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Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 5, Issue 2, February 2015)
M.Tech Student, 2Senior Scientific Officer, Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee
247667, Uttarakhand, India
3
M.Tech Student, Department of Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering, Thapar University, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India
Abstract Steady state analysis of a 3- SEIG is generally
done through mathematical modeling of its equivalent circuit.
The impedance model can be reduced in terms of two
nonlinear simultaneous equations consisting of unspecified
variables as magnetizing reactance Xm and generated
frequency F. The steady state performance analysis of SEIG
becomes uncomplicated once the values of Xm and F are
explicitly assessed. This paper presents a MATLAB Graphical
User Interface (GUI) technique for determination of Xm and F
using the Newton Raphson and Fsolve optimization technique.
The software package consisting of active windows deals with
comprehensive assessment in terms of modeling of SEIG. The
designed algorithm and MATLAB program for Newton
Raphson and Fsolve optimization technique have also been
integrated in the GUI for comparative and better
understanding. The simulation results obtained using the
presented methodology provides the optimum values of Xm
and F. The method evaluates the advantages of Fsolve
optimization technique over the Newton Raphson technique.
The GUI approach is found to be user friendly, application
specific, facile and simpler.
ZS
I. INTRODUCTION
The extension of electrification and electricity amenities
are crucial to the financial, social and balanced growth of a
country and providing Electricity to everybody has
proven to be a substantial challenge for engineers in the
present day scenario. After US and China, India ranks 3 rd in
the largest production of electricity [1] but still there is
shortage in the electricity generation capacity. A little more
than 30,000 villages in India do not have access to
electricity as per the data in 2013 from where it has been
deduced that electrified villages comprises of 94.6% of
total villages in India [2]. As per the Ministry of Power
Data on Village Electrification, the Indian states with more
than 10% of un-electrified villages are given in Fig. 1 [3]. It
is essential to ensure convenient access to electricity for
progressive growth and for enhancement of standard of
living in villages. However, village environments present
different electrification needs compared with the urban
industrial areas. It is uneconomical and technically difficult
to extend large grids to such long distances as rural villages
are being located at far flung areas. The challenges in the
path of rural electrification are remote and disperse
locations; small electric load demands and low income of
the rural population. However, the rural areas are blessed
with inexhaustible means of power such as wind, hydro,
biomass and solar power.
In the epoch of international energy crises, the
capriciousness of the non-ending price fluctuations of fossil
fuels and the complexities of distressing the ecological
steadiness by the diesel, thermal, nuclear power plants,
utilization of renewable energy sources has gained an
escalating importance and awareness. The expanding
significance of fuel conservation is accountable for the
resurgence of attraction towards this Unconventional
Source of Energy.
C
F
IL
Ir
IS
RL
Rr
RS
v
XC
Xm
Xl
Xlr
Xls
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
stator impedance
All the parameters are defined on a per-unit basis.
capacitance
frequency
load current
rotor current
stator current
load resistance
rotor resistance
stator resistance
speed
excitation capacitor reactance
magnetizing reactance
stator or rotor reactance
rotor reactance
stator reactance
233
PROBLEM
RURAL ELECTRIFICATION
Located at far-flung areas
Low Electric load demands
Blessed with Renewable Energy sources
OPTION
S
DISADVANTAGE
S
DIESEL
GENERATION
GRID
CONNECTED
Integration
of
Renewable
Energy sources is a problem
Operation
mainly
at
synchronous speed
Difficult extensions of grid
Uneconomical due to High line
cost
OFF GRID
Discontinuous Energy
Resources
Specialized Maintenance
requirement
High Investment Cost
SOLUTION
234
1.
2.
3.
4.
ZS IS = 0
(1)
Where,
(2)
The stator current IS is not equal to zero under selfexcitation and thus, from (1), it can be deduced that the real
and imaginary parts of (2) which is the per-unit stator
impedance can be equated to zero. The derived nonlinear
simultaneous equations in terms of magnetizing reactance
Xm and frequency F can be represented as in (3) and (4).
f1 (Xm , F) = (A1 Xm + A2) F3 + (A3 Xm +A4) F2 +
(A5 Xm +A6) F + (A7 Xm + A8) = 0
(3)
(4)
235
(5)
(6)
where,
(7)
B. Fsolve Technique
The Fsolve technique is an inbuilt MATLAB
optimization tool which gives the solution of multiple
simultaneous nonlinear equations with accuracy without
any need to input the desired rate of error. The designed
algorithm for determination of X m and F in a flowchart is
shown in Fig. 6.
236
Table I
Values Of Magnetzing Reactance And Frequency At No Load With
C = 25 F
Xm(p.u.)
0.0290
Xm()
0.527
F(p.u.)
0.5706
Table II
Values Of Magnetzing Reactance And Frequency With C = 25 F
RL ()
100
200
400
800
RL(p.u.)
5.5
11
22
44
Xm(p.u.)
0.4899
0.7723
1.0934
1.3839
Xm()
8.907
14.042
19.880
25.162
F(p.u.)
0.9911
0.9954
0.9976
0.9987
Table III
Values Of Magnetzing Reactance And Frequency With C = 50 F
RL ()
100
200
400
800
237
RL(p.u.)
5.5
11
22
44
Xm(p.u.)
0.3659
0.5436
0.6855
0.7896
Xm()
6.653
9.884
12.464
14.357
F(p.u.)
0.9890
0.9944
0.9968
0.9980
Table IV
Values Of Magnetzing Reactance And Frequency With C = 75 f
RL ()
100
200
400
800
RL(p.u.)
5.5
11
22
44
Xm(p.u.)
0.3182
0.4173
0.4961
0.5485
Xm()
5.786
7.587
9.020
9.973
F(p.u.)
0.9883
0.9932
0.9957
0.9969
Table V
Values Of Magnetzing Reactance And Frequency With C = 100 f
RL ()
100
200
400
800
RL(p.u.)
5.5
11
22
44
Xm(p.u.)
0.2697
0.3374
0.3871
0.4182
Xm()
4.904
6.135
7.038
7.604
F(p.u.)
0.9866
0.9916
0.9942
0.9955
VI. CONCLUSION
An effort is made in this paper to solve the SEIG
problem of not penetrating the consumer market by
development of an easy to use application of MATLAB
GUI. GUI has proven to be a very productive asset for
designing and visualizing the outcomes. Several windows
have been created in order to include complete analysis of
SEIG for better understanding. The feature of Newton
Raphson and Fsolve technique has been integrated in the
GUI where the Fsolve method has been found to be
comparatively suitable for evaluation of X m and F. Fsolve
promises substantially simpler algorithm, faster response
and comparatively accurate result since degree of error
need not be defined in its case. This approach can be
considered for evaluating comprehensive performance
evaluation of 3-phase SEIG and its voltage and frequency
regulation problems.
VII. APPENDIX
A. Machine Parameters
Vbase = Phase voltage (rated) = 240 V
Ibase = Phase current (rated) = 13.2 A
Zbase = Base impedance = 18.182
Pbase = Base power = 3.17 kW
Fbase = Base frequency = 50 Hz
The machine parameters in per-unit are:
Rs = 0.602, Rr = 0.0453, Xls = Xlr =Xl = 0.0961
B. Small section of MATLAB GUI program for NR
if nargin && ischar(varargin{1})
gui_State.gui_Callback =
str2func(varargin{1});
end
238
b3 = rs*rl+2*xl*xc;
b4 = -xl*(rs*rl+xl*xc);
b5 = -xc*rr*(rl+rs);
s = fsolve(@eqns , [xm f]);
set(handles.text19,'string',s(1))
set(handles.text20,'string',s(2))
REFERENCES
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[13]
239