Fluid Mechanics

16MECH22C
INTRODUCTION AND CONTROL VOLUME
2nd YearAPPROACH
Students Fall2013
2014
Ahmed El-Baz

Engineering Applications of Fluid

Mechanics
Fluid flow is found in large number of
applications.
Examples:
- Fluid Flow in conduits: Transport, cooling,
heating, process, ...
- Energy Conversion: Pumps and Turbines
- Forces on Submerged Bodies : Pressure forces,
friction forces.
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Fluid Mechanics Problems

Fluid forces on piping components
Friction losses: fluid flow in pipes
Fluid forces on moving objects : air planescars-missiles-ships
Fluid machines: Pumps-Turbinescompressors
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Solving Fluid Mechanics Problems

Approaches

Integral
methods

Analytical

Experimental
Measurements

Differential
Methods

Numerical
methods

Dimensional
Analysis

Course Aims
This module expands the fluid mechanics
knowledge gained in the prerequisite module
(Thermo-fluid mechanics).
It allows students to model and simulate
potential flow theory, dimensional analysis,
similitude, and wall-bounded laminar and
turbulent shear flows.

Fluid Mechanics-Intended Learning Outcomes

Knowledge and understanding
On completion of this module students should be able to:
Recognize key principles in laminar and turbulent flows through variety of
engineering applications such as pipes, between plates, turbines and
pumps;
Recognize methods used to obtain fluid forces on soild elements in
different engineering applications
Identify similarity conditions in fluid mechanics
Subject-specific cognitive skills
On completion of this module students should be able to:
Model and analyze different types of flows using mathematics and
physics;
Subject-specific practical skills
On completion of this module students should be able to:
Apply the various concepts and models to solve various types of fluid
motion in practical cases;
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Course Contents
Control Volume Approach and Governing equations of
motion
Mass Conservation and Momentum analysis of flow;
Flow similarity and dimensional analysis;
Flow in Pipes; Laminar, transient, and turbulent flows.
Flow over immersed bodies
Introduction to incompressible viscous flow;
Incompressible inviscid flow;
The boundary layer equations;

Teaching & Learning:

12, 2 hr lectures.
12, 2 hr tutorial and laboratory
60 hr private study

Assessment:
1. A 120 minute unseen final exam at the end of
S1.
This method carries 60 % of the total mark.
2. Coursework, which includes:
one in-class assignment (15%)
one practical assignment (25%).
This method carries 40 % of the total mark
divided equally.
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Reading List

"Fluid mechanics fundamentals and applications"

Yunus A. Gengel, and John M. Cimbala,
McGraw Hill, ISBN: 978-007-128421-9 (2010).

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Instructor and TAs

Ahmed M. El Baz, PhD
Associate Professor
Research Interests: Fluid Mechanics, Computational
Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Renewable Energy Systems
2 TAs: Mohamed Hendy

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Review of Basic Concepts

Fluid Physical Properties:
- Density, Specific weight, Specific volume,
viscosity, compressibility, surface tension
Fluid States:
- Liquid
- Gas
Thermodynamic Fluid Properties:
- Pressure, Temperature, internal energy, enthalpy,
entropy,.
Kinematic Fluid Properties: (Fluids in motion)
- Velocity and Acceleration.
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Fluid Energies
Pressure Energy:
p in Pa (N/m2) is equivalent to J/m3 which is
energy per unit volume.
p/: is equivalent to J/kg which is energy per
unit mass
p/g: is equivalent to J/N which is energy per
unit weight; or m of fluid

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Fluid Energy
Kinetic Energy:
V2/2 in kg/m.s2 is equivalent to J/m3 which is
energy per unit volume.
V2/2 : is equivalent to J/kg which is energy per
unit mass
V2/2 g: is equivalent to J/N which is energy per
unit weight; or m of fluid
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Fluid Energy
Potential Energy:
g Z in kg/m.s2 is equivalent to J/m3 which is
energy per unit volume.
gZ : is equivalent to J/kg which is energy per
unit mass
Z: is equivalent to J/N which is energy per unit
weight; or m of fluid
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Bernoulli's equation

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Applications

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The Venturi Meter

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CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID FLOWS

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Differential vs Integral Approach in

Fluid Mechanics
The differential approach aims at finding the
flow characteristics at every point within a
fluid flow domain.
The integral approach is concerned with
overall effect of fluid flow in a certain domain.
The integral approach requires to define a
control volume in space over which
conservation equations are applied
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Examples of Integral Approach

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Integral Approach
What are the equations to apply on the
control volume?
- Conservation of mass equation!
system mass remains constant
- Conservation of momentum equation!
Sum of Forces applied on a mass = m x a

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Reynolds Transport Theorem

dBsys
dt

lim

t 0

lim

Bt t BCV ,t
t
BCV ,t t Bout Bin BCV ,t
t

t 0

lim

t 0

BCV ,t t BCV ,t
t

Bout Bin
t
t 0

lim

dBCV

Bnet
dt

dBsys d

bd bV A
dt
dt CV
CS

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Conservation of Mass

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Example 1: Forces on Nozzle

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Example 2: Forces on Elbow

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Example: 180 deg Elbow

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