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Cyanophyta
Pyrrophyta
Bacillariophyta
GENERAL
CHARACTERISTICS
- blue-green
algae
- only
prokaryotes
with
plant-like,
oxygen-
generating
photosynthesis
- can
be
unicellular,
filamentous
(Oscillatoria),
colonial
(Nostoc)
- some
cells
can
specialized
to
fix
nitrogen
when
there
is
lack
of
available
nitrogen
- gram-negative
- has
mucilaginous
matrix
- dinoflagellates
- most
exclusively
motile
and
unicellular
- can
cause
red
tides
- can
exist
in
3
stages:
flagellated
secretes
toxins
during
red
tide
amoeboid
encysted
- Pfiesteria
piscicida,
Gymnodinium
breve
-
-
-
diatoms
siliceous
cell
walls:
frustules
can
be
elongate
(pennate
diatoms)
or
round
(centric
diatoms)
PREDOMINANT
PIGMENT
Chlorophyll
a
(some
can
grow
heterotrophically
in
the
dark);
phycobilins:
phycocyanin
(responsible
for
blue-green-ness)
and
phycoerythrin
STORED
FOOD
Can
store
extra
nitrogen
compounds
as
cyanophycin
granules
composed
of
aspartic
acid
MOVEMENT
REPRODUCTION
Asexual:
! Hormogone
production
(filamentous,
like
Oscillatoria)
! Akinetes
(resistant
spores)
! Binary
fission(??)
Chlorophyll
a
and
c;
carotenoids;
xanthophylls
in
form
of
dinoxanthin
and
peridinin
Starch or oil
Sexual:
! vegetative
cells
release
small,
naked
cells
that
act
as
gametes
Chlorophyll
a
and
c;
carotene;
fucoxanthin
Chrysolaminarin
Asexual:
! mitosis:
progeny
receives
inner
frustule
which
results
to
a
smaller
cell
than
the
parent
cell
Sexual:
! When
consequent
mitosis
results
to
a
critically
small
size;
sexual
reproduction
is
triggered:
cells
undergo
meiosis
to
produce
4,
8
or
16
sperm
cells
and
1
or
2
large
egg
cells
Chrysophyta
Euglenophyta
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Chlorophyta
Phaeophyta
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Golden
algae
Biochemically
similar
to
diatoms
but
instead
of
frustules
they
have
tiny,
siliceous
scales
Can
ingest
bacteria
by
phagocytosis
Synura
euglenoids
most
change
shape
as
they
move
because
of
pellicle
have
eyespot,
red
to
orange
carotenoid-
containing
photo-sensitive
region
green
algae
ancestors
of
modern
plants
forms:
" unicellular:
Chlamydomonas
" colonial:
Volvox,
Scenedesmus
" filamentous
(held
by
middle
lamella):
Spirogyra
" parenchymatous:
Chara
" membranous:
Ulva
" coenocytic
or
siphonous:
Codium
alternation
of
generation:
# gametophyte
(n)
# sporophyte
(2n)
Chlorophyll
a
and
c;
carotene;
fucoxanthin
Chrysolaminarin
May
be
uniflagellate
or
diflagellate;
rarely
amoeboid
motion
Chlorophyll a and b
Paramylon
Chlorophyll a and b
Starch
Most
flagellated
at
some
point
in
their
life;
some
non
motile
brown
algae
multicellular
usually
have
blades
(leaf-like),
stipe
(stem-like)
and
holdfast
(root-like)
often
have
gas-filled
floats
to
increase
buoyancy:
air
sacs
some
have
conceptacles
Sargassum,
Ectocarpus,
Padina
Chlorophyll
a
and
c;
fucoxanthin
Laminarin,
mannitol
or
fats
Sexual
reproduction:
! isogamy,
anisogamy,
oogamy;
! conjugation
(exchange
of
genetic
information)
- Reproduce
sexually;
dominantly
haploid
organisms
and
a
portion
as
diploid
organisms;
have
asexual
zoospores
and
sexual
gametes
that
are
biflagellated.
- Unilocular
sporangia
and
Rhodophyta
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
red
algae
commonly
composed
of
complex,
interwoven
filaments
mostly
multicellular;
some
unicellular
usually
attach
to
rocks
or
solid
materials
with
an
anchoring
holdfast
agar,
carrageenan,
nori
(Poryphyra)
central
in
building
coral
reefs
Gracilaria,
Eucheuma
Chlorophyll
a;
phycobilins:
phycocyanin
and
phycoerythrin
(responsible
for
redness)
Floridean
starch;
rhodophycean
plurilocular
sporangia/gametangia;
gametes
are
anisogamous
- Conceptacles
release
small
sperm
cells
or
large
egg
cells
- Remarkably
complex
reproduction
(haha
read
mauseth);
alternation
of
sexual
and
asexual
stages;
no
flagellated
stage
found