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NMR

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EPR

Low Density Poly ethylene(L.D.P.E)

High Density Ploy ethylene(H.D.P.E)

linear

low density Ethylene (LLDPE)

Poly Propylene(P.P)

Poly Vinyl Acetate(P.V.A)

Poly Vinylidene Chloride

Poly Vinyl Alcohol

Acetal:
Poly styrene ( P. S )

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ABS

IONIC EXCHANGE RESINS

Play Tetra Fluoro Ethylene ( Teflon )

Poly Vinyl Fluoride ( P.V.F )

Poly Ethyl Cyno Acrylate

Epoxy Resins

Poly Styrene

Poly Methyl Metha Acrylate ( PMMA )

Poly Acrylo Nitrile ( PAN )

Acrylic Plastic

PPO
P.P.S

Urea Formaldehyde Resins:U.F

Melamine For Maldehyde ResinM.F

Poly Ethylene TerphthalateP.E.T

P.B.T

Aromatic Poly Ester

Reinforced Polyester Resins

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(66)

(106)

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. v




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.

Polymer Science

.


.
R&D
25

.

27%
.23%
30%
.

145kg Kg 124 101kg
.


.

.


.


Polymers
1920
.

) ( .

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Associated Complex Secondary Force
Isoprene 1860
:
3
2

CH

C H

CH

C
C

CH
3

C H

CH

CH

C H

CH

CH
C

CH

Is o p r e n e

CH

D i M e t h y le c y c l o o c t a d ie n e

Rault
.
10000 40000. .
1920
Macromolecules. .
.
X
1953 .
.
Carthoers 1929
Nylone66 .


....... .
1884

Vant Hoff

1887

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.
Goodyear Vulcanization 1939
.
.Ebonite
1838


1838 Cellulose Nitrate 1870
.
) ( )(.


1857
Acetic Anhydride 1900
.



.backland
Backlite
1907 .


1900 Styrene 1930
1937 .

.

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1838-1777

) (

1868-1338

)(

1920

1914-1856

1907

)(

1937-1927

1924-1927

1938-1929

66

1929

1931

) (

1936

1937

1954-1939

1939

1941

1947

1957

1957

1962

1965

POLYIMIDE


.Colloidal Particles
Natural Polymers
Oils Fats
Natural Resins Arabic Gum .



.

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.
2002. :
.
.



....

.

Purduo University Afabad Opsis
.


.
.
E-Coli .

.
....

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. :

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Classification Of Polymer


.
:


Natural of polymers

Starch
Protean.Cellulose
Synthetic Polymers


Plastic Rubber Synthetic
Leather Nylon Poly Ester dyes Coating

% .
Modified Natural Polymers


:
Cellulose Acetate Cellulose Nitrate .

Organic Polymer

Inorganic Polymer

.
.


.Poly Silicone

Organic- Inorganic Polymers

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Classification of Polymers Based On Technological Aspects

Thermoplastic



.

:
.

) (

Thermo set Polymers

Elastomer

Fibers

Adhesive And Coating

Elongation Resilience


: .



..
)
.

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Classification Based On the Structure Shape of Moleculars

Linear Polymer

Macro-Molecules
Covalent Bond

:
*
* Vander Waal Force -/.
* Polar Molecules Dipoles
H O, N, F -
/.

Structure Of Linear Polymers

Homopolymers

Copolymer

Polymer Alloys

.

:

PE
H

CH

CH

..

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, A,
A , . PE
A=2520A 2000X1.62. .
A .

. .

Amorphous Structure of Linear Polymers

Ordered Structure

Linear Pendant Tactic


Taktika .. Ladder St.

HDPE


.HDPE
.
.PTEF


Radicals R
:
v Atactic
v Isotactic
v Syndiotactic
:

< < .

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Atactic o
CH 3

CH 3 CH 3
C

CH 3

Isotactic o
PP
CH3 .
CH3

CH3
C

CH3
C

CH3
C

Syndiotactic o

.
CH3
C

CH3
C

CH3

C H3

Ladder Polymer .

Aromatic Polymers
.
CH
CH

H
C

C
H

HC
HC

Copolymers

Binary Copolymer A B. Ternary
Copolymer ABS Acrylonitrile
Butadiene .Styrene :

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.a

Random

AAAAABBBBAABBBBBBBAAAAAAA

.b

Alternative

ABABABABABABABABABABABABAB

.c

Block

AAAAAABBBBBBAAAAAABBBBBBAAAA

Graft

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B

Polymer Alloys

Cross Linked Polymers




Vulcanizing .
:

Elastomers

Thermosetting Polymers



..


Poly Isoprene
.

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CH3 H

CH3

H
SULFURE

C H3

C H3 H

H
H

Vulcanized Poly Isoprene Rubber



Soft Rubber
/ /

..
Mer
Hard Rubber .
Shore Durment
Indenter

..





Phenol
Formaldehyde .Thermosetting Poly Ester Resin
Covalent Bond

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OH

H 2O

OH
n

OH

OH

CH2

*C H 2

CATALYST

C H 2O
FORMALDEHYDE
PREPOLYMER PHENOLICRESIN
OH
C H2

PHNOL

OH

CATALYST

C H 2O

CH2

C H2

OH

OH
C H2

OH

OH
CH2
CH2

C H2
OH

OH
CROSSLINKED PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE - RESIN

-



Thermo Degradation
.

Thermo Degradation

Curing Optimum

At Excessive Temp.

Time


:
v .
v
.Thermal Degradation
v
.
.

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:

.

Resin

Astage


. stage Resin
.

.

Crosslinking

Composite Polymers: (



:
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.

..

Addition
:

Fillers

Secondary Phase

Additive

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Anti-Oxidant

pp
Stabilizers PVC
HCl
.Poly Vinyl Chloride PVC

Flame Rectadant



.


.

Fixing Agent


:
- PVC HCl
.
.
-

Carbon Black .

Plasticizers
) (
Celluloid
.
PVC.
Tg .
Phthalic Acid
..

Solvent

Fluid .
. Di Methyl Chloride

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Solvent Welding

Cross Linking
PS, PMMA, PE, ABS
PTEF ..

Lubricating Agent

)(


.

Dyes Or Coloring Agent






Dyes Pigment

.





.PVC

Fillers

v .
v .
v .
v .
v Reinforcing Agents.

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.
- Wetting
.
- :

Equaxed Rains (


Stiffness
:
. ,
CaCO3 AlO2
.
Minerals

. -
.

Flakes (



.Anisotropy

Fibers: (

Young Modulus )
( .:
Interface
Buckling Directionality
.
.

Polymer Blends (


.
.

HC CH2

C
H

STYREN

PUTADIENE

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.Classification Based On Reaction Mechanism






.
- Lacton W O

O
+

C ( C H 2)5 O

H
O

O
HEAT

C ( C H 2)5 O

H O ( C H 2) 5 C O 2 H

W
-2 Lactam W-Amino AcidO

O
n

H
NH

C(CH 2 ) 5 NH
O

H2 O

HEA T

+
n

C(CH 2 ) 5 NH

- : Poly Urethane Diamin :Bischloroformae

NH 2 (CH 2 ) 5 CO 2 H

Diisiocyanate

O
C

OH
O

Daiol

HO

HNCH 2 CH 2 NH

OCNCH 2 CH 2 NCO

n
O

O
+ HCL

N
H

N (CH 2) 3
H

O CCL

O
CLCO
H 2 NCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 +

-- :Warts

A N IT IA T O R

CH

CH

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:
- Chain Growth Step Growth

Chain Polymerization

Catalyst Initiator
.

A N IT IA T O R

H
z
C

CH

N CH


H
C
n

CH2
n



PP PVC PTFE

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CL

CH 3

PP

PV C

PF

PTFE

PS

-CO2
O

O
O

) (
) (
:

Coupling

.

. +.
Disproportionate

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) ( .

.+ .

CH3CH2CH2CH3

..

CH3CH2CH2CH2. + .CH2CH2CH2CH3

CH3CH2CH=CH2

:Chain Transfer





.
CHCL3

.
RHCH2 CH2 n CH2 + CCL4

RCH2 CH2 n CH2CL


.
. :

AFTER N STEPS

CH2

CH2CH2

.+ H C
2

.
CH2CH2 + H2C CH2

CH2CH2CH2CH2

CH2CH2 CH2CH2 CH2


n

CH2CH2CH2CH2 CH2CH2CH2

CH2CH2

n
OR

CH2CH2
n

CH2CH2 CH2CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2+


n

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) ( ) (

) ( .
CH 2CH+

CH+

CH 2

CH 2 CH

CH CH 2CH+

CH 2CH

C CH CH + HCL
H2

CH

H 3C

CH

C CH+
H2

H2C

H +

H2C

CH 2 CH

CL

CH.+

H3C

Cl + H

CH 2CH

CH 2CH CL

CH 2CH+

CH 2 CH

Cl


Cn
Rco
)
) (
(C2H5)3AL

(
) ( :
+

C H 2 C H- + M g H C lH

CH2 CH

X
CH2 CH

CH2
n

C H-

C H2 CH
n

CH2

CH2 CH2
X

X
CH2 CH

Mg CL

C H2 CH- + H A
n

C H2 CH
X

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Step-Reaction Polymers



) (Cross Linking
Polyamide :

H O

(CH2)6 N C (CH2)4 C n + H2O

H2N

) H2N (CH2)6 NH2 + HO C (CH


24

C OH


:
OH H O

H H

O
O
+
HO C C OH
HO C C C C OH

H H

O C C O CC C C
n

H H

H H

) 6.023x1023(
) ( .
) (LDPE
) (UHMWPE .

Inorganic Polymerization:


.
S

) ( R SSNI

SI
S

S
SI

SI
S

.
Na

SSSS CH2 CH2 SSSS CH2 CH

CH2CH2

Na

NaOH + SH
2
REFLEX

NaSSSSNa + n CH2 CH2


CL CL

Coordination
: Ziegler Natta Polymerization

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. Catalyst
Co catalyst


.
:


:

CL
CL

C2H5

AL
C2H5 C H
2 5

Ti

+ AL
(C2H5)3
TiCl4

CL

CL

CL
C2H5

C2H5

CL
+

AL
C2H5

Ti

CL

CL

) (:

:
CH 3

CL

HC

CL

CL
Ti

CH 2

CL

CL

CH

H2C

C2H5
+

CH 3

Ti

CL

CL


Complex .
C H3

C2H5
C H2 C H
C H3

Ti

CL
CL
CL

+ CH

C H2

CL
C2H5

Ti

CL

CL

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C H3
C2H5

CH

C H2

Ti

CL
CL

C2H5
C H2 C H

CL

C H3

C H2
C2H5

CH

C H2

Ti

C H3

C H3

CH
C H3

C H2 C H

CL
CL
CL

CH

Ti

CH2

CH3

CL
CL
CL

- :
.
C H3
n C2H5

n C2H5

C
H2

C
H

C
H2

Ti

CL
CL

CH3

OH

H
C

CL

H
C
C H3

C
H2

H
C
C H3

H3C

++

CL
OH

Ti

CL
CL


) (



.

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. :

Homogenous

One Phase
:

Bulk Poly Merization

) ( .
.
Exothermal
.


. :


.
:
v .
v .
.
v .Viscous

v Continues Process .


.
.
.
.

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.
.

.
.
Solution Polymerization


.
Ionic Initiator
.


.
.


.
.

Chain Transfer .

Heterogeneous

Gas Phase Polymerization



.
.
Bulk Polymerization

.
: .

Suspension Polymerization

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Stabilizer
.

.

.

.


.
.

.
.

Emulsion Poly Merization

:
.
) (1X10-3
.

.
-
.
MICELLS :

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.
.SBR


.


.


.
.
.

Interfacial Polymerization

.
. : .
.

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100%


100% .
.

Tg Glass Transition

.
) Quenching
.
Density Specific Volume
:

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Kinetics

Segmental Motion
.
.

.Thermodynamics

TG
.

Tm


H Sm .

Tm=H/ Sm

TGTM
:
.
Empirical

Tm.K=Tg

K K=1/2 Symmetrical
= 1/2 .
K=2/3 .

1/2<Tg/Tm<2/3

.i
. Tg Tm
Cohesive Energy Density
.

)//(

Tg C

Tm C

-10

160

9.5

82

190

15.4

120

317

.
.ii
.
.iii .

Tg Tg
.

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Tg
3

COOCH3
CH CH2 n

105

CH3
CH CH n
COOCH3

-20

CH3
n

CH CH2

Tm
.
.i
CH2
:

Tm C

66

265

610

228

620

189

.ii :


)( CH2:
n

CH2 X O

Tm C

240

190

215

150

170

.iii :

:

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O C

XC O

)(X

260

355

Tm


.iv
) ( :
O
O
CH2 CH2 CH CH2

nO

CH2 CH2 C

R
Tm

-H

108

-CH3

86

-C2H5

40

.v
) (
:

C
2

10

Tm=210

.
H3C
O

C
CH3

Tm=180

.
O
n

O
H 3C

Tm=200

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Testing and Characterization of Polymers

.

.

.

:


Spectroscopic Methods


Infrared Spectroscopy

) (
) (I.R

.
)(KBr dlse

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Absorption Spectra :

_
(' Cm

) (C-H )(CH2
) (C-H )(CH2
) (C-H )(CH3

) (C-H- )(CH2

), (
), (
), (
), (
), (
)(CH2

-(C = C )-

) , (

)(C = O
) ( -O-

) , (
) , (
,
) (

) ( - CH CL

) , ,
(

) (

) , (

) ( CF

) , (

(NMR) .

Spectroscope Nuclear Magnetic Resonance


NMR

) (Chain Configuration
NMR Proton spin



) ( .
NMR
.
-
. NMR
Double Resonance

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Multiplet .

EPR

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

NMR free radicals


.
NMR EPR
.

Degradation Products


Mass Spectroscopy



.

.

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Gas Chromatography


.
.


Chemical Analysis


:

.

.End group Analysis.

End group Analysis .


:-


Stress-Strain Curve
Tensile-Tester

Stiffness

Modulus
) (Yield point .
...slope

Yield Stress

.
Ultimate Strength (

Ultimate Elongation

.
Toughness (

( .

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.
:

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Thermo Plastic

.
.
:


.

:
OH
CH2OH
O

OH

H
OH
O

O
C H2O H

OH
n


:
. .
.

.
.
) % N-Propyl Benzene

( .:
.


:
:
R ONO + H O
R OH + HNO
2

Nitro cellulose

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R OCOCH3 + H2O

R OH + HOOCCH3

CELLULOSE ACETATE
) (R
.

Nitro Cellulose:


) ( Nitration
.



.

.


.
.
% .

Cellulose Acetate

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-:

:
) (
-:
) (
) ( .
.
:

.


.
-/ v

.
.

-/ v

.

v

.

v

Conte De Chardonnet
) (.

.
.

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) ( Cross And Bevan ) (


.
R OH + CS 2 + NaHSO4

H2SO4

C S + NaOH

R O C S Na

R OH +

) ( Staple Fibers
.
) (

) ( .


.

Low Density Poly ethylene(L.D.P.E)

:
%
%

%.


:
.

:
Dehydration

H2C CH2

-H2O

H3C CH2
OH

:
H2C CH2

H2
HC CH

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Cracking
Naphtha .

Tubular Reactor
Monomer Polymer :
Demethaized
0.5%.
(3000-1000)atm ) (-
5cm 5cm .
.


.
.

50-60% 0.91-0.94 gm/cm3



.

.
) ( .

) (HDPE
). (HDPE
/


.

.
.

. .
.

(H.D.P.E)

High Density Ploy ethylene

Linear

.
:
%
%
%
%

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.
TiCL4
C C n
n H2C CH2
H2 H2
.

Properties Of HDPE
%
. 0.95-0.97 gm/cm3
Modulus
.

.
% .



%
..

.

-, %-%
,

-,

-, %-%
,

-,

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linear low density Ethylene (LLDPE)

) (LDPE
) (HDPE ).(LDPE

) Fluidized Bed (Gas Phase


30 atm 100
5-2 500Um
.
600000 Kg
1Kg
-..



.
Injection Molding
30% .

.
.
.

Poly Proplene(P.P)

:
. .
CH3
n

C C
H H2

n H C C CH
3
2
H


.

PP


.

2-2.3 106-
1015 /.

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0.91

.
.
:

) (.
:

895-.

0.920 / .


140c
100c .

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

) (,/.
165C .
.
.
.

.
.


(
50% .
( ) ( Staple
.
( ) (Injection Molding
) (Films.

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.
:
H2C

CH

CH

CH

H2C

H2C

OH

CL



.%

H
H2C C

+ HCL

HC CH

CL

HCL

H
C

500C
H 2C

CL

H2
C

H2C

CH 2 + CL
2

H2C

CL CL



.

.
)( .


.


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H
C C
H2
CL

H
C

H2C

CL

.

.
.
) ( PVC

.


(
(

(
(
(
(
(


.

HCL ) (

.
HCL
.
) % (
.
.
) ( :
.
.
.


.
.
.
.

,
.
.


.
.

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.
.. :
v
v
v
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

Poly Vinyl Acetate(P.V.A)

) (KLATTA 1912 1917


.

Vinyl Acetate

CH2

CH

H3C COO

CH3COOH

HC CH


O
H3C CO
O
H3C COOH + H2C CH
H3C CH +
H3C CO
OCO
CH3
.

:
C CH n
H2
O CO CH3

n H C CH
2
O CO CH3

Bulk

80
.

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Suspension

70-80

.

Emulasion


.

70
.

.
.
.


200
.

.
28 .
.
) (
.


.
) (
) .(Latex Paints
. Chewing Gum
.
. .
. :

) ( .
C CH n
H2
OH

H2O
CO CH3

CH

H 2C

)( .

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) (

C CH CH 2 C H
H2
O
O
CH
C3H7

C 3 H 7 CH O

OH
OH
OH
CH 2 CHCH 2 CH CH 2 C H

Safety Glass
.

Poly Vinyl Alcohol



.



.

CH 2 CH n
OH

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PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

30
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Poly Vinylidene Chloride

C C L2

C H2

C CL2

H2C

SARAN

:
40C -
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PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com


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H2O
CH2 CH n
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Styropore -:
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H C CH2
H 2 C CH 3
MgO

ALCL 3

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CH 2

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2

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HC CH

PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com


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CHCH2

CH2

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n

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.
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PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com


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( 82-88 ) C .

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PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

ABS
. Electro Plating

IONIC EXCHANGE RESINS f

Cationic Exchange Resins

Divinyl Benzen
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.

.
:
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:

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PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

: -
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CH CL3 + 2HF

CH CLF2 + 2HCL



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H CL

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F2C

CL

6 0 0 -8 0 0
F

C
F

CL
H

PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

Poly Tetra Fluoro Ethylene

F2C

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Poly Vinyl Fluoride ( P.V.F )

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C H 2O

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O
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125

C
137

PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com


: .

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Rubber -

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PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

Cooting Materials -


Magnetic Strirrers
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Poromerics


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Acrylic Plastic


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Poly Methyl Metha Acrylate


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C H3

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COOH

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C O O C H3

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:
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CH3
CH2 C n
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PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

:

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%

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PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

( PAN )

Poly Acrylo Nitrile


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.
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n HC CH2

C CH n
CN
CN
50C
:
.
. %
.
:

PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com


.
.
.
.
.

.

.
.
.


.
. .
.

Poly Ethyl Cyno Acrylate

Ethyl Cyno Acrylate

CN
CH2 C n
COOCH3

CN
H2C C
COOCH3


.

.

PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

O C O


Phasgene Bis Phenol
.
, :
O
O n

O C

CH3
C

O
+
n CL C CL
OH

CH3

CH3
n HO

C
CH3

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POLY CARBONATE

O C
O

+ 2 HO

C
CL
2

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:
:


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.
.
.
.

.


.
.

PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com


.
.
.
.

.


.
.
.
Resins

Epoxy

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.
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CH2

CaO

CH2CH

CH2CHCH2OH

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CL CL

CL2

CH2CHCH2CL

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OH
CH 3

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OH

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CH 3

CH3
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CH3

H
C C C
H2
H
OH 2

H
C
O

n H C
2
CL

CH3
O

CH3

%
.

.

PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com


.

.
:


.
.
.
.

.
.
.

.



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.

PPO


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.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
. 260C
.
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.
.
. .
. .

PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

P.P.S


.
.
.
.

. 288C
.
.
.

. 40%

. 37C
.
Thermosetting Resins (T.S)


.
.
.
Baklite

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Phenol Formaldehyde Resins


Amino resin :urea formadhyde melamine.
Poly Ester Resins : Dacron(P.E.T)-Pbt And Aromatic Poly Ester .
Reinforced Poly Ester Resins :Allyl Resins (Di Allyl Pthalate.
Allyl Diglycol Cabnate Alkyd Resins.
Poly Amide Resins(Nylon).


phenol Formaldhyde (PF)


Leoh Bakeleland 1905 Balelite
. Pheno Plast

PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

:
OH

OH
C H2 O H

C H2O

O
H

C
29

+ H

OH

OH
C H2 O

C H2 O H

C H2 O H

C H2 O

C H2 O H

C H2 O H

: NOVLAC
OH

OH

OH

OH

C H2

C H2O H

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OH

OH
C
H2

OH

OH
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C
H2

C O
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) (:

.
.
.


) ( .

PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

OH

OH
C H2

C H2

C H2

C H2

C H2

C H2

C H2

CH2
OH

C H2

OH

OH

PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com


)- (
.


) (1:8 ) ( Hexa Methylene Tetramine
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.
.
.
.

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.
.
.

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Amino Resins

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:

Urea Formaldhyde
Melamine Formaldehyde

Urea Formaldehyde Resins:U.F

) (
1828 .

PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

130atm 180C
:
+ CO
2 NH
+ HO
H N-COONH
H N-CO-NH
2



.
H
H
H O
H O
O
H C O
H C6 O + H 2N C NH 2
HO C N C
N CH 2OH
HO C N C
NH 2
18
25
11
H
H2
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.
O
C H2

C H 2N H C

C H2

C H2

NH

NH

CH2

C H 2N H C

C H 2N H C

N H C H2 O H

O H C H 2N

C H 2N

37-35% 60%

.

.
: .

Melamune For Maldehyde ResinM.F

PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

400C 100atm
.
N

NH2

400C
1 0 0 a tm

H2N

O
NH2

H2N

NH2


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:
N C
H H2

N
N

CH2N
H

N
H

N
N

NH

NH

CH2

CH2

N
H

-H2O

O
H C
H
24

NH2
N

H2N
N

NH2

NH

CH2

H
N

N
N

CH2 N
H

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.
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.
.
.
.
.

.
. .
. .- .


.
.

PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

.
.
. .
. Enamel
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Poly Ester Resins

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Poly Ethylene Terphthalate P.E.T


) (.

: P-Xylene
C H3

CO OH

C O O C H3
CH3O H
+

H
C H3

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C O O C H3


:
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OH OH
O
O2
H2O
H2C CH2
C CH2
H2C CH2
H2
-
H2
H2C C
OH OH

H2O
+

O
H2C CH2

NaOH

CL OH
C CH2
H2

H2O
CL2

H2C CH2


.
:

PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

C n
27

C
19

-H 2 O
C C O
H2 H 2

HO O C

CO O H

H2
C + n

n H 2C

OH OH

-CH 3 O H
CH 3

n H 3C O C

44

H2
C +

36

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OH OH


.
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- . Extrusion
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.
.


.
.
.
.
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Dacron Trylene
.

.
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Poly Butylene Tere PHTHALATE P.B.T (


P.E.T
.
O
C
n
16

O
O CH2CH2CH2CH2O C
8

- . .
- . 288C P.E.T . 265C
- . .

PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

. .

. .
. .
. .

Aromatic Poly Ester


.
: .. :
O
n

n HO

COOH


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:
O
n OH

O CH2CH2O C CH CH C

H
HC C

H
O

H
H2C C

HO CH2CH2OH

O
O

O
n OH

O CH2CH2O C C CH C

CH2
O
OH

CH

O CH2CH2C O CH CH C


) (180-200 15000

.
Acclerator
Promotors :

PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

. Gel
.



.
. :
Contact
.



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:

Di allyl Phthalate

) (.


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: Allyl Diglycol Carbonate

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O
n

CH CH CH2O C O CH2CH2O

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Alkyd Resins
(ALKYD
AL ) (Alcohol KYD ) (ACID
) . (R.H KIENLE )( Glyptal
.
)( Berzelius 1847
.

PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com


.

.
.
: .
O C CH n
H2
OH

C O CH2 CH2O C
CH
OH

-H2O

COOH
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H2C CH CH2+ n

OH OH OH

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.
.
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.


. .
. .
. .
. .
.
.
( Moulding Compound 90%
:
.
.


. 204C

.

PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

. .
. .

Polyamide Resins

Nylon Carothers

.

.
:

6
) (6 .
:
-
O

OH

O
OH

H3 C

O
NH

NH 3
400
C C

(CH 2 ) 5
OH

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O
N H2 O H

O2

O
O

C
(CH 2 ) 5

OH
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O2

NH

6
) (6
:
CH2
CH3
CH2 CH2C CH2
N CH2
H2O CH3 C CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH nCH3
CH2
CH2CH2
260C
20atm .

PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

) (6
.

(66)
1935
) (66 ) ( .
1937 . 1939-1940

(66)

. ): (66
H
n

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C
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O
(CH2)6 NH3+n

(CH2)4 C NH3+

C
22



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(106)
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.
H
O
O
n

(CH2)8 C NH (CH2)6 N

6 66 98%
. 106 .

PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com




P.E



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Plastic Pipes And Hoses Plant


. PCV

PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

Poly Vinyl Chloride PVC

C H2Cl

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PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

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PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com


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PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

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LLDPE

PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

LLDPE- LDPE

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PVC

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PVC .
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PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com




)(
)(
1/2
3/4
1
5/4
5/4
3/2
3/2
2
2
2
5/2
5/2
5/2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
6
6
6
8
8
8
10
12

8062

)
)(Kg/cm2
)(
( KG

20
25
32
40
40
50
50
63
63
63
75
75
75
90
90
90
90
110
110
110
160
160
160
200
200
200
250
315

1.5
1.9
2.4
1.9
3.0
2.4
3.7
1.9
3.0
4.7
2.2
3.6
5.6
1.8
2.7
4.3
6.7
3.2
5.3
8.2
4.7
7.7
11.9
4.0
5.9
9.6
4.9
6.2

16
16
16
10
16
10
16
6
10
16
6
10
16
4
6
10
16
6
10
16
6
10
16
4
6
10
4
4

0.137
0.212
0.342
0.350
0.525
0.552
0.809
0.562
0.854
1.290
0.782
1.220
1.820
0.774
1.130
1.750
2.610
1.640
2.610
3.900
3.440
5.470
8.170
3.700
5.370
8.510
5.650
9.02

V
V
V
IV
V
IV
V
III
IV
V
III
IV
V
II
III
IV
V
III
IV
V
III
IV
V
II
III
IV
II
II

II

III

IV

PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

20

40

60

20

40

-------

60

-------

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20

40

, :::::
:::::
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-------

:::::

::::: :::::

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-

1
2 - 1.2
3 - 2.2
4 - 3.2
5 - 4.1
6 - 5.3
7 - 6.2
8 - 7.2
8.9 - 8.2
10.0 - 9.2
11.0 - 10.4
11.9 - 11.7
12.4 - 12.3
14 - 13.2
15 - 14.6

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7

+ 0.2
+ 0.3
+ 0.4
+ 0.5
+ 0.6
+ 0.7

63 - 5
125 - 75
200 - 140
250
315
400

19534

)(

4
6
8
10

110
160
200
250

-
)(Kg

3
3.6
4.5
6.1

1.530
2.670
4.150
7.018

PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

11.059
17.812

7.7
9.8

315
400

PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

12
16

P.E Plant

Poly Ethlene

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HDPE,,,,,Hight Poly Ethlene

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ASTM D1248 48

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M.D.P.E
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PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

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PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

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PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

CD MD
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PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com


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PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com


Injection & Blow Moulding Plant



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PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

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PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com


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