Mechanics of Material Lab Report

MECHANICS OF MATERIAL LAB REPORT
Experiment #01
Objective:
To determine the deflection at a point of
application of force on cantilever beam.
Apparatus:
Straight beam deflection apparatus.
Description of apparatus:
Straight beam deflection apparatus:
It consists of a light, stable frame
made of aluminium. The various supports are fastened to the lower
girder with clamping levers. The dial gauges are fastened to the upper
girder with holders.

Following are the complete description of bar bending device:
The load weights are attached to the bar via movable riders . The riders can be
locked in position. The load can be adjusted in incre-ments of 25 N using weight
blocks.
The articulated supports are fitted with dynamometers . The height of the support
can be adjusted using a threaded spindle . The support can be locked in position by
the screw . This compensates deformation of the bar by its own weight or deflection
of the support caused by spring excursion of the dynamometer.
In statically undetermined systems, it is possible to demonstrate the influence of
support deflection on load distribution.
Dynamometer
Bar with movable riders
The scales on the dynamometers rotate to enable taring.

The bar is fixed in the support with clamp by means of a clamping plate .
The height of the dial gauges can be adjusted on their holders.
Support with clamp
Dial gauge
Scale on dynamometer
Theory of an experiment:
Classification of beam based on supports:
1. Simply supported beam: A beam supported on the ends which are

free to rotate & have no moment resistance.
Simply supported beam
2. Fixed beam : A beam supported at both end and restrained from

rotation.
Fixed beam
3. Over hang: A simple beam extending beyond its support on one end.
Over hang
4. Double overhang beam: A simple beam exyending beyond its both

support.
Double over hang beam
5. Continuous beam: A beam extending over more than two supports.
Continuous beam
6. Cantilever beam: A projection beam fixed only at one end.
Cantilever beam
7. Trussed : A beam is strengthened by adding cable or rod to form a

truss.
Trussed
Based on geometry:
A. Straight beam: Beam with straight profile.
Straight beam
B. Curved beam: Beam with curved profile.
Curved beam
C. Tapered beam: beam with tapered cross section.
Tapered beam
Based on the shape of cross section:

I.
II.
III.
I-beam: beam with I cross section

T-beam: beam with T cross section
C-beam: beam with c cross section
C-beam
T-beam
I-beam
Based on equilibrium conditions:
i.
Statically determinate beam:

.
It is analysed just by the use of basic
equilibrium equations. By this analysis, the unknown reactions are found
for the further determination of stresses.
Determinate beam
ii.
Statically indeterminate beam:
when the static equilibrium equations

are insufficient for determining the internal forces and reactions on that
structure.
Indeterminate beam
Based on materials:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Timber beam
Steel beam
Concrete beam
Aluminium beam
Cupper beam
Brass beam
Deflection :
It is the degree to which a structural element is displaced under a
load .
It may refer :
Distance
Angular
Deflection measuring equipment :
Electronic gauges :
Electronic devices of various types have been
employed more frequently in recent years. These devices
can be expensive .they have many advantages in that data
can be obtained without having to get near the bridge &
projection can be showed on computer.
Electronic gauge
Dial gauges:
Dial gauges are fairly common, however extensive
experience indicates that these devices are extremely slow .
Dial gauge
Finely graduated measuring stick:
Stick gauge
Tape measure:
Tape gauge
Factors effecting beam strength:

9
Bending strength may be limited by :

Material strength
Lateral-torsional buckling
Local buckling
Bending :
It is the stress induced in the beam because of the application of
loads perpendicular to its principal axis.
Buckling
When member is subjected to axial compression know as
buckling. when it is occur majority of the chances is that the structure will
collapse.
Difference between bending &buckling:
The major the difference is that in
bending beam undergoes internal stresses but then recover back after the
load is removed while buckiling is a permanent failure of the structure it is
normally occur in colums due to its self-weight.
Beam strength depends on its:
Maximum moment
Shear capacity
And these both depend upon :
Relevant allowable stresses
Beam fail in three ways :
Strength failure of beam : plastic hinge form when bending
stress reaches the material yield strength .
Lateral torsional failure of beam : it is due to compression
developed in part of the beam cross section due to bending.
Local buckling of beams: it produce at any pont of the beam it
may be web buckling or flange buckling.
The aim of this experiment is to check the mathe-matically determined deflection of
the cantilever bardetermined manner.
The equation for the deflection of the bar at the point of application of force is:
3
fFL
3 E Iy
10
Deflection is proportional to the load F and inver-sely proportional to the modulus of

elasticity E and planar moment of intertia (PMI) Iy. The length of the bar is cubed.
Where,
Iy = b h3 /12
Procedure of an experiment:
The experiment is set up as shown in the diagram.
The following equipment is required:

1. Steel bar 6 x 20 x 1000 mm
2. Rider for weight
3. Suspender for weights
4. 3 weights 5N
5. Dial gauge with holder
6. Support pillar with clamp
7. Fasten the support pillar to the frame
8. Clamp the bar in the support pillar
9. Place the rider on the bar and lock in the required position
10. Fasten the dial gauge to the frame with the holder in such a way that the
tracer pin is touching the flattened part of the rider bolt
11. Set the dial gauge to zero with the bar unloa-ded. To do so, adjust the
holder
and rotate the scale for precise adjustment
12. Suspend the load weight, read the deflection on the dial gauge and record
Observation & calculation:
11
The following table compares the results of the experiment with the results of the
mathematical calculation.
Table:
Lenght L
(mm)
Deflection
(mm)
Calculated
deflection
(mm)
Sample calculation:
Formula:
F = Applied load (N) =
L= length of the bar (mm) =
E= Modulus of elasticity (N/mm2) =
b = width (mm) =
h=height (mm) =
Moment of inertia =Iy= bh3/12 =

3
fFL
3 E Iy
12
Conclusion :
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Experiment #02
Objective:
13
To calculate the supporting forces on a bar

having two supports
Apparatus:
Bar on two supports:
It act as simply supported beam having two
supports at their ends .
Bar on two supports
This experiment determines the supporting forces for a bar depending on the point
of application of the load x. The supporting forces A and B can be determined via
balances of moments.
Balance of moments around support B:

MB 0 F L x A L
Supporting force A
14
A F 1 L
Balance of moments around support A

MA 0 B L F x
Supporting force B
BF L .
The experiment is set up as shown in the
diagram.
Steel bar 6 x 20 x 1000 mm
Rider for weight
Suspender for weights
3 weights 5N, 1 weight 2.5 N
2 articulated supports with dynamometer
15
Bar on two supports
1. Fasten the articulated supports at a distance of 1000 mm

2. Push the rider for the weight suspender onto the bar and place the bar on
the supports.
3. Loosen the locking screw on the support . Adjust the height of the support
using the rotary knob until the bar is horizontal.
4. Re-secure the support using the locking screw
5. Set the scale on the dynamometer to zero by twisting
6. Suspend the weight and load the bar
Read the supporting forces on the dynamomters and record reading.

The measured supporting forces are very consistent with the calculated values:
Table :
16
Distance x from
support A
(mm)
Force on support
A
(N)
Force on support
B
(N)
Sample calculation :
Formula :
A= support at A point
F= load (N) =
L= length(mm) =
X= distance x from point A (mm) =
A = F(1 - LX) =
B = FLX =
Conclusion :
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Experiment #03
Objective:
To draw the elastic line of a cantilever beam.
Apparatus:
Straight beam deflection apparatus
Elastic line for cantilever:
This experiment measures the elastic
line of a cantilever bar and compares it with the result of the mathematical
calculation.
18
The equation for the elastic line of a cantilever bar loaded with a single force is as
follows for the loaded section II with 0 x2 a
In the unloaded section I between the point of application of the force and the free
end, the de-flection is a linear function of the length and the inclination in the point
of application of force. This is not bending, but slanting
The experiment is set up as
shown in the diagram.
19
Rider for weight

1 dial gauges with holder

The load remains constant and is applied in the centre at a= 500 mm
1. The deflection of the bar is measured with the dial gauge at intervals of 100
mm.
2. Dial gauges measure the deflection due to the dynamometer .
3. Relieve the bar
4. Apply the dial gauge at the required position and set to zero
5. Load the bar
6. Read the deflection value and record
7. Relieve the bar and move the dial gauge to the next position
20
8. The dynamometers experience spring excursion under load. In order to

prevent measurement errors as a result of this additional deflection f, the
supports should be returned to their original position.
9.
read the deflection value from the dial gauge and record
Relieve the bar, move the dial gauge to the next position, and repeat the
measurement.

Table :
SR #
X
(mm)
Deflection in
w(x)
(mm)
Calculated
deflection
w(x) (mm)
21
Sample calculation:
Graph :
22
Conclusion :
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Experiment #04
Objective:
To draw the elastic line for center loading of
a bar on two support
Apparatus:
Straight beam deflection apparatus
Elastic line for centre loading:
This experiment measures the
elastic line of a bar on two supports and compares it with the mathe-matically
calculated result.The equation for the elastic line of a bar loaded in the
centre with a single force is as follows:
3
f=
FL
48 E Iy
23
The experiment is set up as
shown in the diagram.
Rider for weight

The load remains constant and is applied in the centre at x= 500 mm
24

10. The deflection of the bar is measured with the dial gauge at intervals of 100
mm.
11. Two dial gauges on the support measure the deflection due to the
dynamometer .
12. Relieve the bar
13. Loosen the locking screw on the support.
14. Adjust the height of the support using the rotary knob until the dial gauges read
zero.
15. Fasten the supports using the locking screw
16. Place the dial gauge in the required position and set to zero
17. Load the bar
18. The dynamometers experience spring excursion under load. In order to
prevent measurement errors as a result of this additional deflection f, the
supports should be returned to their original position.
19. Loosen the locking screw on the support.
20. Raise the support using the rotary knob until the dial gauges read zero.
21. Fasten the support using the locking screw
22. read the deflection value from the dial gauge

and record
Relieve the bar, move the dial gauge to the next position, and repeat the
measurement.
25

Table :
SR #
X
(mm)
Deflection in
w(x)
(mm)
Calculated
deflection
w(x) (mm)
Sample calculation:
26
Graph :
Conclusion :
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27
Experiment #05
Objective:
To determine the Maxwell-Bettis influence
coefficient on a bar having two supports
Apparatus:
Maxwell-Bettis influence coefficients and law:
Influence coefficients link the deflection at a certain point in the bar to the loading of
forces Fj as follows:
This experiment is only intended to examine the effect of a force on points x 1 and x2
on the deflecti-on at points x1 and x2
w1 a11 F1
w1 a12 F2
w2 a21 F1
w2 a22 F2
28
According to the Maxwell-Betti transposition law, deflection at point x 1 as a result of

the force on point x2 is just as large as the deflection at point x 2 caused by an
identical force on point x1. This correlation is described by the following formula:
w1 a12 F2 w2 a21 F1
a a
21
12
In general, according to Maxwell-Betti, the follo-wing applies
a a
ij
ji
The two influence coefficients a11 and a22 indi-cate the deflection at the point of
force.
The experiment is set up as shown in the diagram.
Rider for weight
29

1. The distance between the supports is 1000 mm.The load of 20 N remains
constant and is applied at x1= 300 mm and x2 = 600 mm
2. The deflection of the bar at points x1 and x2 is measured with the dial gauge.
3. Two dial gauges on the supports measure the deflection caused by the
dynamometers and serve to compensate it. The procedure is the same as
described in the previous experiment.
4. Load the bar at point x1 and measure the deflection at x1 and x2.
5. Load the bar at x2 and measure the deflection at x1 and x2.
Observation & calculation :

Table:
30
Sr #
Deflectio
n at poin
(mm)
Force at
point
(N)
Deflectio
n w (mm)
Influence
coefficien
t
(mm/N)
Sample calculation:
Conclusion :
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MECHANICS OF MATERIAL LAB REPORT

Straight beam deflection apparatus.