Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
SI 56
514 - 518
ICS2009 (Proceedings)
Portugal
ISSN 0749-0258
INTRODUTION
When an incident wave impinges on an impermeable
breakwater, a reflected wave moves back to the offshore, the
superposition of these two waves results in a standing wave. The
standing wave can produce a field of steady streaming which
consists of top and bottom recirculating cells as illustrated in Fig.
1; the formation of bottom cells is a function of boundary layer
over the bed.
Carter et al. (1973) were the first who noticed the effect of
standing waves on formation of parallel pattern of
scour/deposition in sand bars near the shorelines. Xie (1981)
experimentally studied the scour pattern in sand bed in front of
vertical breakwater under action of standing waves. His
experiments concluded of relatively fine and relatively coarse
sands, the results indicated that there are two different pattern of
scour/deposition for these two sediment size. This difference is
Numerical study of breakwater steepness effect on the hydrodynamics of standing waves and steady streaming
U
W
x
t
x
z x
t
2
C1 Pr C 2
z
z
k
k
(5)
U 2 W 2 U W 2
p r t 2
x
x z z
(6)
t C
U W
0
x
z
U
U
U
1 P
U
W
t
x
z
x
U W
x
z z
W
W
W
1 P
U
W
g
t
x
z
z
U
2
x
x
U W
W
x z
x z
z
k
k
k k
U W t
t
x
z x k x
t k
pr
z k z
(1)
, t
(7)
C
C1
C2
k
0.09
1.44
1.92
1.0
1.3
1 2
u t , u t c i , 0.0025
2
Cd
k2
, t , 0.1
(8)
(9)
F
F
F
U
W
0
t
x
z
(2)
(3)
MATEMATICAL FORMULATION
The RANS equations, which describe the mean flow field, in
closure with a k- turbulence model are applied to simulate the
turbulent flow in front of a vertical breakwater. The governing
equations consist of the continuity, momentum and the k-
equations in two-dimensional coordinates as follow:
k2
(10)
k
0
n
0
n
(11)
Un 0
U s
0
n
(12)
1, j 2, j , i
max 1 , j
imax 2 , j
(13)
Rr
R
Cr r 0
t
x
(14)
Rr Rt Rin
(15)
where Cr is the celerity of reflected wave; Rr, Rt and Rin are the
variable associated with the reflected, computed and the
theoretical wave values represents velocity, pressure, and free
surface displacement and Rin is the calculated by the Airy or
Stokes second order theory, Figure (2) shows the schematic sketch
of numerical domain for vertical and sloped breakwater.
Numerical simulation
As it was mentioned before, Sumer and Fredse (2000)
experimentally studied the scour process in front of rubble-mound
breakwaters and compared their results with Xies (1981)
experiments on local scouring in front of vertical breakwater.
From this comparison they concluded that although the key
mechanism of scour is the same in both cases, there are significant
differences between scour pattern in front of a vertical and sloped
breakwater as:
Numerical study of breakwater steepness effect on the hydrodynamics of standing waves and steady streaming
CONCLUSION
In this paper a two-dimensional numerical model based on
Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations with
closuring a k- turbulence model has been developed to study the
effect of breakwater steepness on the hydrodynamic
characteristics of standing waves. The free surface distribution
was tracked by Volume Of Fluid, VOF method. First the
numerical model has been validated using the experimental data of
Xie (1981); then three different simulations were set up in front of
vertical, mild and steep sloped breakwater with the same
hydrodynamic situation. From the numerical results the following
conclusions can be derived:
LITERATURE CITED
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