
C
O
n H C
2
CL
CH3
O
CH3
%
.
.
.
.
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
PPO
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 260C
.
) (288-315 .
.
.
. .
. .
P.P.S
.
.
.
.
. 288C
.
.
.
. 40%
. 37C
.
Thermosetting Resins (T.S)
.
.
.
Baklite
:
phenol Formaldhyde (PF)
Leoh Bakeleland 1905 Balelite
. Pheno Plast
:
OH
OH
C H2 O H
C H2O
O
H
C
29
+ H
OH
OH
C H2 O
C H2 O H
C H2 O H
C H2 O
C H2 O H
C H2 O H
: NOVLAC
OH
OH
OH
OH
C H2
C H2O H
.
.1000
Resols
.
OH
OH
C
H2
OH
OH
-CH 2 O
C
H2
C O
H2
.
) (:
.
.
.
) ( .
OH
OH
C H2
C H2
C H2
C H2
C H2
C H2
C H2
CH2
OH
C H2
OH
OH
)- (
.
) (1:8 ) ( Hexa Methylene Tetramine
:
. Vacuuming
:
.
.
.
.
.
) (P.F
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. Tno Exchange ResinS -.
.
.
Amino Resins
) ( -NH2
:
Urea Formaldhyde
Melamine Formaldehyde
) (
1828 .
130atm 180C
:
+ CO
2 NH
+ HO
H N-COONH
H N-CO-NH
2
.
H
H
H O
H O
O
H C O
H C6 O + H 2N C NH 2
HO C N C
N CH 2OH
HO C N C
NH 2
18
25
11
H
H2
H2
) (-CH2
.
O
C H2
C H 2N H C
C H2
C H2
NH
NH
CH2
C H 2N H C
C H 2N H C
N H C H2 O H
O H C H 2N
C H 2N
37-35% 60%
.
.
: .
400C 100atm
.
N
NH2
400C
1 0 0 a tm
H2N
O
NH2
H2N
NH2
.Melamac
:
N C
H H2
N
N
CH2N
H
N
H
N
N
NH
NH
CH2
CH2
N
H
-H2O
O
H C
H
24
NH2
N
H2N
N
NH2
NH
CH2
H
N
N
N
CH2 N
H
.
.
-
) (.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. .- .
.
.
.
.
. .
. Enamel
.
. .
) (.
: P-Xylene
C H3
CO OH
C O O C H3
CH3O H
+
H
C H3
CO OH
C O O C H3
:
-
OH OH
O
O2
H2O
H2C CH2
C CH2
H2C CH2
H2
-
H2
H2C C
OH OH
H2O
+
O
H2C CH2
NaOH
CL OH
C CH2
H2
H2O
CL2
H2C CH2
.
:
C n
27
C
19
-H 2 O
C C O
H2 H 2
HO O C
CO O H
H2
C + n
n H 2C
OH OH
-CH 3 O H
CH 3
n H 3C O C
44
H2
C +
36
H 2C
OH OH
.
.
- . Extrusion
.
. Bisphenol
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
)( .
Dacron Trylene
.
.
.- .
O
O CH2CH2CH2CH2O C
8
- . .
- . 288C P.E.T . 265C
- . .
. .
. .
. .
. .
.
: .. :
O
n
n HO
COOH
)P.T.F.E(
) (360-330
.
) (
:
O
n OH
O CH2CH2O C CH CH C
H
HC C
H
O
H
H2C C
HO CH2CH2OH
O
O
O
n OH
O CH2CH2O C C CH C
CH2
O
OH
CH
O CH2CH2C O CH CH C
) (180-200 15000
.
Acclerator
Promotors :
. Gel
.
.
. :
Contact
.
.
:
Di allyl Phthalate
) (.
.
- .
O
n
CH CH CH2O C O CH2CH2O
.
.
Alkyd Resins
(ALKYD
AL ) (Alcohol KYD ) (ACID
) . (R.H KIENLE )( Glyptal
.
)( Berzelius 1847
.
.
.
.
: .
O C CH n
H2
OH
C O CH2 CH2O C
CH
OH
-H2O
COOH
COOH
H2C CH CH2+ n
OH OH OH
.
) (175-240
.
.
) (
.
. .
. .
. .
. .
.
.
( Moulding Compound 90%
:
.
.
. 204C
.
. .
. .
Polyamide Resins
Nylon Carothers
.
.
:
6
) (6 .
:
-
O
OH
O
OH
H3 C
O
NH
NH 3
400
C C
(CH 2 ) 5
OH
-H 2
O
N H2 O H
O2
O
O
C
(CH 2 ) 5
OH
-H 2
O2
NH
6
) (6
:
CH2
CH3
CH2 CH2C CH2
N CH2
H2O CH3 C CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH nCH3
CH2
CH2CH2
260C
20atm .
) (6
.
(66)
1935
) (66 ) ( .
1937 . 1939-1940
(66)
. ): (66
H
n
(CH2)4 C NH (CH2)6 N
O
C
11
-H2O
(CH2)6 NH2
H2N
HOOC(CH3)4COOH +
) (Nylon Salt .
O
O
(CH2)6 NH3+n
(CH2)4 C NH3+
C
22
). (66
(106)
) (
.
H
O
O
n
(CH2)8 C NH (CH2)6 N
6 66 98%
. 106 .
P.E
C H2Cl
C H2
:
. ,-,
.
.
S
N P
/MeCl
.
.
.
:
% .
% % .
. .
.
.
.
) ( . .
. mm - :
) ( .
PVC Rigid
PVC
.
) (K ) (K PVC -
PVC
.
:
Suplizer (
:
pbso .
4
) (
. .
caco3
.
. Reinforcing Agent
(
PVC
) (
.
.
(
)
( .
Tio
2
.
PVC
:
-- --
-
/ -
.
-
. PVC
) (
. .
PVC
:: ::
.. Bausan
Exrusion
. :
45cm ..
- - .
.
.
.
PVC
PVC
. .
:
.
.
.
.
. 100X1.8 ,2.5X110:
m
)(
. .
..
PVC
.
LDPE
LLDPE
LLDPE- LDPE
PVC
.
.
PVC
PVC
.
PVC .
.
)(
)(
1/2
3/4
1
5/4
5/4
3/2
3/2
2
2
2
5/2
5/2
5/2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
6
6
6
8
8
8
10
12
8062
)
)(Kg/cm2
)(
( KG
20
25
32
40
40
50
50
63
63
63
75
75
75
90
90
90
90
110
110
110
160
160
160
200
200
200
250
315
1.5
1.9
2.4
1.9
3.0
2.4
3.7
1.9
3.0
4.7
2.2
3.6
5.6
1.8
2.7
4.3
6.7
3.2
5.3
8.2
4.7
7.7
11.9
4.0
5.9
9.6
4.9
6.2
16
16
16
10
16
10
16
6
10
16
6
10
16
4
6
10
16
6
10
16
6
10
16
4
6
10
4
4
0.137
0.212
0.342
0.350
0.525
0.552
0.809
0.562
0.854
1.290
0.782
1.220
1.820
0.774
1.130
1.750
2.610
1.640
2.610
3.900
3.440
5.470
8.170
3.700
5.370
8.510
5.650
9.02
V
V
V
IV
V
IV
V
III
IV
V
III
IV
V
II
III
IV
V
III
IV
V
III
IV
V
II
III
IV
II
II
II
III
IV
20
40
60
20
40
-------
60
-------
-------
20
40
, :::::
:::::
-------
-------
:::::
::::: :::::
:::::
-
1
2 - 1.2
3 - 2.2
4 - 3.2
5 - 4.1
6 - 5.3
7 - 6.2
8 - 7.2
8.9 - 8.2
10.0 - 9.2
11.0 - 10.4
11.9 - 11.7
12.4 - 12.3
14 - 13.2
15 - 14.6
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
+ 0.2
+ 0.3
+ 0.4
+ 0.5
+ 0.6
+ 0.7
63 - 5
125 - 75
200 - 140
250
315
400
19534
)(
4
6
8
10
110
160
200
250
-
)(Kg
3
3.6
4.5
6.1
1.530
2.670
4.150
7.018
11.059
17.812
7.7
9.8
315
400
12
16
P.E Plant
Poly Ethlene
.
.
ASTM D1248 48
L.D.P.E
M.D.P.E
H.D.P.E
0.0910-0.0925
0.26-0.940
>.0940-0.960
) ( :
.
LLDPE Liner PE
. LDPE
HDPE
: :HDPE .
LDPE
LLDPE
LDPE
20-15
LDPE 0.922-0.925
. LLDPE SH .
M.B .. % %
%
.
. .
.
.
. PVC
HDPE PVC
CL . %
%
.
.
. .
HDPE C PVC
.
) ( .
.
Frost Line Height
:
:Frost Line Hieght: X
=
X
) ( .
.
.
.
HDPE
LDPE .
HDPE
. . LDPE
.
.
.
:
.
.
O
3
.
CD MD
HDPE
LDPE
) ( %
% % Super %
. Super
TDI CH3
O
N
O
C
Polyol .
O
WaterH2O .
- + .
TIN . . 2 OR 3 Amine - .
MECL2 )(
:
C .
PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com
.
.
.
.
.
CNO CO2 . CO
.
.
.
.
- .
.
Super %
Thermoset
:
.
.
Injection & Blow Moulding Plant
:
HDPE
LDPE
P.S
P.V.C
LLDPE
) (
P.P
.
.
: :
.
.
HDPE
.
.
. (
:
.
.
.
.
- .
:
-
.
.
Head
.
. P.V.C
) (
.
.
)
( .
.
.
) ( :
PVC
.
.
. .
Recyling Section
...
...
.. ) ( .
/
..
.
) (
..
-:
:
..
)P.V.C
(.
-: -:
) - (
. (..
) (
.. ) ( P.V.C
..
.
) ( .
) ( P.V.C
) (
) ( P.V.C
.
) ( P.V.C
) ( p.v.c . ) P.V.C
)
(
.
.
#
:
.
. .
.
.
.
....
. )
( .
.
.
.
5
5.4 / 2.2 . 3.2
.
:
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. .
.
.
.
.
) ( ) (
.
) (
- :
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
5503
4786
6169
3968
5416
2000 2000
:
3793
3863
10517
4143
6285
4677
.
97.4
.6
18.000
1.4
900
382
.
1999 7.6% 140
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
) (.
.....................
3.5% .
205 . 2010 .
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
) ( .
.
.
p.v.c ) (
.
100 .
.
pvc
.......
Recycling
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.....
:
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
)( .
.
.
. .
.
)( . :
.
.
.
.
. :
.
.
.
.
.
.
PVC PET
. PVC
PVC
.
:
(Poly Ethlene Trephthelate) PET
PET
.
POLY CARBONATE
PC
PET
. ) (
.
.
:
-
.
-
.
-
.
-
.
-
.
-
....
P.V.C
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