Construction Site Equipment-Short

Construction Cost Calculation
Guestlecture at Namibia University

of Science and Technology
m
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Krause
Aachen University of Applied Sciences
Department of Civil Engineering
Construction Management
November 2016
based on a presentation of Prof.Dr.-Ing. Stefan Plaum
University of Applied Science Wiesbaden
Manufacturing Technology
Building site facilities - Planning
Building site facilities Container Acc.
General requirements
Building site facilities Traffic development
Outside building site
Connection to public roads
Insidie building site
Constructional needed ways
Bypass
Passage
Cul-de-sac
Route planning has to be done in a way, that the building
process is not handicapped.
The road has to be constructed to withstand all possible
loads and stresses.
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Route Planning
Lorries can drive to their unload area
Lorries have to reach the pivoting range of the crane in
order to get unload by the crane
Distance between ways and the building in order to keep
space for storage and working areas
Proper safety distances to machinery, scaffolds,
Containers, excavated areas, etc.
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Building site facilities Electrical Power
The consumption if electricity has to be determined
Remarkable machinery
Cranes
Concrete compaction machines

Drilling maschines
Grinders
Buzzsaw
Compressor
Lighting
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Etc.
Building site facilities Water
Consumption of water per worker
20 to 30 ltr. per worker and day
Consumption of water for concrete and mortar
100 to 250 ltr. per m
Additional consumption
For clearence of machinery, moistening of concrete and formwork
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etc. you have to add a percentage of 20 to 25 % to the total

consumption of water
Losses
Percentage of 10 to 20 % on top in order to compensate the losses
of water
Building site facilities Storage and working
areas
In general for
Masonary
Bent Steel
Steel mat
Precast elements (steel or concrete)
Formwork
Steel beams or wooden beams
Pipes
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Etc.
areas
Storage areas shall
Have a vehicle access
Be placed in the cranes pivoting range
Be placed with a small distance to their point of use

Ensure, that the materials are not pollute or harmed
Ensure, that they can easily be picked up by the crane
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areas
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areas
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areas
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Cranes and Hoisting
Requirements
Pivoting range shall reach the whole construction site as
well as the storage areas

Necessary height is addicted to the height of the building
Necessary scope is addicted to the area of the
constrcution site
Necessary lifting force is addicted to the maximum loed
(e.g. the weight of a concrete bucket or precast elements)
Out of this the important properties are besides the type
of the crane its height, scope and lifting force
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Tobias Lupek B. Eng.
Cranes and Hoisting
Cranes are the main hoisting machines in building
construction for the horizontal and the vertical

movement of loads
Depending on the requirements of the construction site
there are many different types of cranes available
They are classificated out of their different booms, their
different mobility and flexibility, their different
installation processes etc.
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Cranes and Hoisting
Types of cranes
Types of booms
Derrickcrane
Needle boom
Bridge Crane
Balance beam boom
Gantry Crane
Trolley boom
Cableway Crane
Buckling boom
Pontoon Crane
Cantilever Crane
Revolving tower Crane
Mobile truck crane
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Climbing Crane
Cranes and Hoisting
Gantry Crane
Similar to a bridge cr.
Supports are movable
on rails
Main usage:
Iron factories
Precastelement
factories
Narrow excavation
areas
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Cranes and Hoisting
Cableway Crane
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Cranes and Hoisting
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Cableway Crane
Two steel or wooden towers with
a distance of 100 to 1000 m
Towers are connected with steel
ropes
In addition there is one steel rope
with a trolley for the load
movement
Facts:
Maximum load 2 to 200 to
Cost Calculation
Height 10 to 200 Construction
m
Cranes and Hoisting
Mobile truck Crane
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Cranes and Hoisting
Revolving on
the ground
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Cranes and Hoisting
Transportation
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Cranes and Hoisting
Installation
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Cranes and Hoisting
Revolving on
the top
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Cranes and Hoisting
Rules of thumb
Pouring of concrete with a crane: 15 20 workers
can be served by one crane

If the concrete is pumped, one crane can serve
about 25 30 workers
Performance of one crane in case of mounting
precast elements: 1000 to 1400 to per crane and
month
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Cranes and Hoisting
Rules of thumb
Pumping of concrete and usage of formwork
systems: one crane can tranport enough material to

construct 3000 4000 m building volume per
month
If all transport including the pouring of concrete
with a bucket are done by the crane, the building
volume per month decreases to 2000 m
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Cranes and Hoisting
Rules of thumb
Furthermore and in addition to the mentioned
rules above the number of cranes is addicted to the

construction time and the geometry of the building
Important notice:
Proper planning of the building site facilities in
order to reduce the necessary number of cranes
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Earthworks In general
For doing the necessary earthworks on a
construction site there are many different machines

required
Depending on the requirements of the construction
area you have to decide beforehand which types of
machines have to bu used to fulfill your contract
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Main conversion formulas for earthworks:
Keep always on your mind, that the volume of soil
to be excavated will increase from the volume of

the soil while it is staying in the ground (compact
mass) to the volume of the soil after being
excavated (loose mass).
Out of this fact, you have to enlarge the calculated
volume of the soil staying in the ground by a factor
for the loosening up.
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Determination of the loose mass
(100 + % )
=
100
wherein
lm = loose mass
cm = compact mass
lf = loosening factor
3
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Determination of the loose mass - Example
How much loose mass results out of 2000 m

compact mass of Granit. Loosening factor is given
with 65 %.
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= 2000
100 + 65 %
100
= 3300 [3 ]
Determination of the compact mass
100
=
(100 + % )
wherein
lm = loose mass
cm = compact mass
lf = loosening factor
3
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Determination of the compact mass - Example
How much compact mass results out of 1800 m

loose mass of a sand gravel mixture. Loosening
factor is given with 12 %.
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= 1800
100
= 1607 [3 ]
(100 + 12 [%]
Remarkable loosening factors
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Remarkable loosening factors
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Earthworks - Transport
Economical transport of excavated soil
Excavator
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Bulldozer
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Wheel loader
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Wheeled Bulldozer
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Dragline excavator
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Scraper
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Excavator-Lorry
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Earthworks Excavator
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In general
Diesel Engine
Exhaust pipe
Hydraulic pump
Engine Cooler
Cabine
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In general
Pathways
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Hydraulik cylinders
Booms
Longreach
Adjustable
Split
Monobloc
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Booms
Longreach
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Booms
Adjustable
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Booms
Adjustable
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Booms
Monobloc
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Booms
Monobloc
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Booms Digging arc
Monobloc
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Adjustable
Shovels and
attachment parts
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Shovels and
attachment parts - Buckets

Rock-backhoe/
Deep digging bucket
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Backhoe/ Deep
digging bucket
Ditch bucket
Shovels and
attachment parts - Buckets

Ditch bucket
adjustable
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Drainage bucket
Shovels and
attachment parts - Grippers
Poly-Gripper
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Drainage Gripper
Clamshell bucket
Shovels and
attachment parts - Grippers
Round Gripper
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Discharge
Gripper
Log Gripper
Shovels and
attachment parts - Specials
Hydraulic kammer
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Magnet plate
Reizahn
Shovels and
attachment parts - Specials
Drill rig
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Shovels and
attachment parts
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Shovels and
attachment parts
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Main types of excavators Mini excavator
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Main types of excavators Mobile excavator
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Claws
Shield
Undercarriage
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Shield
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Claws
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Main types of excavators Crawler excavator
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Crawler track
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Calculation of Performance
Rule of Thumb Tabular form

Performance per 60 min/h, Volume of bucket 0,5 3,5 m [lm]
OCT
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OC
/h
Precise determination of the performance - Formula
= /
wherein
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Q = Performance in m/h [lm]

V = Volume of bucket in m [lm]
OC/h = Operation cycles/ hour

An operation cycle equals the time, the excavator needs to
dig, pivot and dump
In general a operation cycle includes the following steps
1. Digging and filling of the bucket
2. Pivot to the dumping area
3. Dump
4. Pivot back to excavating area
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The operation cycle of an excavator is influenced by many
parameters
An investigation of those parameters and their influence on
the operation cycle is essential for the applicable

determination of the performance of the excavator
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OCT - Influencing parameters

1. Basic operation cycle time
Device category [hp]

up to 150 hp
150 to 350 hp
More than 350 hp
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OCT [min]
0,25
0,30
0,35
The basic
operation cycle
time is the time
needed for one
operation cycle
based on
optimum
conditions.

2. Usage factors [in minutes per hour]
60 min/h = 1,00
55 min/h = 0,91
50 min/h = 0,83
45 min/h = 0,75
40 min/h = 0,67
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The usage factor takes into account,

that a excavator could never work
the whole time of a day. This fact
depends e.g. on rest times of the
operator.

3. Additional time out of the soil class
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Depending on
Soil class
Time [min] the hardness of
the soil or rock,
Easy detachable soil
0,000
which should be
Medium detachable soil
0,025
excavated, you
Hard detachable soil
0,045
have to take
Easy detachable rock
0,075
some additional
Hard detachable rock
Blast
time into
account.

4. Additional time out of digging depth and lift height
Digging depth + lift height

Up to 2,00 m
Up to 4,00 m
Up to 6,00 m
Up to 8,00 m
Up to 10,00 m
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Time [min]
0,00
0,03
0,06
0,09
0,12

5. Additional time for dumping
Dumping conditions
Perfect, laterally dumping
no precise dumping,
pivoting range 60-90
Good, dumping on a lorry,
suitable dimension,
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The performance
Time [min] of an excavator
depends
seriously on the
way of dumping.
0,00
Out of this, you
have to plan this
beforehand.
0,03

5. Additional time for dumping
Dumping conditions
Time [min]
Difficult, careful dumping
precise dumping,
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0,06
Additional influencing parameters concerning performance
Filling factors of the bucket
Soil or Rock
Mixed grounds
Mixed rock and soil
Rock
Broken material
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Filling factor [%]

110-130
90-120
50-90
80-95
Additional influencing parameters concerning performance
Filling factors of the bucket
Soil or Rock
Sand, gravel (dry)
Sand, gravel (moist)
Clay (dry)
Clay (moist)
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Filling factor [%]

85-95
90-110
80-100
100-120
Example 1
Given: Hydraulic excavator (164 hp)
Volume of bucket [vb] = 1,50 m
Dumping on a lorry, pivot range 60
Digging depth and lift height =4,00 m
Sand-gravel mixture, hard detachable
Filling factor [ff] = 110%
Usage factor = 0,67
Determine the performance of the excavator
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Example 1
Calculation:
1. Effective bucket capacity
110%
1,5
= 1,65 3
100
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Example 1
Calculation:
2. Operation cycle time
Basic operation cycle time =

Hard detachable soil =
Digging depth/lift height 4 m=
Dumping on a lorry =
OCT =
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0,300 min
0,045 min
0,030 min
0,030 min
0,405 min
Example 1
Calculation:
3. Operation cycles per hour
Usage factor = 0,67 =
OCT =
40 min
0,405 min
40
[ ]
= /
0,405
[]
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Example 1
Calculation:
4. Performance of the excavator
Effective bucket capacity =
Operation cycles per hour =
1,65 m [lm]
98 OC/h
1,65 98
= 161,70 3 []/
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Example 1
Calculation:
5. What does it mean?
The performance of the excavator has been
determined to 161.70 m [lm]/h
With taking account of a loosening factor of 12 %
for a sand-gravel mixture this performance
corresponds to a performance of 142,30 m [cm]/ h
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Example 1
Calculation:
5. What does it mean?
This means, with the given excavator it is possible to
dig a hole in the dimension of 11,00 m x 11,00 m x
1,20 m.
It will be roughly enough to do all excavation works
for a house with the dimensions of 10,00 m x 10,00
m in only one hour.
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Example 2
Given: Trenchlength = 1000 m
Construction time = 10 h
Cross section of the trench = 1,50 m
Sandy-loam, loosening = 30%
Usage factor = 50 min/h
Sought: Suitable excavator
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Example 2
Calculation:
1. Excavation length per hour
1000,00 []
= 100
10 [ ]
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Example 2
Calculation:
2. Loose mass per meter excavation
3
1,50 1,00 = 1,50
[]
3
1,50 1,30 = 1,95
[]
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Example 2
Calculation:
3. Amount of loose mass to be excavated in one hour
3
1,95
100 = 195
[]
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Example 2
Calculation:
4. Necessary performance of the excavator
3
3
195
= 234
0,83 [ ]
The excavator must have a performance of 234 m/h.

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Example 2
Calculation:
5. Choose of the excavator
Necessary performance = 234 m/h
Given:
Sondy-loam, filling factor = 125 %
Laterally dumping
Digging depth and lift height = 6,00 m
Medium detachable soil
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Example 2
Calculation:
Performance per 60 min/h, Volume of bucket 0,5 3,5 m [lm]
OCT
100
OC
/h
Example 2
Calculation:
Out of the table:

OCT = 0,30 min
Volume of bucket = 1,50 m
Performance = 300 m/h
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Example 2
Calculation:
a. Effective bucket capacity
125%
1,5
= 1,875 3
100
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Example 2
Calculation:
b. Operation cycle time
Basic operation cycle time =
Medium detachable soil =
Digging depth/lift height 6 m=
OCT =
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0,300 min
0,025 min
0,060 min
0,385 min
Example 2
Calculation:
c. Operation cycles per hour
Usage factor = 0,83 = 50 min
OCT =
0,385 min
50
[ ]
= /
0,385
[]
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Example 2
Calculation:
d. Performance of the excavator
Effective bucket capacity =
Operation cycles per hour =
1,725 m [lm]
129 OC/h
1,875 129
= 241,875 3 []/
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Example 2
Calculation:
Calculated performance =
is greater then
Necessary performance =
241,875 m/h [lm]

234,000 m/h [lm]
The chosen excavator is suitable

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Earthworks Wheel Loaders
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In general
Static tipping load
The static tipping load is the weight in the centre of
gravity of the payload in the shovel, at which the rear

wheels get off of the ground. It is measured at the
maximum steering angle.
Payload
The payload depends directly on the static tipping load.
The payload of wheel loaders must not exceed 50 % of
the static tipping load (dynamic tipping load).
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In general
To determine the loading of the wheel loader, you have
to calculate the weight of the maximum filled shovel.

Therefore you need the bulk weight of your material.
Bulk weights in tonnes per m
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Earthworks Wheel loaders
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Earthworks Bulldozer
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In general
Bulldozer are used in different stages of the earthworks.
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Out of this, a strict seperation of their usage is not

possible. They can be deployed for detaching, loading,
transport and mounting (all disciplines of earthworks).
Transport
A bulldozer transports material by shifting it off .
Detaching
For an economic deployment in detaching with a
bulldozer, you need precise details about the material
and the device. Construction Cost Calculation
In general
Bulldozer can shift off nearly every material with more or
less success. Remarkable parameters are:

Grain size: The greater the grain size, the harder the
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intrusion of the cutting blade. Furthermore the filling

factor of the shield will be lower. Bulldozer has to be
stronger.
Grain shape: Sharp edged material and flat grains do
not roll in front of the shield. Higher force has to be
applied.
Shields
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Shields S-Shield
Unbowed shield
Appropriate for all
sizes of bulldozers
Mostly used
146
Shields U-Shield
Shape like a U
Approptiate on bulldozer
with more than 260 hp

Out of the special shape
the shield capacity is enlarged
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Shields Semi-U-Shield
In principal a unbowed shield
with bowed edges

Slightly U shaped
Shield gets more stabile and
can be used for harder deployments
Shield capacity is enlarged
Bulldozers with 130-260 hp
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Earthworks Compaction
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In general
Compaction of soil means
Reduction of void content

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In general
Compaction of soil means
Reduction of void content

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Different types of compaction devices
Smooth drum
roller
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Rubber wheeled
roller
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Padfoot
roller
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Single drum
compactors
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Tandem compactors
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Performance
Depending on the type of drum and furthermore on the
type of compactor itself, the performance is varying

The performance of a compactor is measured by the
relation of the mass of compacted soil to the number of
passages
The performance as well as the compaction success is
influenced by the soil class as well as by the water content
of the soil
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Earthworks Load and Carry/ Transportation
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Deployed vehicles
Usage of heavy goods vehicles. The difference between a
normal lorry and a heavy goods vehicle is their much more
robust design. Thier velocity can reach up to 70 km/h. Out of
this, they are usable for Highspeed transports. Unfortunately
they have no permission to drive on official roads.
Usage of articulated dumptrucks (Dumper). Dumpers
are applicable, if there are high driving resistances. In such a

case they are replacing a normal lorry or even a heavy goods
vehicle.
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Deployed vehicles
Usage of other devices such as wheel loaders, excavators,
scraper, bulldozer and so on. Economic efficiency has to be

investigated.
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Dumping methods with a Dumper or a heavy
goods vehicle
End tipping
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Side tipping
Mounting methods with a Dumper or a heavy
goods vehicle
Layer filling from
umcompacted transport ways
Layer filling from

compacted transport ways
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Mounting methods with a Dumper or a heavy
goods vehicle
Layer filling from

uncompacted and e.g.
sloped transport ways
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Earthworks Grader
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Earthworks Grader
In general
A Grader is among other things deployed for the
maintenance of paths such as construction ways.

Furthermore its main usage is the production of precise
formation levels.
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Earthworks Grader
In general
Because of their really compact design and their articulated
frame steering they possess a high manoeuvrability.

Thier permanent all-wheel-drive is adventageous for the
pushing and levelling performances.
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Earthworks Grader
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Earthworks Grader
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Earthworks Grader
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Earthworks Scraper
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Earthworks Scraper
In general
A scraper is a device to pick up and transport soil
It consists of the grab bucket, which can be filled with soil
and the pusher which is pulling the grab bucket

By letting down its loading flap while the grab bucket is
pulled by the pusher it gets filled

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Earthworks Scraper
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Earthworks Scraper
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Earthworks Scraper
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Construction Cost Calculation

Guestlecture at Namibia University

Construction Cost Calculation

Construction Cost Calculation

Construction Cost Calculation

Construction Cost Calculation

Construction Cost Calculation

Construction Cost Calculation

Construction Cost Calculation

Construction Cost Calculation

process is not handicapped.

The road has to be constructed to withstand all possible

loads and stresses.

Construction Cost Calculation

Construction Cost Calculation

Concrete compaction machines

Construction Cost Calculation

etc. you have to add a percentage of 20 to 25 % to the total

Construction Cost Calculation

Be placed with a small distance to their point of use

Construction Cost Calculation

Construction Cost Calculation

Construction Cost Calculation

Construction Cost Calculation

well as the storage areas

Construction Cost Calculation

Tobias Lupek B. Eng.

construction for the horizontal and the vertical

Construction Cost Calculation

Balance beam boom

Construction Cost Calculation

Construction Cost Calculation

Construction Cost Calculation

Construction Cost Calculation

Construction Cost Calculation

Construction Cost Calculation

Construction Cost Calculation

Construction Cost Calculation

can be served by one crane

Construction Cost Calculation

Tobias Lupek B. Eng.

systems: one crane can tranport enough material to

Construction Cost Calculation

Tobias Lupek B. Eng.

rules above the number of cranes is addicted to the

Construction Cost Calculation

Tobias Lupek B. Eng.

construction site there are many different machines

Construction Cost Calculation

Tobias Lupek B. Eng.

to be excavated will increase from the volume of

Construction Cost Calculation

Tobias Lupek B. Eng.

Construction Cost Calculation

Tobias Lupek B. Eng.

How much loose mass results out of 2000 m

Construction Cost Calculation

Construction Cost Calculation

Tobias Lupek B. Eng.

How much compact mass results out of 1800 m

Construction Cost Calculation

Tobias Lupek B. Eng.

Construction Cost Calculation