Topic Learning Outcome :

1.
Describe the overall hazard analysis techniques.
2.
Describe basic principle of risk assessment
3.
Explains the safety management concern on the
hazard prevention.

Topic 3 :
Hazard Analysis, prevention and safety
management

Contents :
3.1 Preliminary Hazard analysis (PHA)
3.2 Detailed Hazard analysis
3.3 Hazard Prevention and Deterrence
3.4 Safety Management concerns

Example of Hazards at Office workplace

Source of Hazard :
Man

Unsafe acts

Machinery

Installation, layout and design of equipment

Materials

Substances such as chemicals and gases use in the workplace

Method

The way people carry out their work

Media

Workplace condition e.g. air quality, ventilation, lighting,

noise, vibration, etc.

Hazard Analysis :
A systematic process of identifying hazards and recommending
correction action.
2 approaches :

Preliminary
hazard
analysis

Detailed
hazard
analysis

3.1

Preliminary Hazard analysis (PHA)

Conducted to identify potential hazards and prioritize them

according to the :
(1) probability of an accident or injury being caused by the
hazard.
(2) severity of injury, illness or property damage that could
result if the hazard caused an accident.

PHA can serves 2 purposes :

(1) it can expedite bringing the new system on line, but at a
substantially reduced risk of injuring workers.
(2) it can serve as a guide for a future detailed analysis.
Experience and related expertise are important factors in
conducting a preliminary review.

3.1

Preliminary Hazard analysis (PHA)

Example Job hazard analysis form

3.2 Detailed Hazard Analysis

Conducted for the potential exists for serious
injury, multiple injuries or illness.
The most widely used of these are as follow:
(1) Failure Mode and Effect of analysis (FMEA)
(2) Hazard and operability review (HAZOP)
(3) Human Error Analysis (HEA)
(4) Technic of operations review (TOR)
(5) Fault tree analysis (FTA)

(6) Risk analysis

3.2 Detailed Hazard Analysis

(1) Failure Mode and Effect of analysis (FMEA)
Developed in the 1950s to determine problems that could
arise from malfunction of military system.
Is a procedure by which each potential failure and the kinds
of failures that could happen, at the component level, in the
system are examined and analyzed to determine its effect on
the system, in term of maximum potential loss.
The FMEA result are classified according to its severity.

Example FMEA form

3.2 Detailed Hazard Analysis

(2) Hazard And Operability Review (HAZOP)
Developed in the 1970s by Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd
Can be defined : formal systematic critical examination of
the process and engineering intentions of new or existing
facilities to assess the hazard potential that arise from
deviation in design specifications and the consequential
effects on the facilities as a whole.
This techniques is usually performed using a set of
guidewords : NO/NOT, MORE OR/ LESS OF, AS WELL AS,
Gained wide acceptance in the process industries as a
effective tool for plant safety and operability improvements.
E.g. on fire and explosion endpoints, toxic release.

3.2 Detailed Hazard Analysis

Example HAZOP form

3.2 Detailed Hazard Analysis

(3) Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)
Is an analytical method that uses a graphic model to display

the analysis process visually.

FTA is built using special symbols, some derived from Boolean
algebra.
FTA is qualitative in nature, but it can be made quantitative
by assigning probability figure to the various events.
However, it is rarely done because reliable probability figures
are seldom available.

3.2 Detailed Hazard Analysis

(3) Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)

Symbol used in fault tree

analysis

Example of FTA.

3.2 Detailed Hazard Analysis

(4) Risk Analysis
Risk is the combination of the likelihood and severity of a
specified hazardous event occurring.
In Mathematical term, risk can be calculated by equation :

RISK = Likelihood Severity

Risk analysis method :
Step 1 : Gather information about each hazard identified.
Step 2 : Use the information to assess the likelihood and
severity of each hazard.
Step 3 : produce a qualitative risk table.

3.2 Detailed Hazard Analysis

(4) Risk Analysis
EXAMPLE :
Likelihood

Severity

Very likely
(Daily)

Fatality (or permanent

disability)

Likely (Weekly)

Major Injuries (> 4 days MC)

Unlikely
(Monthly)

Minor Injuries (< 4 days MC)

Highly unlikely
(yearly)

Negligible Injuries (First Aid

and Near Misses)

Calculation : If likelihood of a hazard is estimated = 2, and if severity is

estimated =4. So, Risk = 2 4 = 8
Produce the Risk Table :
No. Hazard

Hazard

Likelihood

Severity

Risk

16

3.3 Hazard Prevention and Deterrence

Hazard control method :

Example

1. Eliminate the source of

hazard

Change the equipment contribute to the noise,

purchase pre-cast items.

If not practical, then

2. Reduce the hazard at source
/Substitute a less hazardous
equivalent

Use non hazardous chemical, change petrol type

forklift to electric type forklift, use vacuum cleaner
instead of broom.

If not practical, then

3. Isolate the hazard

Enclose them in barriers.

If not practical, then

4. Use engineering control

Use robot or other automated system

If not practical, then

5. Apply appropriate
management strategies

Provide employee training, enforce safety workplace

If not practical, then

6. Use appropriate PPE

Wear safety helmet, gloves, goggles

3.4 Safety Management Concerns

When working in a safety management position, below are the
principal concerns:

1) Strategic Planning
2) Safety policy
3) Written procedures
4) Employee training
5) Communication
6) Human resource management
7) Self Assessments
8) Safety and health promotion
9) Accident Investigation and Reporting
10)Ongoing Monitoring

Summary : (HIRARC)

Hazard
Identification

Physical,
chemical,
biological.etc.

Risk/ Hazard
Assessment

Preliminary/
detailed hazard
analysis.

Risk/ Hazard
Control
Hazard
prevention, safety
management
concern