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1. Scope
1.1 This test method2 covers procedures for visible penetrant examination utilizing the solvent-removable process. It
is a nondestructive testing method for detecting discontinuities
that are open to the surface such as cracks, seams, laps, cold
shuts, laminations, isolated porosity, through leaks, or lack of
fusion and is applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance
examination. It can be effectively used in the examination of
nonporous, metallic materials, both ferrous and nonferrous,
and of nonmetallic materials such as glazed or fully densified
ceramics and certain nonporous plastics and glass.
1.2 This test method also provides a reference:
1.2.1 By which a visible penetrant examination method
using the solvent-removable process recommended or required
by individual organizations can be reviewed to ascertain its
applicability and completeness.
1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specifications
dealing with the visible, solvent-removable liquid penetrant
examination of materials and parts. Agreement by the purchaser and the manufacturer regarding specific techniques is
strongly recommended.
1.2.3 For use in the organization of the facilities and
personnel concerned with the liquid penetrant examination.
1.3 This test method does not indicate or suggest standards
for evaluation of the indications obtained. It should be noted,
however, that after indications have been produced, they must
be interpreted or classified and then evaluated. For this purpose
there must be a separate code, specification, or a specific
agreement to define the type, size, location, and direction of
indications considered acceptable, and those considered unacceptable.
1.4 All areas of this test method may be open to agreement
between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering
organization.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (General Bomb Method)3
D 516 Test Methods for Sulfate Ion in Water4
D 808 Test Method for Chlorine in New and Used Petroleum Products (Bomb Method)3
D 1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
(High-Temperature Method)3
E 165 Test Method for Liquid Penetrant Examination5
E 433 Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant Inspection5
E 543 Practice for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
Testing5
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations5
2.2 ASNT Documents:
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing6
ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certification of NDT Personnel6
2.3 Military Standard:
MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification7
2.4 AIA Standard:
NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
Test Personnel8
2.5 DoD Contracts-Unless otherwise specified, the issues
of the documents that are DoD adopted are those listed in the
3
Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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with solvent to remove the excess penetrant is prohibited.
Visible penetrant examination makes use of a penetrant that is
visible under normal lighting conditions. The penetrant is
usually red in color so that the indications produce a definite
contrast with the white background of the developer. Visible
penetrant indications must be viewed under adequate white
light (see 7.1.8.1).
6.3 Solvent Removers function by dissolving the penetrant,
making it possible to wipe the surface clean and free of residual
penetrant as described in 7.1.5.
6.4 DevelopersDevelopment of penetrant indications is
the process of bringing the penetrant out of open discontinuities through blotting action of the applied developer, thus
increasing the visibility of the penetrant indications. Nonaqueous, wet developers and aqueous developers are the most
commonly used developers in the visible, solvent-removable
penetrant process. Liquid film developers also are used for
special applications.
6.4.1 Nonaqueous, Wet Developers are normally supplied
as suspensions of developer particles in a volatile solvent
carrier and are ready for use as supplied. They are applied to
the surface by spraying after the excess penetrant has been
removed and the surface has dried. Nonaqueous, wet developers form a white coating on the surface of the part when dried
and serve as a contrasting background for visible penetrants
(see 7.1.7.1(a)).
issue of the DoDISS (Department of Defense Index of Specifications and Standards) cited in the solicitation.
2.6 Order of Precedence-In the event of conflict between
the text of this test method and the references cited herein, the
text of this test method takes precedence.
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitionsdefinitions relating to liquid penetrant examination, which appear in Terminology E 1316, shall apply to
the terms used in this test method.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A liquid penetrant is applied evenly over the surface
being tested and allowed to enter open discontinuities. After a
suitable dwell time, the excess surface penetrant is removed by
wiping and the surface is dried. If an aqueous developer is to
be employed, the developer is applied prior to the drying step.
A developer is then applied, drawing the entrapped penetrant
out of the discontinuity, staining the developer. The test surface
is then examined visually to determine the presence or absence
of indications.
4.2 Processing parameters, such as precleaning, penetration
time, etc., are determined by the specific materials used, the
nature of the part under examination (that is, size, shape,
surface condition, alloy), and type of discontinuities expected.
7. Procedure
7.1 The following general procedure applies to the solventremovable, visible penetrant examination method (see Fig. 1).
7.1.1 Temperature LimitsThe temperature of the penetrant
materials and the surface of the part to be processed should be
from 40 to 120F (4 to 49C). Where it is not practical to
comply with these temperature limitations, the procedure must
be qualified at the temperature of intended use as described in
9.2.
7.1.2 Surface Conditioning Prior to Penetrant Inspection
Satisfactory results can usually be obtained on surfaces in the
as-welded, as-rolled, as-cast, or as-forged conditions or for
ceramic in the densified condition. When only loose surface
residuals are present, these may be removed by wiping the
surface with clean lint-free cloths. However, precleaning of
metals to remove processing residuals such as oil, graphite,
scale, insulating materials, coatings, and so forth, should be
done using cleaning solvents, vapor degreasing or chemical
NOTE 1Refer to 8.1 for special requirements for sulfur, halogen, and
alkali metal content.
NOTE 2Caution: While approved penetrant materials will not adversely affect common metallic materials, some plastics or rubber may be
swollen or stained by certain penetrants.
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Incoming Parts
PRECLEAN
(See 7.1.3.1)
Alkaline
Steam
Mechanical
Vapor Degrease
Paint Stripper
DRY
(See 7.1.3.2)
Solvent Wash
Ultrasonic
Acid Etch
Detergent
Dry
PENETRANT
APPLICATION
(See 7.1.4)
Apply Solvent
Removable,
Visible
Penetrant
REMOVE
(See 7.1.5)
Solvent
Wipe-Off
DRY
(See 7.1.6)
Dry
DEVELOP
(See 7.1.7)
Nonaqueous
Wet or Liquid
Film Developer
Aqueous
Developer
DRY
(See 7.1.6)
Dry
EXAMINE
(See 7.1.8)
Examine
Mechanical
Wash
Detergent
POST CLEAN
(See 7.1.10 and Practice
E165, Annex on Post
Cleaning)
Dry
Vapor Degrease
Solvent Soak
Ultrasonic Clean
Outgoing Parts
removing processes. Surface conditioning by grinding, machining, polishing or etching shall follow shot, sand, grit and
vapor blasting to remove the peened skin and when penetrant
entrapment in surface irregularities might mask the indications
of unacceptable discontinuities or otherwise interfere with the
effectiveness of the examination. For metals, unless otherwise
specified, etching shall be performed when evidence exists that
previous cleaning, surface treatments or service usage have
produced a surface condition that degrades the effectiveness of
the examination. (See Annex on Mechanical Cleaning and
Surface Conditioning and Annex on Acid Etching in Test
Method E 165 for general precautions relative to surface
preparation.)
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the penetrant must remain on the part to allow proper penetration should be recommended by the penetrant manufacturer.
Table 1, however, provides a guide for selection of penetrant
dwell times for a variety of materials, their form, and types of
discontinuity. Unless otherwise specified, the dwell time shall
not exceed the maximum recommended by the manufacturer.
NOTE 8Caution: Not all penetrant materials are suitable for electrostatic spray applications.
NOTE 9Warning: With spray applications, it is important that there
be proper ventilation. This is generally accomplished through the use of a
properly designed spray booth or exhaust system, or both.
7.1.4.2 Penetrant Dwell TimeAfter application, allow excess penetrant to drain from the part (care should be taken to
prevent pools of penetrant on the part), while allowing for
proper penetrant dwell time (see Table 1). The length of time
TABLE 1 Recommended Minimum Dwell Times
Material
Aluminum,
magnesium, steel,
brass and bronze,
titanium and
high-temperature
alloys
Carbide-tipped tools
Plastic
Glass
Ceramic
Form
castings and
welds
Type of
Discontinuity
cold shuts, porosity,
lack of fusion,
cracks (all forms)
wrought
laps, cracks (all
materials
forms)
extrusions,
forgings, plate
lack of fusion,
porosity, cracks
all forms
cracks
all forms
cracks
all forms
cracks, porosity
Dwell Times,
(minutes)A
10
10
10
10
5
5
5
10
10
10
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8.1.2 Because volatile solvents leave the tested surface
quickly without reaction under normal inspection procedures,
penetrant materials are normally subjected to an evaporation
procedure to remove the solvents before the materials are
analyzed for impurities. The residue from this procedure is
then analyzed in accordance with Test Method D 129, Test
Method D 1552, or Test Method D 129 decomposition followed by Test Methods D 516, Method B (Turbidimetric
Method) for sulfur. The residue may also be analyzed in
accordance with Test Methods D 808 or E 165, Annex on
Methods for Measuring Total Chlorine Content in Combustible
Liquid Penetrant Materials (for halogens other than fluorine)
and Test Method E 165, Annex on Method for Measuring Total
Fluorine Content in Combustible Liquid Penetrant Materials
(for fluorine). The Annex on Determination of Anions and
Cations by Ion Chromatography in Test Method E 165 can be
used as an alternate procedure. Alkali metals in the residue are
determined by flame photometry or atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
8. Special Requirements
8.1 Impurities:
8.1.1 When using penetrant materials on austenitic stainless
steels, titanium, nickel-base or other high-temperature alloys,
the need to restrict impurities such as sulfur, halogens, and
alkali metals must be considered. These impurities may cause
embrittlement or corrosion, particularly at elevated temperatures. Any such evaluation should also include consideration of
the form in which the impurities are present. Some penetrant
materials contain significant amounts of these impurities in the
form of volatile organic solvents. These normally evaporate
quickly and usually do not cause problems. Other materials
may contain impurities that are not volatile and may react with
the part, particularly in the presence of moisture or elevated
temperatures.
10. Keywords
10.1 nondestructive testing; penetrant testing; solventremovable method; visible liquid
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